Comparison of a Full Second-Order Moment Model and an Algebraic Stress Two-Phase Turbulence Model for Simulating Bubble-Liquid Flows in a Bubble Column

A full second-order moment (FSM) model and an algebraic stress (ASM) two-phase turbulence modelare proposed and applied to predict turbulent bubble-liquid flows in a 2D rectangular bubble column. Predictiongives the bubble and liquid velocities, bubble volume fraction, bubble and liquid Reynolds stresses and bubble-liquidvelocity correlation. For predicted two-phase velocities and bubble volume fraction there is only slight differencebetween these two models, and the simulation results using both two models are in good agreement with the particleimage velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Although the predicted two-phase Reynolds stresses using the FSM are insomewhat better agreement with the PIV measurements than those predicted using the ASM, the Reynolds stressespredicted using both two models are in general agreement with the experiments. Therefore, it is suggested to usethe ASM two-phase turbulence model in engineering application for saving the computation time.

A two-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model for simulating dense gas-particle flows

A two-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model accounting for inter-particle collision is developed, based on the concepts of particle large-scale fluctuation due to turbulence and particle small-scale fluctuation due to collision and through a unified treatment of these two kinds of fluctuations. The proposed model is used to simulate gas-particle flows in a channel and in a downer. Simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results reported in references and are near the results obtained using the sin- gle-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model superposed with a particle collision model （USM-θ model） in most regions.

SECOND-ORDER MOMENT MODEL FOR DENSE TWO-PHASE TURBULENT FLOW OF BINGHAM FLUID WITH PARTICLES

The USM-θ model of Bingham fluid for dense two-phase turbulent flow was developed, which combines the second-order moment model for two-phase turbulence with the particle kinetic theory for the inter-particle collision. In this model, phases interaction and the extra term of Bingham fluid yield stress are taken into account. An algorithm for USM-θ model in dense two-phase flow was proposed, in which the influence of particle volume fraction is accounted for. This model was used to simulate turbulent flow of Bingham fluid single-phase and dense liquid-particle two-phase in pipe. It is shown USM-θ model has better prediction result than the five-equation model, in which the particle-particle collision is modeled by the particle kinetic theory, while the turbulence of both phase is simulated by the two-equation turbulence model. The USM-θ model was then used to simulate the dense two-phase turbulent up flow of Bingham fluid with particles. With the increasing of the yield stress, the velocities of Bingham and particle decrease near the pipe centre. Comparing the two-phase flow of Bingham-particle with that of liquid-particle, it is found the source term of yield stress has significant effect on flow.

Comparisons of Wave Force Model Effects on the Structural Responses and Fatigue Loads of a Semi-Submersible Floating Wind Turbine

The selection of wave force models will significantly impact the structural responses of floating wind turbines.In this study,comparisons of wave force model effects on the structural responses and fatigue loads of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine(SFWT)were conducted.Simulations were performed by employing the Morison equation(ME)with linear or second-order wave kinematics and potential flow theory(PFT)with first-or second-order wave forces.A comparison of regular waves,irregular waves,and coupled wind/waves analyses with the experimental data showed that many of the simulation results and experimental data are relatively consistent.However,notable discrepancies are found in the response amplitude operators for platform heave,tower base bending moment,and tension in mooring lines.PFT models give more satisfactory results of heave but more significant discrepan-cies in tower base bending moment than the ME models.In irregular wave analyses,low-frequency resonances were captured by PFT models with second-order difference-frequency terms,and high-frequency resonances were captured by the ME models or PFT models with second-order sum-frequency terms.These force models capture the response frequencies but do not reasonably predict the response amplitudes.The coupled wind/waves analyses showed more satisfactory results than the wave-only analyses.However,an important detail to note is that this satisfactory result is based on the overprediction of wind-induced responses.

EFFECT OF EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENTS ON SIMULATION IN TWO-SCALE SECOND-ORDER MOMENT PARTICLE-PHASE TURBULENCE MODEL

A two-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model accounting for inter-particle collision is developed, based on the concept of particle large-scale fluctuation due to turbulence and particle small-scale fluctuation due to collision. The proposed model is used to simulate gas-particle downer reactor flows. The computational results of both particle volume fraction and mean velocity are in agreement with the experimental results. After analyzing effects of empirical coefficient on prediction results, we can come to a conclusion that, inside the limit range of empirical coefficient, the predictions do not reveal a large sensitivity to the empirical coefficient in the downer reactor, but a relatively great change of the constants has important effect on the prediction.

Validation of the RANS-SOM Combustion Model Using Direct Numerical Simulation of Incompressible Turbulent Reacting Flows

The second-order moment combustion model, proposed by the authors is validated using the direct numerical simulation （DNS） of incompressible turbulent reacting channel flows. The instantaneous DNS results show the near-wall strip structures of concentration and temperature fluctuations. The DNS statistical results give the budget of the terms in the correlation equations, showing that the production and dissipation terms are most important. The DNS statistical data are used to validate the closure model in RANS second-order moment （SOM） combustion model. It is found that the simulated diffusion and production terms are in agreement with the DNS data in most flow regions, except in the near-wall region, where the near-wall modification should be made, and the closure model for the dissipation term needs further improvement. The algebraic second-order moment （ASOM） combustion model is well validated by DNS.

Design and Performance Evaluation of Piezo-Driven Synthetic Jet Devices

In the last two decades synthetic jet actuators have gained much interest among flow control techniques due to their short response time, high jet velocity and absence of traditional piping, that matches the requirements of reduced size and low weight. A synthetic jet is generated by the diaphragm oscillation (generally driven by a piezo- electric element) in a relatively small cavity, producing periodic cavity pressure variations associated to cavity volume changes. The high pressure air exhausts through an orifice, converting membrane elastic energy in jet kinetic energy. This review paper faces the development of various lumped-element models (LEM) as practical tools to design and manufacturing actuators. LEM can predict quickly device performances such as frequency response in terms of membrane displacement, cavity pressure and jet velocity, as well as efficiency of energy conversion of input Joule power into useful kinetic power of air jet. Actuator performance is analyzed also by varying typical geometric parameters such as cavity height and orifice diameter and length, through a proper dimensionless form of the governing equations.

An improved large eddy simulation of two-phase flows in a pump impeller

An improved large eddy simulation using a dynamic second-order sub-grid-scale （SGS） stress model has been developed to model the governing equations of dense turbulent particle-liquid two-phase flows in a rotating coordinate system, and continuity is conserved by a mass-weighted method to solve the filtered governing equations. In the cur- rent second-order SGS model, the SGS stress is a function of both the resolved strain-rate and rotation-rate tensors, and the model parameters are obtained from the dimensional consistency and the invariants of the strain-rate and the rotation-rate tensors. In the numerical calculation, the finite volume method is used to discretize the governing equations with a staggered grid system. The SIMPLEC algorithm is applied for the solution of the discretized governing equations. Body- fitted coordinates are used to simulate the two-phase flows in complex geometries. Finally the second-order dynamic SGS model is successfully applied to simulate the dense turbu-lent particle-liquid two-phase flows in a centrifugal impeller. The predicted pressure and velocity distributions are in good agreement with experimental results.

A nonlinear k_p-ε_p particle two-scale turbulence model and its application

A particle nonlinear two-scale kp-εp turbulence model is proposed for simulating the anisotropic turbulent two-phase flow. The particle kinetic energy equation for two-scale fluctuation, particle energy transfer rate equation for large-scale fluctuation, and particle turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate equation for small-scale fluctuation are derived and closed. This model is used to simulate gas-particle flows in a sudden-expansion chamber. The simulation is com- pared with the experiment and with those obtained by using another two kinds of tow-phase turbulence model, such as the single-scale k-ε two-phase turbulence model and the particle two-scale second-order moment （USM） two-phase turbulence model. It is shown that the present model gives simulation in much better agreement with the experiment than the single-scale k-ε two-phase turbulence model does and is almost as good as the particle two-scale USM turbu-lence model.

Numerical simulation of the effect of void fraction and inlet velocity on two-phase turbulence in bubble-liquid flows

There are contradicted opinions on whether bubbles enhance or reduce the liquid turbulence. In this paper, the effect of void fraction and inlet velocity on the bubble-liquid two-phase turbulence of the multiple bubble-liquid jets in a two-dimensional channel is studied by using the two-phase second-order moment turbulence model. The results confirm the phenomena observed in experiments and reported in references that at a low void fraction and low inlet velocities the bubbles enhance the liquid turbulence, whereas at a high void fraction and high inlet velocities the bubbles reduce the liquid turbulence.

A TWO-SCALE SECOND-ORDER MOMENT PARTICLE TURBULENCE MODEL FOR GAS-PARTICLE FLOW

A two-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model was developed and used to simulate gas-particle flow in a sudden-expansion chamber and a channel. The simulation results were in agreement with the experimental results, and the results were compared with those of the single-scale second-order moment two-phase turbulence model. Several improved features show that the two-scale model is to a certain extent better than the single-scale model, which may be attributed to the fact that particle turbulence is well characterized by the two-scale turbulence model.

Second-order moment modeling of dispersed two-phase turbulence——Part 1:USM,k-ε-k_p,and non-linear k-ε-k_p two-phase turbulence models

Turbulent dispersed multiphase flows,including gas-particle,gas-droplet and bubble-liquid flows,are widely encountered in various engineering facilities.Modeling of two-phase turbulence,in particular the dispersed phase turbulence,is the key problem in the Eulerian-Eulerian simulation of practical dispersed multiphase flows.Although different models were developed and used,the experimental validation shows that they cannot always give satisfactory prediction results.In this paper the present author give a detailed review of the unified second-order moment (USM),k-k p and nonlinear k-k p two-phase turbulence models,proposed by him.The derivation and closure of these models are described in detail and the experimental validation and application of these models are extensively discussed.

Second-order moment modeling of dispersed two-phase turbulence-Part 2-USM-Θ two-phase turbulence model and USM-SGS two-phase stress model

Dense gas-particle flows are frequently encountered in fluidized beds,riser and downer reactors,pneumatic transport and the near-wall zone of dilute gas-particle flows.Particle-particle collision plays an important role in the behavior of two-phase flows.In this paper a USM-Q two-phase turbulence model for dense gas-particle flows is proposed to account for both two-phase turbulence and inter-particle collision.For two-fluid large-eddy simulation of gas-particle flows,the author proposed a unified second-order moment(USM) two-phase SGS stress model and a two-phase k-kp SGS energy-equation stress model.The proposed models can fully account for the interaction between the gas and particle SGS stresses.

基于合成车流的桥梁车辆荷载效应极值预测

车辆荷载是公路桥梁设计与评估过程中的关键问题之一,现有规范的车辆荷载取值适用于一般设计,对于精度要求更高的在役桥梁评估或桥梁关键构件设计,应结合实际车辆荷载特征,建立相应的车辆荷载模型.考虑我国现有大量静态车辆交通流数据的特点,提出了采用合成车流方法模拟交通流并实现荷载效应预测的方法,详细描述了基于合成车流的车辆荷载效应模拟方法,检验了Rice公式方法对于合成车流荷载效应极值预测的适用性,以此建立基于合成车流的车辆荷载效应模拟及其极值预测过程.最后,通过算例校验了合成车流荷载效应以及预测荷载效应极值的准确性,并简要对比了现有规范与本文方法在车辆荷载效应方面的差异.

泥石流灾情综合评估模式

泥石流灾情综合评估模式是在灾情绝对评估和相对评估的基础上建立的．首先，建立了泥石流灾情评估的步骤框图；然后依据已有的泥石流灾情评估指标体系对各项指标进行量化分析处理，获得了各灾情评估指标权值分布及其量纲换算表．确定了反映直接损失的灾情绝对评估指标和相对评估指标（直接经济损失占灾区国民收入的比例），井对绝对和相对评估结果的等级进行了划分；最后，建立了绝对评估和相对评估结果对比的灾情综合评估模式．经过实例应用验证，评估结果能较好地反映灾情．

车流组织综合优化

车流组织综合优化是把装车地的始发车流及技术站的改编车流作为一个整体来研究,寻求它们之间的最佳匹配和协调。本文在既有的装车地车流优化模型及技术站车流优化模型的基础上,进行了仔细的筛选、改造及移植,抓住了使两种不同性质车流相容和转化的条件,恢复了它们之间固有的联系和制约。这些,都分别反映在本文提出的线性0-1规划综合优化模型及二次0-1规划综合优化模型之中。由于模型所描述的对象,是一个大规模的铁路网络系统,是否有一个与之匹配的有效算法,至关重要。本文推荐移植的算法及应用软件,稍作修改及补充,即可付诸实用。

合成射流激励器增强同向燃气氧气掺混数值模拟及机理研究

建立了将合成射流激励器腔体、出口喉道及外部受控流场作为单连域计算处理的全流场计算模型(X L模型)。基于此计算模型,对合成射流激励器增强同向燃气 氧气掺混的流场进行了数值仿真和机理研究。研究表明,应用合成射流激励器可以显著增强同向燃气/氧气的掺混,其主要控制机理是合成射流激励器对同向燃气/氧气流起到流动方向控制作用,使两侧两股氧气平行射流向内发生偏转,从而大大缩短了每股射流的核心区长度;同时,激励器工作改变和加强了射流出口附近的涡结构,通过涡结构的强对流作用极大地增强了燃气/氧气平行射流在出口附近的混合。

可压缩气体合成射流微喷优化设计

借助Fluent软件,基于标准k-ε湍流模型和PISO算法,采用动网格方法构造动边界条件,在可压缩模型下,对二维、黏性、非定常气体合成射流微喷的频率特性及影响射流性能的3个关键因素(驱动频率、振动膜峰值速度和喷口尺寸)进行数值模拟,为合成射流微喷的优化设计提供了依据.结果表明,在可压缩模型下,合成射流微喷的频率特性仿真结果与理论计算结果较吻合,验证了其在可压缩气体模型下仿真的必要性;同时,对任一给定的合成射流微喷,驱动频率和喷口宽度存在最优值.

超声多普勒技术对心血管流量信号测量仿真

对人体心血管流量信号各项参数(流速、粘度、功率谱)的检测和分析,可以了解血流有无异常并进行血管病变的诊断。目前,临床上心血管血流参数的检测方法分为有创和无创两大类。前者如血液检查、漂浮导管法、心血管造影法等,存在一定危险性、检测费用高、要求条件较高等限制条件;后者如医学超声等,因其非入侵型、无损伤性以及稳定性高和方便性等优点在临床得到广泛应用。医学超声中一项重要的技术就是超声多普勒血流检测技术,通过计算机仿真建立多普勒血流信号的理论模型,相比其它信号模型不仅具有获取方便、可以灵活地调节信号特性的优点,并且不受噪声干扰,能够实现血管流量信号的准确测量,并为进一步研究血流信号提供了方便有效的信号源。

嵌入式RANS/LES混合方法在槽道流动数值模拟中的应用

与传统整体式RANS/LES混合方法相比,嵌入式RANS/LES混合方法不再依靠改进后的湍流模型本身或网格疏密自动划分流场中的RANS区域和LES区域,而是通过对流动现象的预估,人为将LES区域嵌入到RANS区域,从而使RANS区过渡到LES区的交界面尽可能与流向垂直,方便合理附加额外的湍流脉动信息。这样做不但确保了LES在某些复杂流动区域彻底支配地位,更重要的是能够避免RANS区对LES区解析湍流发展的污染和抑制。将槽道流场划分为上游RANS区和下游LES区,在经典的SST-DES模型基础上,采用合成涡方法生成交界面的湍流信息,取得了良好的模拟结果。