Security Governance in East Asia and China’s Response to COVID-19

A non-state centric approach challenged the concept of security governance in response to a changed security environment,bringing fragmentation of authority and heterarchical structures into the framework.The existing studies on this approach are largely contextualized from the European experience and developments in its security architecture.This leads to the questions as to whether and how non-state centric security governance occurs in other regions.This article contributes to the literature by studying security governance in East Asia,where the state is a dominant feature in security governance,and through the lens of non-traditional security,with China’s COVID-19 response as a case study.In this particular case,we find that security governance that opens spaces for greater involvement of actors beyond the state could happen,albeit in a more circumscribed manner and subject of certain conditions.We identify three conditions that catalyze the opening of governance spaces:when the capacity of the state is stretched to the limits,when the legitimacy of the government is under pressure,and when there is trust between the government and other actors.

From A By-stander to A Constructor:China and the Middle East Security Governance

In the 21st century,Middle East conflicts can generally be classified into four types,namely,conflicts between outside powers and Middle East countries,between Middle East countries themselves,between different political parties and religious sects within a sovereign country,as well as transnational and cross-bordering conflicts.The mode of China’s participation in Middle East security governance includes the political,security and social conflicts.There are three categories of domestic mechanisms in Chinese practice,specifically,the special envoy mechanism by Chinese Foreign Ministry,the procession and peace-keeping mechanisms by Chinese Defense Ministry and the foreign aid mechanism by Chinese Ministry of Commerce.The China-Arab States Cooperation Forum,the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation,the UN and other international organizations constitute the major international regimes for China’s security governance.China’s Middle East security governance creates not only“public goods”for the region,but also a means for China to build constructive great power relations with the US,EU and Russia,among others.The styles of Chinese and Western security governance in the Middle East vary,and the Chinese side places more emphasis on improving the Middle East people’s well-being at the top of the agenda,following“up-bottom”roadmap,and seeking an incremental,consultative,inclusive,and selective governance in the Middle East conflict resolution.

China’s Solutions to Security Governance in the Middle East:An Assessment

Over several decades,many intricate security issues in the Middle East,such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict,the Iranian nuclear crisis,the Syrian conflict and terrorism,etc.,have greatly influenced regional and global security and stability.The international community has taken many measures to solve these problems,but they did not achieve the expected results.With the rise of China,the international community’s expectation for China to participate in global governance has also increased.Therefore,in recent years,China has taken an increasingly proactive stance on the Middle East security governance,transforming from a detached bystander into an active participant and initiator.To realize and maintain security and stability in the Middle East,China has put forward its own solutions to the security issues based on the principles of respecting sovereignty,non-interference of the internal affairs of other countries,objectivity and impartiality,comprehensive and fundamental governance,peaceful resolution,and multilateral participation.Although China’s solutions are not perfect yet and are faced with many criticisms,their prospects are optimistic.They have provided new ideas for the Middle East security governance.

A Role-Based PMI Security Model for E-Government

We introduce the general AC( atlribure certificate), the role specificationAC and the rolt assignment AC We discuss the rolt-based PMI(Privilege Management Infrastructure)architecture. The role-based PMT(Public-Kty In-frastructure) secure model forE-govcrnment isresearehed by combining the role-bastd PMI with PKI architeclure (Public Key Infrastructure). Themodel has advantages of flexibility, convenience, less storage space and less network consumptionetc. We are going to ust iht secure modelin the E-govern-ment system.

论全球安全治理秩序的政治哲学基础:公正合理

Today,the world faces daunting challenges in security governance.What security order the world needs and how to deliver global security governance are humanity’s major issues.This article takes stock of relevant concepts and practical guidelines embedded in the efforts of the Communist Party of China to promote a fairer and more equitable international order and the existing theses and theories of Eastern and Western civilizations on the meaning of fairness and equity.It proposes five principles-equality,fairness,consent,efficiency,and compensation-as the requirements and foundations of fairness and equity.Furthermore,it verifies the applicability of these principles to major practical issues,including the Ukraine crisis,climate change,and China’s stance on global security governance,expounding the policy implications of fairness and equity as a norm or value orientation.Championing a fair and equitable global security order will help build consensus on Chinese solutions and facilitate historical peace,development,and win-win cooperation trends.

Comment on the Solutions to the Middle East Security Issues and China’s Governance Style

The Middle East is the most turbulent region in the world.There have been incessant conflicts in this region over several decades,the most representative of which include the IsraeliPalestinian conflicts,the Iranian nuclear crisis,the Syrian issue and terrorism,etc.In order to solve these security issues,the international community has implemented various solutions,most of which did not result in the expected results.Therefore,new solutions to the Middle East security issues are needed.With the rise of China,China has put forward a solution with Chinese characteristics.China’s new framework for security governance in the Middle East has distinct Chinese characteristics:solving security problems from the perspective of economic problems,the principle of gradualism in the Middle East security governance scheme,Coordination mechanism between great powers,and respecting the recommendations of major countries and state parties in the Middle East.The China’s Solutions will provide new ideas for the Middle East security governance.