Using seismic surveys to investigate sediment distribution and to estimate burial fluxes of OC, N, and P in a canyon reservoir

As a high-precision survey method,seismic surveying has been increasingly applied to inland water research,although its application to artificial reservoirs has remained limited.As a special artificial water body,reservoirs have important effects on the fluvial transport of material from land to ocean,and inevitably have complex terrain which can complicate and distort the results of seismic surveys.Therefore,there are still some problems need to be resolved in the application of seismic surveys in reservoirs with complex terrain.For this study,the Dongfeng Reservoir located in the upper reaches of the Wujiang River was chosen as an example to test the seismic survey method.Our testing showed that(1)because of the complex underwater terrain,the signal-to-noise ratio of the echo signal in canyon reservoir is low,making it difficult to determine sediment layers thicknesses in some areas;and(2)due to the large spatial heterogeneity of sediment distribution,insufficient density of cross-sections can lead to inaccurate interpolation results.To improve the accuracy of calculations,a mathematical method was used.Ultimately,the total burial mass of sediment was estimated at 2.85 x 107 tons,and the average burial rates of total organic carbon,total phosphorus,and total nitrogen were estimated at 0.194,0.011,and 0.014 g cm-2 year-1,respectively.These values were close to the results of previous studies and hydrographic station data,indicating that seismic survey can be a reliable and efficient method for the mapping of reservoirs.

The Burial of Biogenic Silica, Organic Carbon and Organic Nitrogen in the Sediments of the East China Sea

We sampled the sediments of the East China Sea during 2005 and 2006, and analysed the contents of the biogenic matters: biogenic silica, organic carbon, and organic nitrogen. From the surface distribution we found the contents of these substances to be in the ranges of 0.72%-1.64%, 0.043%-0.82%, and 0.006%-0.11%, respectively. Their distributions were similar to each other, being high inside the Hangzhou Bay and low outside the bay. The vertical variations of the contents were also similar. In order to discuss the relation between them we analysed the variations of content with depth. They increased in the first 7 cm and then decreased with depth. The peaks were found at depths between 20 to 25 cm. The distribution of carbonate showed an opposite trend to that of biogenic matters. The content of total carbon was relatively stable with respect to depth, and the ratio of high organic carbon to carbonate showed a low burial efficiency of carbonate, which means that the main burial of carbon is organic carbon. In order to discuss the source of organic matters, the ratio of organic carbon to organic nitrogen was calculated, which was 8.01 to 9.65, indicating that the organic matter in the sediments was derived mainly from phytoplankton in the seawater.

Impact of mangrove vegetation on seasonal carbon burial and other sediment characteristics in the Vellar-Coleroon estuary, India

This work quantified the total carbon and 12 other sediment characteristics at 10 soil depths, in planted and or natural mangrove forests in comparison with non-vegetated soil for four seasons of the year 2009-2010 in the Vellar-Coleroon estuarine complex, India. The sedi- ment characteristics varied significantly between mangrove-vegetated and non-vegetated habitats or seasons of analysis, but not between soil depths. The mangrove sediments were rich in total carbon and total or- ganic carbon as compared to non-mangrove sediments （p 〈0.01）. Total carbon was 98.2% higher in mature mangroves and 41.8% in planted mangroves than that in non-mangrove soil. Total organic carbon was as much as 2.5 times greater in mature mangroves and 2 times greater in planted mangroves than that in unvegetated soil. Carbon contents also varied many fold by season. Total carbon content was 8.6 times greater during pre-monsoon, 4.1 times greater during post-monsoon and 2.5 times greater during monsoon than during summer （P〈0.01 in all cases）. Similarly, total organic carbon was 5.9 times greater during pre-monsoon, 3.1 times greater during post-monsoon and 69% greater during monsoon than during summer. In general, higher levels of sediment carbon were recorded during pre and post-monsoon seasons than during other seasons. Total carbon concentration was correlated negatively to temperature, sand and phosphorus （P 〈0.01）; positively correlated with redox potential, silt, clay, C/N ratio, potassium （P 〈0.01） and nitrogen （P〈0.05）; but not correlated with soil depth, pH or salinity. This work revealed that the carbon burial was rapid at the annual rate of 2.8% for total carbon, and 6.7% for total organic carbon in mangrove-planted sediment. Cleating of mangroves can result in significantly and rapidly reduced carbon stores.Our study highlights the importance of natural and plantation mangrove stands for conserving sediment carbon in the tropical coastal domain.

河道型水库沉积物有机碳空间分布特征及其埋藏效应

【目的】河流筑坝对有机碳具有重要的拦截作用,影响内陆水体碳循环。目前,河道型水库沉积物有机碳空间分布特征和自生有机碳埋藏通量仍不明确。【方法】采用沉积物柱芯法、沉积物物理化学参数和碳同位素二元混合模型,对河道型水库(银盘水库)沉积物有机碳埋藏开展了调研。【结果】结果显示:银盘水库沉积物有机碳含量变化范围为0.99%~1.32%,库中和坝前沉积柱有机碳含量均值分别为1.12%和1.16%;内源有机碳与总磷呈现显著正相关;有机碳埋藏速率变化范围为98.7~348.9 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),平均值为223.8 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),有机碳埋藏通量和内源有机碳埋藏通量分别为2.5×10^(9)g C·a^(-1)和1.8×10^(9)g C·a^(-1);内源有机碳对沉积物总有机碳的贡献比例为69.0%~75.2%,平均值为71.5%。【结论】结果表明:河道型水库沉积柱有机碳含量从库中到坝前没有明显变化;水库内源有机质的生成与营养盐输入和水体滞留时间密切相关;银盘水库有机碳埋藏通量相当于全球水库有机碳埋藏通量的0.04‰,河道型水库是个重要的潜在碳汇。研究结果能够为河道型水库碳埋藏研究和水电清洁型评估提供参考依据。

不同泥沙掩埋深度对莲子草生长的影响

为研究不同泥沙掩埋深度和掩埋时间对河南省信阳市南湾湖库区消落带莲子草(Alternanthera sessilis(L.) DC.)生长发育的影响。试验设置3个不同处理(4 cm埋深、8 cm埋深、12 cm埋深,掩埋时间35 d),以不掩埋作为对照,采用相同的泥沙基质进行覆盖,测定莲子草的存活数、株高生长量、叶长和叶宽、生物量干重。试验结果表明,轻、中度掩埋对莲子草存活率影响不明显,重度掩埋会使莲子草的存活率降低;中度掩埋和重度掩埋对莲子草株高和叶片长度的促进作用比轻度掩埋和不掩埋更为明显,且呈现出重度掩埋>中度掩埋>轻度掩埋>不掩埋;相较于不掩埋,掩埋处理均会降低叶片宽度,且叶片宽度呈现出轻度掩埋>中度掩埋>重度掩埋;相较于不掩埋,轻度掩埋莲子草生物量更多的集中在根部,而中、重度掩埋生物量更多的集中在茎叶部分。说明莲子草通过加快茎干生长和改变叶片形态以及调整生物量分配的方式来增强对泥沙掩埋的适应能力。

A large carbon pool in lake sediments over the arid/semiarid region, NW China

Carbon burial in lake sediments is an important component of the global carbon cycle. However, little is known about the magnitude of carbon sequestered in lake sediments over the arid/semiarid region of China(ASAC).In this study, we estimate both organic and inorganic carbon burial since *AD 1800 based on nine lakes in ASAC,and discuss the most plausible factors controlling carbon burial. Our estimates show that the annual organic carbon burial rate(OCBR) ranges from 5.3 to 129.8 g cm-2year-1(weighted mean of 49.9 g cm-2year-1), leading to a standing stock of 1.1–24.0 kg cm-2(weighted mean of 8.6 kg cm-2)and a regional sum of *108 Tg organic carbon sequestered since *AD 1800. The annual inorganic carbon burial rate(ICBR) ranges from 11.4 to 124.0 g cm-2year-1(weighted mean of 48.3 g cm-2year-1), which is slightly lower than OCBR. The inorganic carbon standing stock ranges from2.4 to 26.0 kg cm-2(weighted mean of 8.1 kg cm-2),resulting in a sum of *101 Tg regional inorganic carbon burial since *AD 1800, which is slightly lower than the organic carbon sequestration. OCBR in ASAC shows a continuously increasing trend since *AD 1950, which is possibly due to the high autochthonous and allochthonous primary production and subsequently high sedimentation rate in the lakes. This increasing carbon burial is possibly related to both climatic changes and enhanced anthropogenic activities, such as land use change, deforestation, and eutrophication in the lake. Furthermore, OCBR and ICBR are expected to continuously increase under the scenario of increasing precipitation and runoff and enhanced anthropogenic activities.The results of this research show that the buried carbon in lake sediments of the ASAC region constitutes a significant and large carbon pool, which should be considered and integrated into the global carbon cycle.

Phosphorus speciation and distribution in surface sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea and potential impacts on ecosystem

For better understanding the phosphorus （P） cycle and its impacts on one of the most important fishing grounds and pressures on the marine ecosystem in the Yellow Sea （YS） and East China Sea （ECS）, it is essential to distinguish the contents of different P speciation in sediments and have the knowledge of its distribution and bioavailability. In this study, the modified SEDEX procedure was employed to quantify the different forms of P in sediments. The contents of phosphorus fractions in surface sediments were 0.20–0.89μmol/g for exchangeable-P （Exch-P）, 0.37–2.86μmol/g for Fe-bound P （Fe-P）, 0.61–3.07μmol/g for authigenic Ca-P （ACa-P）, 6.39–13.73μmol/g for detrital-P （DAP） and 0.54–10.06μmol/g for organic P （OP）. The distribution of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP seemed to be similar. The concentrations of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP were slightly higher in the Yellow Sea than that in the East China Sea, and low concentrations could be observed in the middle part of the ECS and southwest off Cheju Island. The distribution of ACa-P was different from those of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP. DAP was the major fraction of sedimentary P in the research region. The sum of Exch-P, Fe-P and OP may be thought to be potentially bioavailable P in the research region. The percentage of bioavailable P in TP ranged from 13%to 61%. Bioavailable P burial flux that appeared regional differences was affected by sedimentation rates, porosity and bioavailable P content, and the distribution of bioavailable P burial flux were almost the same as that of TP burial flux.

The Contribution of Opal-Associated Phosphorus to Bioavailable Phosphorus in Surface and Core Sediments in the East China Sea

To improve the burial flux calculations of bioavailable phosphorus(P) and study opal-associated P(Opal-P) in the East China Sea(ECS), surface and core sediments were collected in the Changjiang Estuary(CE) and the south of the Cheju Island. In this study, sedimentary P was operationally divided into seven different forms using modified sedimentary extraction(SEDEX) technique: LSor-P(exchangeable or loosely sorbed P), Fe-P(easily reducible or reactive ferric Fe-bound P), CFA-P(authigenic carbonate fluorapatite and biogenic apatite and CaCO_3-bound P), Detr-P(detrital apatite), Org-P(organic P), Opal-P and Ref-P(refractory P). The data revealed that the concentrations of the seven different P forms rank as Detr-P > CFA-P > Org-P > Ref-P > Opal-P > Fe-P > LSor-P in surface sediments and CFA-P > Detr-P > Org-P > Ref-P > Fe-P > Opal-P > LSor-P in core sediments. The distributions of the total phosphorus(TP), TIP, CFA-P, Detr-P are similar and decrease from the CE to the south of the Cheju Island. Meanwhile, Org-P and Opal-P exhibit different distribution trends; this may be affected by the grain size and TOM. The concentrations of potentially bioavailable P are 9.6-13.0 μmol g^(-1) and 10.0-13.6 μmol g^(-1), representing 61%-70% and 41%-64% of the TP in surface and core sediments, respectively. The concentrations of Opal-P are 0.6-2.3 μmol g^(-1) and 0.6-1.4 μmol g^(-1) in surface and core sediments, accounting for 5.3%-19.8% and 4.2%-10.6% of bioavailable P, respectively. The total burial fluxes of Opal-P and bioavailable P are 1.4×10~9 mol yr^(-1) and 1.1×10~10 mol yr^(-1) in the ECS, respectively. Opal-P represents about 12.7% of potentially bioavailable P, which should be recognized when studying P cycling in marine ecosystems.

Carbon Burial in Young Tropical Reservoirs Is Higher at Lower Latitudes*

Man-made environments such as tropical hydroelectric reservoirs alter the preexisting carbon (C) cycle and remove C from circulation through burial in sediments. Carbon burial (CB) was measured using the silica-tracer method during four field surveys in the less than six-year-old Belo Monte tropical reservoir. Fresh C sedimentation was also measured. Belo Monte’s CB median rate 276 (n = 84;min 0;max 352,625 mg C·m-2·d-1) is within the range (230 to 436 mg C·m-2·d-1) of CB rates measured further downstream at the Xingu Ria and higher than the averaged over 50 years oceanic rate 244 mg C·m-2·d-1 estimated for an increasingly deoxygenated ocean. Carbon burial median rates of tropical reservoirs with similar age and trophic state correlate inversely with latitude at a rate of 17.5 mg C·m-2·d-1 per degree. Carbon burial efficiency of these reservoirs correlates positively with latitude at a ratio of 0.22% per degree.

兴凯湖沉积物营养盐分布特征及来源解析

兴凯湖是我国面积最大的跨境湖泊,其水质变化受到国际社会的共同关注。沉积物内源污染释放是影响水质的重要因素,研究沉积物营养盐的分布特征及来源,可为兴凯湖水环境治理提供重要依据。以兴凯湖中国湖区为研究对象,通过沉积物营养盐及蓄积量调查,阐明沉积物中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和有机质(OM)的分布特征及埋藏通量,采用有机污染指数法和沉积物碳氮比(C/N)、碳磷比(C/P)特征分析其污染程度及来源。结果表明:与国内其他湖泊相比,兴凯湖沉积物TP浓度处于较低水平,但小兴凯湖沉积物TN、OM浓度处于较高水平;水生植被覆盖度高的小兴凯湖西泡子和东北泡子及沉积物淤积严重的大兴凯湖西部湖区和中部湖一区营养盐浓度较高;兴凯湖OM来源同时受水生植物和陆源物质输入的影响,且小兴凯湖受陆源输入影响更大,OM与TN具有同源性,与TP不具有同源性;兴凯湖沉积物整体属轻度污染,其中小兴凯湖沉积物有机污染较大兴凯湖严重。研究显示,小兴凯湖作为大兴凯湖的前置湖泊,削减了输入大兴凯湖的污染物,但其较高的沉积物营养盐浓度可能会对大兴凯湖产生潜在影响,因此,应重视小兴凯湖沉积物引起的污染。

埋深及氮输入对碱蓬硫元素吸收特征的影响

为明晰人为干扰影响下黄河三角洲典型植被营养元素吸收利用特征,该研究选取黄河三角洲先锋物种碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)为研究对象,利用模拟实验探究了泥沙埋深及氮输入对碱蓬硫元素吸收特征的影响。结果显示:埋深及氮输入显著影响碱蓬根、茎及土壤中总硫含量,而叶中总硫含量则保持相对稳定;碱蓬根茎叶累积系数均受到泥沙埋深及氮输入的显著影响。具体而言,随着埋深的增大,根茎叶中总硫含量整体呈增加趋势,最大值在M_(3)(12 cm)处理时取得(根N_(0)M_(3):2.76 g/kg;茎N_(1)M_(3):6.25 g/kg;叶N_(1)M_(3):21.34 g/kg),此时累积系数也相对较大,仅次于M_(0)处理,表明无泥沙埋深干扰最有利碱蓬对硫元素的吸收利用,而在一定范围内随着泥沙埋深的增加,碱蓬对硫元素的吸收增强。随着N输入的增加,碱蓬根、茎、叶对硫元素含量及累积系数均呈现出先增加后降低的趋势,表明适当的N输入有利于碱蓬对硫元素的吸收利用。

重庆丘陵山区池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏速率及其影响因素

池塘等小型水体在全球碳循环中发挥着重要作用,是碳排放的热区,但是对池塘碳埋藏速率认识相对匮乏,限制了全面认识池塘在流域碳传输中的功能。为探究池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏速率及其影响因素,选取重庆市北碚区柳荫镇的11个池塘为研究对象,于2022年7月对池塘沉积物进行采样,分析了池塘沉积物基本理化性质,估算出池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏量和埋藏速率,并分析了池塘因素和流域因素对池塘沉积物有机碳埋藏速率的影响。结果显示:(1)沉积物总有机碳(TOC,Total Organic Carbon)含量在1.03%—3.51%之间变化,总体呈现随深度增加而逐渐降低的趋势;(2)有机碳埋藏速率均值为194.60 g m^(-2)a^(-1),范围区间为142.76—293.32 g m^(-2)a^(-1),略高于其他池塘的类似研究结果;(3)沉积物TOC含量与总氮(TN,Total Nitrogen)含量呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与流域中林地面积占比呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与旱地面积占比呈显著负相关(P<0.05),而有机碳埋藏速率与流域内旱地面积占比呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,池塘相对于大型水体储碳能力更强,池塘虽然单位面积小,但数量多,在生态系统的碳收支核算中是一种不可忽视的地理景观单元。

湛江高桥红树林湿地有机碳分布及埋藏特征

红树林是世界上单位生产力最高的生态系统之一,其能够持续地固定有机碳,对全球碳平衡和生物地球化学循环有着深远影响。以广东湛江国家级红树林自然保护区高桥核心区为研究区,旨在分析我国典型红树林湿地的固碳潜力,为红树林湿地碳计量提供依据。在垂直于海岸线的两条样线上选取6个不同潮位的样点进行沉积柱取样分析,通过重铬酸钾氧化-外加热法测定有机碳含量,基于放射性同位素^(210)Pb定年推演沉积率,并对湿地有机碳密度和埋藏率进行计算。结果表明:研究区红树林湿地有机碳含量2.14—36.94 g/kg,平均(12.79±9.91)g/kg。红树林湿地有机碳密度为(0.0100±0.0056)g/cm3,空间上差异显著显著,水平方向上两条样线均以中带样点的有机碳密度最大,近陆侧(内带)样点的有机碳密度高于近海侧(外带);垂直方向上,内带和外带样柱的有机碳密度均以表层最高,而且随深度增加而减小。研究区红树林湿地百年尺度上沉积率为6.5—11mm/a,且外带样点沉积速率显著快于内带样点。有机碳埋藏率空间差异大,外带样点为(34.58±7.67)g m-2a-1,而中带样点可达150.56 g m-2a-1。红树林湿地有机碳的分布受潮位的影响大,更高潮位点和表层的有机碳含量和密度更高,而处于低潮位的外带样点的有机碳沉积更快。研究区红树林湿地有机碳含量和密度比更低纬度带低,但均高于地带性陆地植被,且其能够通过持续的沉积过程来捕捉和固定有机碳,固碳潜力大。

台湾海峡西部沉积物中碳的来源及埋藏

根据2005年夏季航次观测的沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)、无机碳(CaCO3)、总氮(TN)、悬浮体颗粒有机碳(POC)、沉积物粒度数据得出,台湾海峡西部表层沉积物TOC质量分数的范围为0.01～1.79,平均值为0.37±0.24,略高于20多年前台湾海峡南部海区,而低于台湾海峡中、北部海区;TOC的质量分数湾内比湾外高,近岸比远岸高,且由北向南呈斑状分布的特征。CaCO3质量分数变化于0.11～23.00之间,其质量分数呈明显斑状分布,高值区主要分布在湾外的海域。表层沉积物C/N比值范围为6.70～27.54,平均值为10.12,表明有机质来源的混合性。TOC与TN间的本底关系极为密切。表层沉积物中TOC与粒径大小呈显著的幂数关系,粒径的差异对TOC的含量影响明显,而粒级不是CaCO3含量分布的制约因子。台湾海峡南部上升流区及附近海域沉积物TOC与上层初级生产力分布并不耦合。台湾海峡西部每年埋藏于沉积物中的碳的通量为105tC。河流陆源输入、北向的沿岸流、南澳-东山外上升流以及平潭岛附近上升流对沉积物中碳的埋藏有重要影响。

底质掩埋对苦草种子成苗和幼苗存活的影响

为探索底质掩埋对人工恢复苦草(Vallisneria natans)的影响,研究了塘泥和河沙掩埋0、1、3、5 cm深度下苦草种子的成苗状况和苦草幼苗的存活状况。结果表明,掩埋深度增加会显著降低种子的成苗率、幼苗的存活率、植株的株高和干重,其中掩埋深度达5 cm时,苦草种子不能成苗,幼苗不能存活,与无掩埋相比,掩埋1 cm和3 cm处理中,幼苗存活率的下降幅度显著低于种子成苗率,且掩埋1 cm处理的幼苗存活率下降不显著,掩埋3 cm处理的河沙组种子的成苗率和幼苗的存活率显著高于塘泥组;无掩埋、掩埋1 cm和掩埋3 cm处理中,塘泥组苦草的平均株高、株均干重和根冠比均显著大于河沙组。表明底质掩埋对苦草种子成苗的影响大于对幼苗存活的影响;塘泥比河沙更有利于苦草的生长,但掩埋深度较大时,塘泥对种子成苗率和幼苗存活率的影响比河沙更明显。

水沙条件及氮输入对黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地碱蓬和土壤;N吸收特征的影响

受自然及人为活动的影响,黄河三角洲水沙条件存在较大变化,由此带来的外源营养物质增加对潮滩湿地植被生长及元素吸收利用具有重要的影响。为此采用3因素4水平的正交试验,以黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地先锋物种碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)为研究对象,利用^(15)N示踪技术,研究了水沙条件及氮输入对碱蓬和土壤^(15)N吸收特征的影响。结果表明:淹水深度、泥沙沉积及氮输入对土壤全氮含量的影响不显著,但外源氮输入对土壤^(15)N固持量(N_(dff))和比例(N_(dff)%)的影响达到显著水平,且最大值(10.44 mg/kg和3.83%)均出现在W_(4)S_(2)N_(3)(30 cm淹水+3 cm泥沙沉积+6 g/m^(2)氮输入)处理;碱蓬叶和茎中全氮含量、^(15)N吸收量(N_(dff))及比例(N_(dff)%)在深淹水和泥沙沉积处理时较大,而根中全氮含量、N_(dff)及N_(dff)%在高氮输入较大。且根N_(dff)和N_(dff)%最大值(1.10 mg/kg和18.21%)在W_(1)S_(4)N_(4)(2 cm淹水+12 cm泥沙沉积+9 g/m^(2)氮输入)处理时取得,此时碱蓬的生长情况最好,表明适当的淹水和泥沙埋深以及高氮输入(9 g/m^(2))有利于根系对外源氮的吸收,从而促进植株的生长。由此可见,在黄河三角洲水沙变化大的背景下,淹水、泥沙沉积和外源氮输入的适当把控,可促进碱蓬对外源氮的吸收利用而有助于其生长,从而对维护黄河三角洲潮滩湿地的健康具有重要作用。

走滑断裂古地震探槽选址范例

探槽选址直接决定了古地震研究的质量,且理想探槽位置具有稀缺性。在收集82篇国内外走滑断裂古地震研究论文的基础上,分析了长序列古地震探槽选址和同震位移探槽选址的构造地貌共性特征。长序列古地震探槽一般布设在断塞塘、拉分盆地、小型湖盆、闸门脊汇水一侧及比较平缓的冲洪积扇或大型冲洪积扇末端等地貌位置。这些地貌位置的共同特征是位于连续的、较高沉积速率的沉积环境,且通常富集14C测年物质。在探槽选址的过程中,不仅要对现今沉积环境,也要对其古地理环境进行评价。然而以发掘古地震同震位移为目的的探槽选址则不同,成功的研究点往往较频繁发生侵蚀和下切事件,其中冲沟是最常见的地貌标志。探槽布设以垂直和平行探槽为主,采取逐次掘进或相间平行排列的方式开挖。由于理想探槽位置的稀缺性,所以在这些优质的探槽点一定要开展长期详细地深入研究,最大限度获得古地震事件的长序列,同时也要注意新技术和新方法的应用。

克隆整合和模拟沉积物淹埋对外来水生植物粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)生长和抗氧化系统的影响

多数外来入侵水生植物都是克隆植物,而目前关于克隆整合属性对其入侵性潜在影响的研究仍旧缺乏.本文通过研究克隆整合(匍匐茎连接)和模拟沉积物淹埋(3 cm厚基质淹埋)对外来水生植物粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)的生长、生物量分配和抗氧化酶活性的影响,探讨了克隆整合特性对粉绿狐尾藻耐受基质淹埋的作用机制.研究发现:基质淹埋显著降低了粉绿狐尾藻的生物量、总匍匐茎长度和分枝数,而克隆整合则显著促进了受淹埋分株的这些生长指标;基质淹埋显著降低了粉绿狐尾藻分株抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶)的活性,而克隆整合显著提升了受淹埋分株的抗氧化酶活性;此外,克隆整合显著降低了受淹埋分株的冠根比.以上结果表明:克隆整合效应能显著提升粉绿狐尾藻在基质淹埋胁迫下的活性氧清除能力,从而有助于其生长;能改变受胁迫分株生物量分配,提升其资源获取能力.因此,异质性环境胁迫下,粉绿狐尾藻的入侵性可能与其克隆整合属性密切相关.

白令海和楚科奇海陆架区的生源物质埋藏通量研究

楚科奇海和白令海通过白令海峡相连,是气候变化研究的关键区域。利用210Pb过剩法开展两个海域沉积过程和生源物质的埋藏通量研究。研究发现,白令海陆架区沉积柱样(NB22)受到生物扰动影响,楚科奇海沉积物柱样(R17)所受生物扰动很小。通过建立模型,获得楚科奇海陆架区的沉积速率为0.6±0.1 mm·a^(-1),白令海陆架区的沉积速率为2.1±0.7 mm·a^(-1)。忽略沉积过程,白令海陆架区由生物扰动引起的混合因子为1.38±0.92 cm2·a^(-1);考虑沉积过程,则混合因子为0.65±0.95 cm2·a^(-1)。白令海的有机碳、生源硅、Ca CO3的埋藏通量分别为:6.85 mmol C·m-2·d-1、37.7 mmol Si·m-2·d-1、3.15 mmol C·m-2·d-1;楚科奇海的有机碳、生源硅、Ca CO3的埋藏通量分别为:5.71 mmol C·m-2·d-1、9.78 mmol Si·m-2·d-1、3.08 mmol C·m-2·d-1。楚科奇海陆架区具有高效的垂直输运的海洋生物泵,白令海陆架区海洋生物泵可能存在较强的水平输运过程。海洋沉积物中210Pb信号不仅可以定量沉积速率和埋藏通量,也在一定程度上反映海洋底栖生物的扰动强度。

贵州乌江渡水库沉积速率及碳氮埋藏通量估算

我国西南地区峡谷型梯级水库沉积物的碳汇效应对全球碳循环有着重要意义。为了探明该区域水库的碳汇强度,本研究选择乌江流域的乌江渡水库作为研究对象,于2015年5月对水库沉积物进行采样,并利用210Pbex核素计年技术,结合沉积物碳氮分析,估算乌江渡水库的碳埋藏量。结果表明:乌江渡水库沉积物平均沉积速率为0.155g/(cm^2·a),TOC沉降通量为70.85g/(m^2·a),堆积通量为29.14g/(m^2·a);TN沉降通量为8.22g/(m^2·a),堆积通量为2.79g/(m^2·a)。乌江渡水库沉积物年均TOC总埋藏通量为1.39×10~9g/a,其中82%来自水库内部光合作用形成的有机质。因此,依据保守的估算,乌江渡水库沉积物的净碳汇通量为23.9g/(m^2·a),保存的净碳汇量为1.1×10~9g/a。研究结果表明水库沉积物是一个重要的碳汇。