Deep eutectic solvents and alkaline extraction of protein from seabuckthorn seed meal: a comparison study

Seabuckthorn seed meal(SSM) is a waste of oil extraction industry that rich in protein. In order to seek suitable protein extraction method, three different deep eutectic solvents(DESs)(including choline chlorideglycerol, choline chloride-oxalic acid and choline chloride-urea) were developed for extracting protein from SSM and compared with alkaline. Result indicated that alkaline could effectively extract 56.9% protein from SSM and its protein content was 73.1%, higher than DES at 31.0%-41.4% and 64.3%-67.5%, respectively. However, compared to alkali, DES led to a product with less β-sheet, more β-turn, more essential amino acids, higher total amino acid content, especially choline chloride-urea which extracted protein showing an integrated and similar protein weight distribution compared to SSM. Also, this protein extracted chloride-urea showed a highest digestibility in vitro(by pepsin)(54.2%). These results indicated that choline chloride-urea extraction is better than alkaline extraction for SSM.

Preparation and bioactivity evaluation of low salt peptide from sunf lower seed meal

Sunflower seed meal peptide as one sort of bioactive peptide has intensively application prospects. However, preparation of low salt peptide from sunflower seed meal with high efficiency remains a challenge. In this study, single and compound proteases were optimized to hydrolyze protein. Results showed that hydrolysis at pH 7.0 by proteases resulted in ash content in the range of 5.66%-7.37% and small peptides. Among all hydrolysis processes, sequential hydrolysis of Alcalase with Flavourzyme and Alcalase with Protamex showed higher nitrogen recovery ratio (67.66% and 66.49%, respectively). Furthermore, biological activities of peptides were investigated by testing their ABTS (2,2-azinobis (3-ethylben-zothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt) radical scavenging activity, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil) radical scavenging activity and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Peptide hydrolyzed by Alcalase with Papain presented the highest antioxidant activity, followed by Alcalase with Protamex, with ABTS scavenging rate as 63.01% and 31.75%, and DPPH scavenging rate as 56.04% and 28.06%, respectively. Synchronously, peptide hydrolyzed by Alcalase with Protamex and Alcalase with Alcalase had the highest ACE inhibitory activity (56.74%, 56.76%). In conclusion, hydrolysis by proteases Alcalase with Protamex at pH 7.0 was the most effective method for the preparation of low salt peptide from sunflower seed meal, which could be an alternative for anti-oxidants and anti-vasoconstrictor.

Phenolics-saponins rich fraction of defatted kenaf seed meal exhibits cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines

Objectives: To determine the cytotoxicity of crude ethanolic extract, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction on selected cancer cell lines, and to observe the morphological changes of the cancer cells treated with n-butanol fraction.Methods: The cytotoxic effect of n-butanol fraction, crude ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction on breast cancer(MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231), colon cancer(HT29), lung cancer(A549), cervical cancer(He La) and normal mouse fibroblast(3T3) cell lines was determined using MTT assay. The morphological changes of the treated cells were observed under an inverted light microscope.Results: n-Butanol fraction was the most cytotoxic towards HT29 and MCF-7 cells in a dose-dependent manner compared to crude ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction(P < 0.05). The IC50 of n-butanol fraction for HT29 and MCF-7 was(780.00 ± 28.28)and(895.00 ± 7.07) mg/m L, respectively. Cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing and formation of apoptotic bodies were noted following treatment of HT29 cells with n-butanol fraction.Conclusions: In conclusion, n-butanol fraction was more cytotoxic than crude ethanolic extract and aqueous fraction towards the selected cancerous cell lines and induced apoptosis in HT29 cells.

Utilization of autoclaved and fermented sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) seed meal in diets for Til-aqua natural male tilapia

Current research emphasis has been on the reduction of feed cost by incorporating processed sesame seed meal in the diet of tilapia. Raw sesame(Sesamum indicum) seed was soaked and subjected to either autoclaving or fermentation, after which their oil contents were mechanically extracted. Graded levels of autoclaved(71.2,165,5 and 296.3 g/kg designated as diets 1, 2 and 3, respectively) and fermented(71.0,164.3 and 292,2 g/kg designated as diets 4, 5 and 6, respectively) sesame seed meal were included into fishmeal based diets for Til-aqua natural male tilapia(NMT) fry(initial weight,1.69 ± 0.02 g), A diet without sesame seed meal served as the control. Diets were approximately iso-nitrogenous(35% crude protein). Fish were fed 5 times their maintenance requirement, which was 3.2 x 5 x [fish weight(g)/1,000]^(0.8) daily for 56 days. Processing improved the nutritional profile of raw sesame seed meal in terms of its crude protein and antinutrient compositions. Growth performance of fish was similar(P> 0.05) in the control and dietary treatments. The group fed diet 3 exhibited significantly poorer feed conversion ratio(1.14), protein efficiency ratio(2.77) and economic conversion ratio(US$1.38/kg) relative to the group that received diet 5. Apparent digestibility coefficients for protein, lipid and energy in diet 3 were similar(P > 0.05) to those in diet 6 but significantly lower(P < 0.05) than those of the control and other dietary groups. The sesame seed meals processed with different methods did not significantly affect crude protein, crude lipid and gross energy compositions in the fish carcass. The study demonstrated that71.2 g/kg of autoclaved and 164.3 g/kg of fermented sesame seed meal could be incorporated in the diet of Til-aqua NMT with cost benefit.

The effect of mustard seed meal(Sinapis arvensis)on thyroid hormones and liver enzymes in Japanese quails(Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Objective:To investigate the effect of wild black mustard seed meal on thyroid hormones(thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone)in Japanese quails and also study the ability of FeSO4 to alleviate the possible negative effect of mustard meal on thyroid hormones in these birds for the first time.Methods:The experimental procedure was undertaken on 28 quails which were randomly assigned to a control and 6 test groups with 4 quails in each group for 28 days,during which the control group received basic diet with no mustard meal whereas the test groups(No.2,3 and 4)received mustard meal(5%,10%and 15%,respectively)and test groups(No.5,6 and 7)received FeSO_(4)(1%)-treated mustard meal(5%,10%and 15%,respectively)on the basic of basic diet.Results:The group fed on 15%non-treated mustard seed meal had the least thyroxine level and its level backed to normal in group fed on 15%FeSO4-treated mustard seed meal although this group had the highest alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels.Conclusions:We concluded that up to 10%FeSO4 mustard seed meal could be incorporated in the quail diet successfully with the least damage to thyroids and livers,but further investigations on these birds are still needed to confirm this hypothesis.

发酵牡丹籽粕对黄山黑鸡生产性能、蛋品质、蛋黄中脂肪酸含量及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵牡丹籽粕对黄山黑鸡生产性能、蛋品质、蛋黄中脂肪酸含量及血清生化指标的影响。选取240日龄产蛋率及体重相近的黄山黑鸡864只,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复72只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加5%(5%FPSM组)和9%发酵牡丹籽粕(9%FPSM组)的试验饲粮。预试期1周,正试期8周。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,5%FPSM组的产蛋率显著升高(P<0.05),料蛋比和平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05);9%FPSM组的产蛋率和平均日采食量极显著降低(P<0.01)。2)与对照组相比,9%FPSM组的蛋形指数显著升高(P<0.05),蛋壳颜色显著降低(P<0.05)。3)与对照组相比,5%FPSM组的蛋黄中ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著升高(P<0.05);9%FPSM组的蛋黄中总饱和脂肪酸(SFA)含量和ω-6/ω-3 PUFA显著或极显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),总PUFA和ω-3 PUFA含量显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。4)与对照组相比,5%FPSM组的血清甘油三酯(TG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)含量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性及总抗氧化力(T-AOC)极显著升高(P<0.01),血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量极显著降低(P<0.01);9%FPSM组的血清低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、TG、尿素氮(UN)、IgA、IgM含量和ALP活性及T-AOC显著或极显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和丙二醛(DMA)含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。由此可见,饲粮中添加5%的发酵牡丹籽粕可提高黄山黑鸡的生产性能;添加5%和9%的发酵牡丹籽粕可提高黄山黑鸡的蛋黄中ω-3 PUFA含量,提高机体抗氧化能力和免疫力。本试验条件下,黄山黑鸡饲粮中发酵牡丹籽粕的适宜添加比例为5%。

火麻籽粕代餐饼干配方及抗氧化活性研究

火麻籽粕是火麻籽提取油脂加工后的副产物,其蛋白质含量为50%左右,油脂含量为5%左右,与火麻籽相比具有高蛋白、低油脂的特性。同时,压榨提取油脂的过程使火麻籽粕具有独特香气,可作为代餐饼干的添加成分。选取不同油厂生产的压榨火麻籽粕1、压榨火麻籽粕2制备代餐饼干,通过单因素实验和正交实验,参考感官评分,确定在100 g低筋面粉中加入6 g压榨火麻籽粕1、20 g黄油、13 g木糖醇、0.2 g碳酸氢钠或8 g压榨火麻籽粕2、25 g黄油、13 g木糖醇、0.2 g碳酸氢钠时,饼干口感、形态最佳。添加了压榨火麻籽粕1、压榨火麻籽粕2的饼干体外消化率均高于80%,与添加了相同比例的大豆粕饼干的体外消化率无显著差异,同时体外消化产物具有1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除能力。

紫苏饼粕微晶纤维素酶法制备及表征

该文优化了紫苏饼粕微晶纤维素(Perilla Seed Meal Microcrystalline Cellulose,PSM-MCC)酶法制备工艺,并对其结构与性能进行表征。以紫苏饼粕纤维素(Perilla Seed Meal Cellulose,PSM-CL)为原料,通过响应面法优化酶法制备微晶纤维素的最佳工艺,并对其理化性质及功能特性进行研究。采用傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、热重分析和扫描电子显微镜对PSM-MCC进行表征。纤维素酶酶法制备PSM-MCC最佳工艺为:pH值5.0、PSM-CL和水的料液比1:20 g/mL、加酶量的质量分数为0.4%、酶解温度55℃、酶解时间3 h。在此工艺下,PSM-MCC得率为90.74%,聚合度134。PSM-MCC去除了木质素等杂质,结晶度从49.39%增加到61.37%,与PSM-CL相比,纤维素酶水解制备的PSM-MCC具有更好的热稳定性,其直径较小,为48.26μm,表面呈多孔和层状结构。该研究通过生物酶水解制备的PSM-MCC各项性能优异且符合国家标准,有望被应用在食品、制药和复合材料等多个领域。

挤压联合酶解制备火麻仁饼粕多肽及其抗氧化性研究

以火麻仁饼粕为原料,经挤压联合酶解制备火麻仁饼粕多肽。以多肽得率为指标,先选择最佳蛋白酶,然后在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化酶解工艺,并研究多肽的抗氧化性。结果表明:最佳蛋白酶为中性蛋白酶;最优酶解条件为酶解时间3.30 h、酶添加量750 U/g(以火麻仁饼粕蛋白干粉质量计)、酶解温度50℃、pH 7.5,在此条件下多肽得率可达13.52%±0.05%。抗氧化性试验表明,挤压联合酶解可有效提高火麻仁饼粕多肽的抗氧化能力。

牡丹籽粕的添加对发酵豆酱理化性质的影响

牡丹籽粕是油用牡丹籽榨油后得到的副产物,富含蛋白质、多糖、黄酮等营养成分。该研究在传统豆酱的制作原料中添加牡丹籽粕,以研究其对豆酱发酵过程中曲料酶活及营养成分的影响。通过单因素实验确定牡丹籽粕的最佳添加比例为黄豆∶籽粕为7∶3,在该条件下制得的成曲中性蛋白酶、淀粉酶和糖化酶最大酶活分别为1177.85,686.58,1564.36 U/g;后酵35 d后,所得牡丹籽粕豆酱中还原糖含量为9.66 g/100 g DW,多肽含量为19.53 g/100 g,总黄酮含量为1.93 mg CE/g DW,酱香浓郁、咸鲜适宜,具有良好的感官接受度,为提升牡丹籽粕附加值及开发新型营养型调味品提供了理论指导和技术思路。

单菌剂固态发酵改善紫苏饼粕工艺优化及理化特性分析

目的通过单菌剂固态发酵工艺优化改善紫苏饼粕品质。方法以紫苏饼粕为原料,研究枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis JP2)接种量、发酵时间、发酵温度、面粉添加比例对发酵紫苏饼粕的品质影响,并通过正交实验优化发酵工艺,并对最佳发酵工艺条件下发酵的紫苏饼粕的主要成分、pH及游离氨基酸含量进行测定。结果正交实验极差分析和验证实验显示,最佳发酵条件为:发酵时间60 h、发酵温度34℃、接种量2.5%和面粉添加比例1:20(g/g)。在最佳发酵条件下,发酵紫苏饼粕中蛋白酶活力为1152 U/g,氨基酸态氮含量为0.49 g/100 g;水分含量和pH分别由58.11%、6.27增加至60.20%、8.09,蛋白质、脂肪、还原糖含量分别由32.14%、11.10%、0.47%降低至24.92%、2.66%、0.05%,游离氨基酸种类增加至13种,总氨基酸含量、必需氨基酸含量分别增加至1.1455%、0.8031%。结论经优化获得了单菌剂固态发酵紫苏饼粕工艺的最佳工艺条件,该工艺条件有效改善了紫苏饼粕的品质。

熔融盐——淬火联用制备油茶粕衍生碳材料及其电化学性能的研究

为了促进油茶粕资源化处理,该文提出了使用油茶粕制备优异碳负电极的研究路线,期望能够推动油茶粕资源化处理持续向好发展。首次利用熔融盐淬火法制备油茶粕衍生碳材料,经研究发现:油茶粕熔融盐650℃下焙烧60 min后淬火制备的碳材料负电极在电流密度为0.5 A/g下,比电容高达232 F/g;熔融盐能作为模板剂保护碳不被氧化,K元素对材料具有刻蚀作用,这可有效提高材料的孔隙结构,淬火过程不能增加碳材料的比表面积,但促进了电子的传质和转移速率。该研究为解决油茶粕增值问题和设计适合实际应用的碳材料提供了可行的方法。

混菌固态发酵辣木粕的营养价值和功能特性

辣木粕(moringa seed meal,MSM)是辣木籽榨完油后的剩余物,多菌种固态发酵(multi-strain solid state fermentation,MSSF)具有良好的稳定性,能够提高MSM的营养价值和功能特性,使其具有制备抗氧化肽和活性高蛋白质食品的潜力。作者采用4株菌种对MSM进行平板点种初筛和混菌发酵复筛,筛选出最适发酵菌种。通过单因素和响应面实验优化了发酵条件,分析了发酵辣木粕(fermented moringa seed meal,FMSM)的理化特性、营养价值和功能特性。结果表明,米曲霉和地衣芽孢杆菌组合为最佳发酵菌种。最优发酵条件为:发酵时间5.22 d、料液质量体积比1 g∶1.56 mL、pH 7.52、温度30℃、接种体积分数9%,获得最大预测值水解度(degree of hydrolysis,DH)为29.60%。与MSM相比,FMSM营养素如粗蛋白、多肽和总氨基酸的质量分数显著增加,而粗纤维(CF)、单宁和植酸的质量分数显著降低。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析发现,MSSF破坏了MSM的表面结构,十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)发现大分子蛋白质均被降解。通过对DPPH·清除率、ABTS^(+)·清除率、还原能力的测定,表明MSSF能够显著提高辣木粕的抗氧化活性。

微生物发酵茶籽粕工艺优化及其结构组成分析

利用微生物发酵茶籽粕。以茶皂素质量和粗蛋白质含量为指标,在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面法优化发酵工艺,并对比分析发酵前后茶籽粕的结构成分。结果表明:最佳发酵工艺为微生物种子液接种量10.8%(以发酵前茶籽粕质量计)、料液比1∶1(g/mL)、发酵时间49.6 h、发酵温度37.2℃,在此条件下,发酵茶籽粕中茶皂素质量和粗蛋白质含量分别达到1.712 g和15.16%,相较发酵前分别提高12.93%和25.39%。通过傅里叶红外光谱和氨基酸组成分析表明,茶籽粕在发酵前后的结构有一定的变化,且氨基酸含量存在一定的差异,发酵后总氨基酸含量下降,但必需氨基酸总含量显著增加。

紫斑牡丹籽粕总黄酮纯化工艺研究

选用D101、AB-8、NKA-9型大孔树脂进行静态吸附及解析性能试验,筛选出AB-8型大孔树脂进行动态试验研究,获得了紫斑牡丹籽粕中总黄酮的最佳纯化工艺条件。结果显示,利用AB-8型大孔树脂在上样液浓度为5 mg·mL^(-1)、p H值为5、流速为3 BV·h^(-1)、上样液体积为5 BV条件下进行吸附,在洗脱液为70%乙醇、洗脱液流速为1.5 BV·h^(-1)、洗脱液体积为7 BV条件下洗脱,纯化后紫斑牡丹籽粕总黄酮含量由8.54%提高到32.36%,该工艺可行性较高,可为紫斑牡丹籽粕中总黄酮纯化提供有效理论依据。

响应面法优化紫斑牡丹籽粕总黄酮提取工艺

以乙醇浓度、提取温度、提取时间及料液比为考察因素,以总黄酮提取率为指标,通过单因素试验和响应面法对紫斑牡丹籽粕总黄酮提取工艺进行了优化。结果表明,紫斑牡丹籽粕总黄酮的最佳提取工艺为乙醇浓度67%、提取温度74℃、提取时间133 min、料液比1∶36(g∶mL)。在该工艺条件下,紫斑牡丹籽粕中总黄酮提取率达到8.63%,工艺可行性较高,可为紫斑牡丹籽粕中总黄酮提取提供有效参考依据。

石灰质复合调理剂对中碱性镉污染稻田的修复效果

为探究石灰质材料(生石灰和石灰石粉)与枯饼肥、海泡石复配对中碱性镉污染稻田的修复效果,通过田间小区试验,研究了石灰质复合材料与枯饼肥、海泡石的不同组配方式对土壤pH值、有效态镉含量及糙米镉含量的影响,并进行效益分析。结果表明:石灰质复合调理剂主要是通过提升土壤酸碱度,降低土壤有效态镉含量,从而降低水稻对镉的吸收积累。石灰质2复合材料(生石灰∶石灰石粉=1∶2)3600 kg/hm合理搭配枯饼肥、海泡石的复合调理剂,可显著提高土壤pH值0.47~0.67个单位,显著降低土壤有效态镉含量34.71%~44.94%,显著降低糙米镉含量39.60%~53.47%,且其作用效果随调理剂用量的增加而提高。复合调理剂还具有显著的增产效果,增产幅度达1.75%~10.59%,其增产效果主要受枯饼肥用量的影响。成本效益分析结果表明,降镉1%新增成本随糙米降镉率呈先下降后上升的趋势,但糙米降镉率与修复成本呈报酬递减规律。综合考虑糙米降镉效果和成本,生石灰(1200 kg/hm^(2))+石灰石粉(2400 kg/hm^(2))+海泡石(1500 kg/hm^(2))可推荐为最佳复合调理剂。

牡丹籽粕中黄酮类化合物的提取工艺优化及膜法分离纯化

本研究采用微滤-纳滤二级膜分离的方法对牡丹籽粕中的黄酮类化合物进行分离提纯。通过单因素实验研究料液比、提取温度、乙醇体积分数和提取时间对总黄酮提取量的影响,在单因素的基础上采用响应面法对提取工艺进行优化及验证。选用聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、聚醚砜(PES)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚丙烯(PP)、混合纤维素(MCE)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、水系醋酸纤维(CA)和聚酰胺(PA)8种材料微滤膜对牡丹籽粕黄酮类化合物(PSMF)提取液进行初级分离。纳滤膜为实验室自制的有机硅/PA复合膜。结果表明,PSMF最佳的提取条件为料液比1:15 g/mL,提取温度50℃,乙醇体积分数为70%,提取时间为30 min,PSMF提取量为(240.28±2.25)μg/mL。将粗提液稀释10倍用于比较8种不同微滤膜对于PSMF粗提液的过滤效果,发现PA膜具有较好的分离效果,复合膜对PSMF存在较好的纯化效果,且分离后黄酮水溶性提升至90%以上。经过800℃煅烧之后,原料液的残余质量为1.43%,PA膜分离液的残余质量为0.76%,BTESE/PA复合膜降至0.26%,杂质更少纯度较高。对比其分离前后的抗氧化活性,分离后的·OH、DPPH·清除率以及还原力有所提升,O_(2)^(−)·清除率由79.94%下降至64.82%。本研究对牡丹籽粕中的活性成分进行分析,PSMF是一种新型的植物黄酮资源,组成丰富,具有一定的研究空间。

紫苏籽粕迷迭香酸的亚临界水提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

本研究采用绿色环保的亚临界水提取技术从紫苏籽粕中提取迷迭香酸。在单因素实验基础上,采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法,以迷迭香酸的提取得率为响应值,以提取温度(140~180℃)、提取时间(20~40 min)、料液比(1:30~1:50 g/mL)为自变量,确定亚临界水提取的最佳工艺参数。同时,比较了亚临界水提取法和几种常规提取法对迷迭香酸提取得率及其抗氧化活性(DPPH和ABTS自由基清除力)的影响。结果表明,优化后的亚临界水提取工艺参数为:提取温度163℃、提取时间30 min、料液比1:41 g/mL;此条件下,迷迭香酸的提取得率为4.91±0.16 mg/g dw,其清除DPPH和ABTS自由基能力的V_(C)当量分别为10.62和13.46 mgV_(C)/g dw,均显著高(P<0.05)于几种常规提取法。此外,扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果显示,亚临界水提取后的紫苏籽粕粉末结构更疏松,说明亚临界水更有利于迷迭香酸的提取。

超高压法提取油茶籽粕中茶皂素的工艺研究

以油茶籽粕为原料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过响应面法优化超高压提取茶皂素的工艺条件。结果表明:超高压提取茶皂素的最佳工艺条件为提取压力308 MPa、提取时间8.5 min、乙醇体积分数65%、料液比1∶20(g/mL),在此条件下茶皂素得率为19.87%。