Emerging natural hemp seed proteins and their functions for nutraceutical applications

With changing dietary habits and increasing awareness of the nutraceutical role of dietary foods,the demand for natural plant proteins and interest in non-traditional protein sources in the food industry are increasing.Industrial hemp,belonging to the plant family Cannabaceae,is cultivated for its fibre and edible seeds.Due to its nutritional value,it has also been used in the food industry and medicine.In particular,hemp seed proteins have drawn considerable attention in both scientific and industrial fields because of their excellent nutraceutical values,superior digestibility,low allergenicity and diverse techno-functional properties.In this review,we provide a summary of the current research progress on the extraction and purification processes,physiochemical properties,nutraceutical functions,and applications of hemp seed proteins.Perspectives in the application of advanced technologies for hemp seed bioactive peptide mining are also discussed.This review provides up-to-date insights into the nutraceutical values,health benefits,and future applications of this emerging plant source protein.

Analysis of Genetic Variation of Seed Proteins in the Genus Vigna and among Its Relatives Cultivated in China

The genetic variation of seed proteins was assayed by SDSPAGE for 24 cultivars belonging to 5 species in Vigna and 7 species in its 7 relative genera cultivated in China. There were 48 polymorphic subunit bands discriminated from electrophoretic profiles. Two dendrograms were constructed by UPGMA cluster analyses using PHYLIP3.6 respectively. Variation among genera or species was larger than that among lower taxonomic categories level. Little variation among cuhivars of yardlong bean （Vigna sesquipedalis ） and small variation of lablab （ Lablab purpureus）, pea （Pisum sativum）, or sword bean （Canavalia gladiata）, but large variation of soybean or rice bean in their origin of China were all revealed. The seed proteins profiles of traditionally regarded as typical species in Vigna such as yardlong bean, rice bean and small bean were more similar than mungbean （Vigna radiata） and black gram （Vigna mungo） were. Mungbean and black gram had distinct seed proteins pattern, they should be of two species.

Evaluation of Total Seed Protein Content in Eleven Arkansas Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) Lines

Cowpea is cultivated on more than 11 million hectares with a worldwide production of 5.4 million tons of dried seeds. Cowpea is an affordable source of protein, which is used as an alternative to soybean for people who are allergic to soybean protein. The aim of this research was to assess the variability of the total seed protein content in cowpea. Eleven Arkansas breeding lines were used in this study. Field experiment design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 2 blocks, and conducted in three different locations within Arkansas State (Fayetteville, Alma, and Hope) in 2015. A standard chemical protocol was performed involving an analysis of the total nitrogen by combustion using an Elementar Rapid N III instrument to estimate the protein content. The average protein content was 25.4%, and ranged from 23.7% to 27.4% with a standard deviation of 1.9%. The significant effects of genotype, environment (location), and genotype by environment were observed for the total seed protein content in cowpea. The broad sense heritability (H2) for cowpea seed protein was estimated to be 57.8% based on the eleven cowpea genotypes studied. The cowpea lines, “Early Scarlet” and 09-204 had the highest seed protein content with 27.4% and 26.9% dried seed weight, respectively. This study provides valuable information on cowpea protein content for breeders to select and utilize those breeding lines with high seed protein content to develop new high protein cowpea cultivars.

Effect of Shade on Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Minerals in Soybean lines Varying in Seed Germinability in the Early Soybean Production System

The cause of poor seed quality (germination) of soybean produced in the Early Soybean Production System in the midsouth U.S.A. is still not completely understood. Temperature, solar radiation, and soybean genotype may all be important factors involved. The objective of this research was to evaluate seed composition, mineral level, and nitrogen assimilation in high and low germinability soybean plant introductions in a full-sunlight (unshaded) and a low-light intensity (shaded) environments. Shade netting was employed in field plots that reduced light intensity by about 50% and air temperature by about 10?F/6?C (10%). A two-year field experiment was conducted on soybean accessions with high germinability (PI 587982A and PI 603723), low germinability (PI 80480 and PI 84976-1), and on soybean cultivars (DSR-3100 RR STS and Pella 86). Results showed that shade resulted in higher total oil, linoleic and linolenic acids, and lower protein and oleic acid. Shade also resulted in lower nitrogen assimilation, leaf chlorophyll concentration, but unshade resulted in higher total seed boron, iron, and nitrogen concentrations. Seed structural boron was positively correlated with germination and protein. Structural boron percentage was consistently higher under shade than under unshade in PI 80480, PI 84976-1, DSR-3100 RR STS, and Pella 86, but consistently higher under unshade than under shade in higher germinability lines PI 587982A and PI 603723, suggesting that different distribution mechanisms of structural boron exist between genotypes. The positive correlation between germination and structural B and between protein and structural B signify a possible role of B in seed quality traits. Our research demonstrated that light intensity, combined with temperature, can alter seed constituents. Higher germinability lines had higher germination rates and lower percentages of hardseededness, desirable traits for soybean seed.

A Rapid Method for Measuring Seed Protein Content in Cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>(L.) Walp)

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume crop that is grown in the worldwide, provides beneficial proteins for human consumption and animal feeding. In comparison, Rapid N analyzer as traditional method, has been widely used to measure protein content through the percentage of total nitrogen in the seed’s grounded powder. Near-Infrared Reflectance (NIR) has commonly been used to measure protein content in soybean seeds using whole grain without the need of seed grinding, which makes it possible to obtain fast results at a lower cost-per-analysis than the traditional combustion method. The specific objective of this study is to test a rapid method for measuring cowpea seed protein content by the NIR analyzer comparing to the traditional rapid N analyzer. A total of 240 cowpea genotypes were used in this study, including six seed coat colors, black, blackeye, browneye, cream, pinkeye, and red with 40 cowpea genotypes. The results showed that a linear relationship exists between the NIR analyzer and the Rapid N analyzer in the six different color groups. The correlation efficiency (r) between the seed protein contents from NIR and Rapid N was higher for pinkeye seed (r = 0.867), blackeye (0.771), cream (0.729), browneye (0.700), and red (0.623), respectively, but lower for black seeds, indicating that the NIR analyzer can be used to measure protein content for cowpea seeds with the five types of seed coat except black. Overview, the cowpea seed protein content measured from the NIR analyzer showed a little higher seed protein content. A series of regression models with different seed coat color have been built to adjust to protein content of colorful cowpea seeds from the NIR analyzer. But, it is not recommended to use for black color seeds due to a very low correlation efficiency (r) value with 0.184.

Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation

Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.

Soybean seed protein, oil, and fatty acids are altered by S and S + N fertilizers under irrigated or non-irrigated environments

Information on the effect of sulfur (S) or sulfur+nitrogen (S + N) on soybean seed composition is scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of S, and S + N fertilizers on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed composition in the Early Soybean Production System (ESPS) under irrigated (I) and nonirrigated (NI) environments. Two separate field experiments were conducted from 2005 to 2007. One experiment was irrigated, and the second experiment was nonirrigated. Under I condition, S at a rate of 44.8 kg/ha alone or with N at 112 kg/ha resulted in a consistent increase in seed protein and oleic acid concentrations, and a decrease in oil and linolenic acid concentrations compared with the control (C). For example, in 2006 and compared with the C, application of S + N increased the percentage up to 11.4% and 48.5% for protein and oleic acid, respectively. However, oil concentration decreased by 3%. Protein and oleic acid increase were accompanied by a higher percentage of leaf and seed N and S. Under NI conditions, seed protein and oleic acid concentrations were significantly higher in C than in any S or S + N treatments, but the oil and linolenic acid concentrations were significantly lower. The results indicate that specific rate of S alone or S + N combined can alter seed composition under irrigated or nonirrigated conditions. This knowledge may help plant breeders to develop and release cultivars to suit specific target locations to grow new value-added soybeans or select for specific seed composition traits under specific environmental stress factors such as drought.

Seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals concentration as affected by foliar K-glyphosate applications in soybean cultivars

Previous studies showed that glyphosate (Gly) may chelate cation nutrients, including potassium (K), which might affect the nutritional status of soybean seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals) as influenced by foliar applications of K + Gly. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Mississippi Valley State University, using two glyphosate-resistant soybean cultivars DK 4968 and Pioneer 95Y70 grown in a randomized complete block design. The treatments were foliar applications of K alone, Gly alone, K + Gly combined, and nontreated control (C). A single application of potassium (1.75% as K2SO4) was applied, and Gly was applied at a rate of 0.75 ae/ha at V5 stage. Leaf samples were harvested one week after treatment (1WAT) and 3WAT. Mature seeds were collected at harvest maturity (R8). The results showed that K, nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) concentrations increased in leaves in K alone and K + Gly treatments at 1WAT, but significantly increased at 3WAT in all treatments. The concentration of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) showed a decrease in leaf concentration in Gly and K + Gly treatments compared to C. Boron (B) concentration increased in Gly treatment. Seed protein percentage was higher in all treatments in cultivar DK 4968, and the increase was about 4.0% in K treatment, 6.9% in Gly treatment, and 3.5% in K + Gly treatment compared to C. The opposite trend was observed in oil concentration, especially in Gly treatment where the percentage decrease was 11.2% compared to C. Stearic fatty acid was significantly higher in K + Gly treatment compared to K treatment for DK 4968. A higher percentage increase in linolenic acid was observed in DK 4968 in K treatment (an increase of 24.5%) and in K + Gly treatment (an increase of 29.5%) compared to C. In Pioneer 95Y70, the decrease in oil was 2.7% in K treatment and 2.3% in K + Gly treatment compared to C. Stearic acid in Pioneer 95Y70 was significantly higher in Gly treatment, an increase of 8.3%, compared to C. Our research demonstrated that foliar application of K and Gly altered mineral concentration in leaves and shifted seed composition towards protein and stearic concentration. Further research under field conditions is needed before final conclusions are made.

Cottonseed Protein, Oil, and Mineral Nutrition in Near-Isogenic <i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>Cotton Lines Expressing Leaf Color Phenotypes under Field Conditions

Information about the effects of phenotype traits on cottonseed protein, oil, and nutrients is scarce. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of leaf color trait on seed nutrition in near-isogenic Gossypium hirsutum cotton expressing green (G) and yellow (Y) leaf color phenotypes. Our hypothesis was that leaf color can influence the accumulation of nutrients in seeds. Sets of isogenic lines were: DES 119 (G) and DES 119 (Y);DP 5690 (G) and DP 5690 (Y);MD 51ne (G) and MD 51ne (Y);SG 747 (G) and SG 747 (Y). Each NIL set is 98.44 % identical. Parent line SA 30 (P) was used as the control. The experiment was repeated for two years (2014 and 2015). The results showed that, in 2014, seed oil in DES 119 (G) and SG 747 (G) were significantly higher than their equivalent yellow lines. Green lines showed higher content of phosphorus compared with yellow lines. Higher levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn were recorded in DES 119 (G) and MD 51ne (G). In 2015, seed protein, oil, C, N, P, B, Cu, and Fe were higher in green lines than in yellow lines. There was a significant correlation between protein and nutrients, and between oil and nutrients in 2015, but not in 2014 as the temperature was warmer in 2015 than in 2014. This research demonstrated that leaf color can alter seed composition and mineral nutrition under certain environmental growing conditions such as temperature.

Primary metabolite contents are correlated with seed protein and oil traits in near-isogenic lines of soybean

Soybean(Glycine max[L.]Merr.)is an important source of human dietary protein and vegetable oil.A strong negative correlation between protein and oil contents has hindered efforts to improve soybean seed quality.The metabolic and genetic bases of soybean seed composition remain elusive.We evaluated metabolic diversity in a soybean near-isogenic line(NIL)population derived from parents(JD12 and CMSD)with contrasting seed oil contents.Using GC-TOF/MS,we compared seed primary metabolites of high protein/low oil lines,low protein/high oil lines,and their parents.Principal-components analysis showed that metabolic profiles of all progeny lines could be discriminated based on protein and oil contents.Univariate analysis revealed wide variation and transgressive segregation of metabolites in the population.Twenty-eight annotated metabolites,in particular free asparagine,free 3-cyanoalanine,and L-malic acid,were correlated with seed protein content or seed oil content or seed protein and oil content.These results shed light on the metabolic and genetic basis of soybean seed composition.

Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Modified with Moringa Seed Proteins for Recovery of Precious Metal Ions

Precious metals are highly demanded economic value metals that require to be recovered from industrial wastes and electronic used products (e-waste). They are such as gold (Au) as well as Platinum Group Metals (PGMs) for instance palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt). The study was conducted to test the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles modified with Moringa oleifera seed proteins as adsorbent for recovery of Au(III), Pd(II) and Pt(IV) from aqueous solutions. Different functional groups responsible for adsorption, morphology, thermal stability, and surface charges of the nanoparticles were characterized with FTIR, SEM, TGA and Zeta potential respectively. Batch adsorption method was used, and precious metal ions percentage recovery was measured using ICP-OES. The effects of pH, initial adsorbate concentration, adsorption agitation time and adsorbent dosage were studied at room temperature of 25&#176;C. Au(III) yielded a maximal recovery of 99.8%, followed by Pt(IV) with 87.7%, then Pd(II) with 72.7% at a pH 2.5, 10 mg/L initial adsorbate concentration, 120 minutes agitation time and 0.065 g adsorbent dosage. These results suggested that modified iron oxide nanoparticles were effective in selective recovery of the precious metal ions.

Comparative studies on seed protein characteristics in eight lines of two Gossypium species

Background:In order to achieve the targets aiming at the improvement of protein quality,knowledge regarding seed protein fractions and polypeptides constituting them in different crops is essential.Besides having high nutritional value as animal feed and human food,the protein isolates from cottonseed meal have also been proven promising as industrial raw materials for a number of applications.As far as Indian work on the characterization of cotton seed proteins is concerned,relatively meagre reports are available.Keeping in mind the importance of cotton seed proteins,lines belonging to Gossypium arboreum L.(Indian cotton)and G.hirsutum L.(American cotton)which are grown in all the major cotton growing states in India were selected for analysing their seed protein characteristics.Results:Whereas G.arboreum(A-genome)lines revealed a lower range of seed protein content i.e.19.5-24.3%,an upper range(21.8~29.5%)could be observed in lines of G.hirsutum(AD-genome).Globulins represented dominating fraction in both species followed by albumins,glutelins and prolamins.A significant positive correlation between albumins/globulins and seed protein content in G.arboreum/G.hirsutum,respectively,was observed.Intraspecific electrophoretic variation in seed protein extracts was observed in the region of molecular weight 22 kDa-27 kDa in lines of both the species;however some lines with A-genome showed similarity in banding pattern with AD-genome.Four polypeptides with disulphide-linkages were also reported for the first time.Albumins were observed to reveal more variations in their electrophoretic pat-tern between the lines of two species followed by globulins.Conclusion:On the basis of present and previous studies,screening the lines with low or high protein content will lead the selection of lines with superior polypeptide fraction important for nutritional and industrial purposes.On comparing the composition and behaviour of four 2-S linked polypeptides with other plant groups,these were suggested to be legumin-like in nature.The similarity in banding patterns between the lines of A-genome and AD-genome species marked towards the close evolutionary relationship between these two.Albumin fractions on the basis of our results could be taken for cultivar differentiation in cotton crop.

Concomitant Increases of the Developing Seed Phosph<i>oenol</i>pyruvate Carboxylase Ac-tivity and the Seed Protein Content of Field-Grown Wheat with Nitrogen Supply

Wheat seed storage protein is of great importance for human food. To increase the contents of storage proteins effectively, nitrogen fertilizer at flowering stages is commonly applied. In our previous study, rice phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity in developing seeds was observed in response to nitrogen application at a flowering stage and was positively correlated to the response of the protein content in seeds of six cultivars. This observation might indicate that the seeds have a biological system for accepting nitrogen in seeds by using PEPCase. To test whether this physiological event occurs in wheat, we examined the PEPCase activity and protein content in field-grown wheat seeds under different nitrogen supply conditions. With only basal dressing, seeds showed lower PEPCase activity and protein content (both 0.90-fold) compared to seeds without basal fertilizer. With ammonium sulfate application at 8.3 and 25 g/m2 at a flowering stage, seeds showed higher PEPCase activity (1.08- and 1.17-fold, respectively) and protein content (1.15- and 1.42-fold, respectively), depending on the nitrogen level. We investigated the relationship between PEPCase activity and protein content in the seeds among four conditions. The effect of the nitrogen supply on PEPCase activity during grain-filling stages was validated by the results of a hydroponic culture experiment. Together the results demonstrate that our hypothesis seems to apply to field-grown wheat.

Soybean Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Isoflavones Altered by Potassium Fertilizer Rates in the Midsouth

Previous research has shown that the effect of potassium fertilizer on soybean ([Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed composition (protein, oil, fatty acids, and isoflavones) is still largely unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research was to investigate the effects of potassium application on seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and isoflavones under Midsouth environmental conditions. A three-year experiment was conducted in two locations (Milan, TN and Jackson, TN). Potassium (K) rates were applied in the form of K2O at a rate of 0 (Control, C), 45 (T1), 90 (T2), 134 (T3), and 179 (T4) kg·ha-1 in a randomized complete block design. The results showed that increasing the K application rate did not result in consistent effects on yield. However, increasing K application rate did increase protein, oleic acid, and individual and total isoflavone concentrations at both locations in 2008 and 2009. In Jackson in 2010, the increase of K rate did not change oleic acid, but resulted in an increase in glycitein and genistein isoflavone concentrations. In 2010, increasing K application rate increased protein concentrations, decreased individual and total isoflavones, and did not change oleic acid concentration at Milan. At the highest rate of K, 179 kg·ha-1, yield and some seed composition constituents were negatively impacted. Generally, K concentration in leaves at V5, R1, R3, and seed at harvest maturity stage (R8) increased with the increase of K rate applications. The research demonstrated that K application can alter seed composition, but this alteration depended on location, environmental stress factors, mainly heat and drought, K level in soil, and K application rate. Higher rates of K application may negatively impact seed composition constituents.

Characterization of Agro-diversity by Seed Storage Protein Electrophoresis:Focus on Rice Germplasm from Uttarakhand Himalaya,India

The characteristics of 48 rice varieties from Uttarakhand Himalaya, India were detected by morphological and biochemical markers. The grains of the selected rice varieties varied in their morphological （grain length, grain width and grain weight） and biochemical characters （sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS-PAGE）. Based on the presence of 70, 65, 60, 57, 37-39, 22-23, 13 and 10 kDa protein bands in the 48 rice varieties, seven types of profiles were identified. An unweighted pair group average method with arithmetic mean （UPGMA） dendrogram based on cluster analysis of genetic similarity of the protein bands showed two distinct groups with 1%-78% similarity coefficients. The presence of characteristic bands in selected varieties is a useful parameter for identification of rice germplasm.

A Dominant Locus, qBSC-1, Controls β Subunit Content of Seed Storage Protein in Soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merri.)

Soybean seed storage protein is one of the most important plant vegetable proteins, and β subunit is of great significance to enhance soybean protein quality and processing property. F2 segregated population and residual heterozygous lines（RHL） derived from the cross between Yangyandou（low level of β subunit） and Zhonghuang 13（normal level of β subunit） were used for mapping of β subunit content. Our results showed that β subunit content was controlled by a single dominant locus, qBSC-1（β subunit content）, which was mapped to a region of 11.9 cM on chromosome 20 in F2 population of 85 individuals. This region was narrowed down to 2.5 cM between BARCSOYSSR_20_0997 and BARCSOYSSR_20_0910 in RHL with a larger population size of 246 individuals. There were 48 predicted genes within qBSC-1 region based on the reference genome（Glyma 1.0, Williams 82）, including the two copies of β subunit coding gene CG4. An InDel marker developed from a thymine（TT） insertion in one copy of CG4 promoter region in Yangyandou cosegregrated with BARCSOYSSR_20_0975 within qBSC-1 region, suggesting that this InDel marker maybe useful for marker-assisted selection（MAS）.

Effect of AAPH oxidation on digestion characteristics of seed watermelon(Citrullus lanatus var)kernels protein isolates

Seed watermelon kernel is a typical complex food with high fat and protein contents.During storage and processing,it is often affected by various factors to undergo interactions between components,which lead to its quality change.In this experiment,seed watermelon kernels were used as research objects,and the effects of 2-Azobis(2-amidinopropane)dihydrochloride(AAPH)on seed watermelon kernel protein isolates(WMP)were investigated.The structure and digestion characteristics of WMP after oxidation were studied.The results showed that with the increase of AAPH concentration(0.05−5 mol/L),WMP showed obvious aggregation,and its solubility decreased from 6.76 mg/mL to 9.59 mg/mL.The free sulfhydryl content of WMP was 18.24 mmol/g decreased to 11.25 mmol/g,α-helix decreased andβ-sheet decreased in secondary structure,and its disulfide bond increased by 43.06 mmol/g from 39.57 mmol/g,enthalpy(H)and denaturation temperature increased(Td)(P<0.05).By mass spectrometry results of simulated gastric digestion products,it was found that oxidation adversely affected the digestion characteristics of WMP.It can be seen that the lipid oxidation product APPH of seed watermelon kernel can significantly affect the structure and function of the protein extracted from the seed kernel.

New combination in Veronica (Scrophulariaceae s.l.) based on morphological characters and the seed storage protein polymorphism

Veronica erciyasdagi （M. A. Fischer） C. Vural comb. ＆ stat. nov., previously regarded as a variety, is proposed as a new combination, based on the morphological characters and seed storage protein polymorphism presented in this study. In addition, information about the ecology and conservation status of Veronica erciyasdagi was reported. This taxon is endemic to central Anatolia, Turkey and is critically endangered.

Effects of chelating agents on protein, oil, fatty acids, and minerals in soybean seed

Soybean seed is a major source of protein and oil for human diet. Since not much information is available on the effects of chelating agents on soybean seed composition constituents, the current study aimed to investigate the effects of various chelating agents on soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Three chelating agent [citric acid (CA), disodium EDTA (DA), and Salicylic acid (SA)] were applied separately or combined with ferrous (Fe2+) ion (CA + Fe, EDTA + Fe, and SA + Fe) to three-week-old soybean plants. After application, the plants were allowed to grow until harvest maturity under greenhouse conditions. The results showed that CA, DA, SA, and Fe resulted in an increase of oleic acid from 13.0% to 33.5%. However, these treatments resulted in a decrease of linolenic acid from 17.8 to 31.0%. The treatments with CA and SA applications increased protein from 2.9% to 3.4%. The treatments DA + Fe and SA + Fe resulted in an increase in oil from 6.8% to 7.9%. Seed macro- and micro-elements were also altered. The results indicated that the CA, SA, DA, and Fe treatments can alter seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral concentrations. Further studies are needed for conclusive results.