A new classification of seepage control mechanisms in geotechnical engineering

Seepage flow through soils,rocks and geotechnical structures has a great influence on their stabilities and performances,and seepage control is a critical technological issue in engineering practices.The physical mechanisms associated with various engineering measures for seepage control are investigated from a new perspective within the framework of continuum mechanics;and an equation-based classification of seepage control mechanisms is proposed according to their roles in the mathematical models for seepage flow,including control mechanisms by coupled processes,initial states,boundary conditions and hydraulic properties.The effects of each mechanism on seepage control are illustrated with examples in hydroelectric engineering and radioactive waste disposal,and hence the reasonability of classification is demonstrated.Advice on performance assessment and optimization design of the seepage control systems in geotechnical engineering is provided,and the suggested procedure would serve as a useful guidance for cost-effective control of seepage flow in various engineering practices.

A state‑of‑the‑art review on rock seepage mechanism of water inrush disaster in coal mines

Water inrush is one of the most dangerous disasters in coal mining.Due to the large-scale mining and complicated hydrogeological conditions,thousands of deaths and huge economic losses have been caused by water inrush disasters in China.There are two main factors determining the occurrence of water inrush:water source and water-conducting pathway.Research on the formation mechanism of the water-conducting pathway is the main direction to prevent and control the water inrush,and the seepage mechanism of rock mass during the formation of the water-conducting pathway is the key for the research on the water inrush mechanism.This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of seepage mechanisms during water inrush from three aspects,i.e.,mechanisms of stress-seepage coupling,fow regime transformation and rock erosion.Through numerical methods and experimental analysis,the evolution law of stress and seepage felds in the process of water inrush is fully studied;the fuid movement characteristics under diferent fow regimes are clearly summarized;the law of particle initiation and migration in the process of water inrush is explored,and the efect of rock erosion on hydraulic and mechanical properties of the rock media is also studied.Finally,some limitations of current research are analyzed,and the suggestions for future research on water inrush are proposed in this review.

Peristaltic flow of couple stress fluid through uniform porous medium

Investigation concerning peristaltic motion of couple stress fluid is made. An incompressible couple stress fluid occupies the porous medium. Mathematical anal- ysis is presented through large wavelength and low Reynolds number. Exact analytical expressions of axial velocity, volume flow rate, pressure gradient, and stream function are calculated as a function of couple stress parameter. The essential feature of the analysis is a full description of influence of couple stress parameter and permeability parameter on the pressure, frictional force, mechanical efficiency, and trapping.

Hydro-mechanical coupling mechanism on joint of clay core-wall and concrete cut-off wall

The joint of clay core-wall and concrete cut-off wall is one of the weakest parts in high earth and rockftll dams.A kind of highly plastic clay is always fixed on the joint to fit the large shear deformation between clay core-wall and concrete cut-offwall,so the hydro-mechanical coupling mechanisms on the joint under high stress,high hydraulic gradient,and large shear deformation are of great importance for the evaluation of dam safety.The hydro-mechanical coupling characteristics of the joint of the highly plastic clay and the concrete cut-off wall in a high earth and rockfill dam in China were studied by using a newly designed soil-structure contact erosion apparatus.The experimental results indicate that：1） Shear failure on the joint is due to the hydro-mechanical coupling effect of stress and seepage failure.The seepage failure will induce the final shear failure when the ratio of deviatoric stress to confining pressure is within 1.0-1.2; 2） A negative exponential permeability empirical model for the joint denoted by a newly defined principal stress function,which considers the coupling effect of confining pressure and axial pressure on the permeability,is established based on hydro-mechanical coupling experiments.3） The variation of the settlement before and after seepage failure is very different.The settlement before seepage failure changes very slowly,while it increases significantly after the seepage failure.4） The stress-strain relationship is of a strain softening type.5） Flow along the joint still follows Darcian flow rule.The results will provide an important theoretical basis for the further evaluation on the safety of the high earth and rockfill dam.

Elimination mechanism of coal and gas outburst based on geo‑dynamic system with stress–damage–seepage interactions

Coal and gas outburst is a complex dynamic disaster during coal underground mining.Revealing the disaster mechanism is of great signifcance for accurate prediction and prevention of coal and gas outburst.The geo-dynamic system of coal and gas outburst is proposed.The framework of geo-dynamic system is composed of gassy coal mass,geological dynamic environment and mining disturbance.Equations of stress–damage–seepage interaction for gassy coal mass is constructed to resolve the outburst elimination process by gas extraction with boreholes through layer in foor roadway.The results show the occurrence of outburst is divided into the evolution process of gestation,formation,development and termination of geo-dynamic system.The scale range of outburst occurrence is determined,which provides a spatial basis for the prevention and control of outburst.The formation criterion and instability criterion of coal and gas outburst are established.The formation criterion F1 is defned as the scale of the geo-dynamic system,and the instability criterion F2 is defned as the scale of the outburst geo-body.According to the geo-dynamic system,the elimination mechanism of coal and gas outburst—‘unloading+depressurization’is established,and the gas extraction by boreholes through layer in foor roadway for outburst elimination is given.For the research case,when the gas extraction is 120 days,the gas pressure of the coal seam is reduced to below 0.4 MPa,and the outburst danger is eliminated efectively.

Coupling mechanism between mining-induced deformation and permeability of coal

The coupling mechanism between mining-induced mechanical behavior and gas permeability of coal is effectively obtained in laboratory.This study means significant understanding of the prevention of coal-gas outburst.The testing samples of coal were drilled from the 14120 mining face at the depth of690 m.Based on the redistribution of stress during the excavation,the coupling test between mechanical state and seepage has been designed using the triaxial servo-controlled seepage equipment for thermofluid-solid coupling of coal containing methane.It is the result that there are two main factors influencing the mining-induced mechanical behavior of coal,such as the change ofσ_1-σ_3 andΔσ_1-Δσ_3.The failure mode mainly depends on the value ofσ_1-σ_3,and the peak strength value mainly depends on the value ofΔσ_1-Δσ_3.The difference of mechanical response between geostress and mining-induced stress has been obtained,which can be a theoretical support for safe mining such as reasonable gas drainage,prevention of coal-gas outburst and gas over-limit.

Fluid-solid coupling model for studying wellbore instability in drilling of gas hydrate bearing sediments

As the oil or gas exploration and development activities in deep and ultra- deep waters become more and more, encountering gas hydrate bearing sediments （HBS） is almost inevitable. The variation in temperature and pressure can destabilize gas hydrate in nearby formation around the borehole, which may reduce the strength of the formation and result in wellbore instability. A non-isothermal, transient, two-phase, and fluid-solid coupling mathematical model is proposed to simulate the complex stability performance of a wellbore drilled in HBS. In the model, the phase transition of hydrate dissociation, the heat exchange between drilling fluid and formation, the change of mechanical and petrophysical properties, the gas-water two-phase seepage, and its interaction with rock deformation are considered. A finite element simulator is developed, and the impact of drilling mud on wellbore instability in HBS is simulated. Results indicate that the re- duction in pressure and the increase in temperature of the drilling fluid can accelerate hydrate decomposition and lead to mechanical properties getting worse tremendously. The cohesion decreases by 25% when the hydrate totally dissociates in HBS. This easily causes the wellbore instability accordingly. In the first two hours after the formation is drilled, the regions of hydrate dissociation and wellbore instability extend quickly. Then, with the soaking time of drilling fluid increasing, the regions enlarge little. Choosing the low temperature drilling fluid and increasing the drilling mud pressure appropriately can benefit the wellbore stability of HBS. The established model turns out to be an efficient tool in numerical studies of the hydrate dissociation behavior and wellbore stability of HBS.

Numerical analysis of seepage flow characteristic of collapse column under the influence of mining

Based on the importance of fractured rock mass seepage research, in order to analyze seepage flow characteristics of collapse column under the influence of mining, a method by embedding fractured rock mass flow solid coupling relationship into FLAC3D internal flow models is presented according to fluid-solid coupling theory and strength criterion. A calculation model of numerical analysis was established, and the influences of mining pressure and plastic damage to pore water pressure and seepage vector change rule were studied. The results show that collapse column is the main channel of confined water seepage upward. The impact is not big when the workface is away from the collapse column. But when the workface is nearing a collapse column, there will be a seepage channel on a side near the workface, in which seepage vector and head are comparatively large. With workface pushing through collapse column, the seepage channel transfers to the other side of the column. In addition, when the plastic damage area within the collapse column breaks through, a "pipeline flow" will be formed within the column, and seepage field will change remarkably and the possibility of water bursting will be greater.

Motion stability dynamics for spacecraft coupled with partially filled liquid container

This paper presents a canonical Hamiltonian model of liquid sloshing for the container coupled with spacecraft. Elliptical shape of rigid body is considered as spacecraft structure. Hamiltonian system is an important form of mechanical system. It mostly used to stabilize the potential shaping of dynamical system. Free surface movement of liquid inside the container is called sloshing. If there is uncontrolled resonance between the motion of tank and liquid-frequency inside the tank then such sloshing can be a reason of attitude disturbance or structural damage of spacecraft. Equivalent mechanical model of simple pendulum or mass attached with spring for sloshing is used by many researchers. Mass attached with spring is used as an equivalent model of sloshing to derive the mathematical equations in terms of Hamiltonian model. Analytical method of Lyapunov function with Casimir energy function is used to find the stability for spacecraft dynamics. Vertical axial rotation is taken as the major axial steady rotation for the moving rigid body.

Mass transfer enhancement and hydrodynamic performance with wire mesh coupling solid particles in bubble column reactor

It is of vital significance to investigate mass transfer enhancements for chemical engineering processes.This work focuses on investigating the coupling influence of embedding wire mesh and adding solid particles on bubble motion and gas-liquid mass transfer process in a bubble column.Particle image velocimetry(PIV)technology was employed to analyze the flow field and bubble motion behavior,and dynamic oxygen absorption technology was used to measure the gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kLa).The effect of embedding wire mesh,adding solid particles,and wire mesh coupling solid particles on the flow characteristic and kLa were analyzed and compared.The results show that the gas-liquid interface area increases by 33%-72%when using the wire mesh coupling solid particles strategy compared to the gas-liquid two-phase flow,which is superior to the other two strengthening methods.Compared with the system without reinforcement,kLa in the bubble column increased by 0.5-1.8 times with wire mesh coupling solid particles method,which is higher than the sum of kLa increases with inserting wire mesh and adding particles,and the coupling reinforcement mechanism for affecting gas-liquid mass transfer process was discussed to provide a new idea for enhancing gas-liquid mass transfer.

Study on coupled 3D seepage and stress fields of the complex channel project

Seepage is a vital reason that may bring many adverse consequences such as subsidence,inclination and fracture to the channel,and is harmful to the safety and stability of the channel.Thus,a 3D visualization model is established for the engineering geological information of the research channel section by using NURBS-TIN-BRep hybrid data structure.Coupled with the VOF(volume of fluid)method,the N-S(Navier-Stokes)equations are applied to seepage simulation of the research channel section.Then the stability of the channel is studied coupled with the seepage simulation results,to comprehensively analyze the stress and displacement conditions of the channel under the impact of different factors such as seepage and underground goafs.The results of this study illustrate that the channel seepage has great influence on its stability,especially on the displacement field:it will lead to a significant sedimentation to the foundation.Therefore,during the practical construction,it is suggested that the certain part of the channel should be reinforced and effective seepage control measures should be taken.

Development and validation of THM coupling model of methane-containing coal

Based on nine necessary basic assumptions for THM coupling model,this research comprehensively applied the theories of elastic mechanics,seepage mechanics and heat transfer,and established a real three-field and two-way coupled mathematical model to reveal the connections among seepage field,deformation field and temperature field within the system of methane-containing coal.In comparison between numerical and analytical solutions,the coupling modeling for THM of methane-containing coal was proved to be correct by model application in the physical simulation experiment of coal and gas outburst.The model established in this paper was the improvement of traditional seepage theory of methane-containing coal and fluid-solid coupled model theory,which can be widely used in prevention of coal and gas outburst as well as exploitation of coal bed methane.

库水作用下滑坡土体渗流与蠕变耦合试验研究

水库滑坡变形具有显著的渗流与蠕变耦合效应。为此,采用自主研发的渗流与蠕变耦合三轴试验仪,分别开展了渗流对蠕变的影响以及变形对渗流的影响试验研究,并改进GDS三轴仪完成了高精度控制和量测的渗流与蠕变耦合试验。结果表明:渗流作用下,土样体积变形随时间先逐渐增大后缓慢减小,主要原因是超孔隙水压力导致围压卸荷,使得土样产生回弹变形,但渗透压力持续作用于土体,使得土样体积持续缓慢减小;获取了渗流过程中土样体积的变化结果,分别建立了渗流开始前试样e-k(孔隙比-渗透系数)关系曲线及渗流稳定后试样e-k关系曲线,结果表明考虑变形影响的e-k关系曲线更能反映土体的流固耦合效应。研究成果可望为水库滑坡变形演化预测提供更加科学严密的理论和方法。

考虑流固耦合作用的超深缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层连通性表征:以塔里木盆地富满油田满深区块为例

超深缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深,压力高,储集空间复杂多样,流体流动渗流、自由流并存,储层连通性表征困难,而储层连通性的精确表征是寻找油气富集区、储量精确预测、井网优化和井位部署的关键所在。为此,以塔里木盆地富满油田超深缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层为研究对象,考虑流固耦合作用,建立缝洞型储层应力渗流自由流耦合数学模型,采用岩石渗透率演化试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,系统开展了超深缝洞型碳酸盐岩储层连通性研究。研究结果表明:随着围压、轴压的增加,岩石渗透率逐渐降低,岩石连通性减弱;低围压条件下,轴压对岩石渗透能力和连通性影响显著;随着裂缝开度和倾角的增加,储层连通性逐渐增强;裂缝连通溶洞能够显著改善储层连通性;随着溶洞体积的增加,流体流速与等效渗透率增大,显著改善储层连通性;而单纯增加溶洞数量,会减弱自由流(Stokes)效应,改善储层连通性效果不明显。研究成果可为深层碳酸盐岩储层精确评价,提高油气高效勘探开发效果提供技术支撑。

应力-渗流耦合作用下不同卸荷路径对砂岩损伤特性及能量演化规律的影响研究

岩体灾害发生的本质是能量驱动下的一种失稳现象,受开挖卸荷扰动影响导致的岩体结构破裂失稳是诱发采场突水等动力灾害的主要原因之一。为探究开挖卸荷过程对岩体结构破裂的影响,明晰围岩劣化损伤规律及突水等动力灾害孕育机制,针对应力-渗流耦合因素影响下岩石损伤特性及能量演化规律研究较少的特点,采用Rock Top多场耦合试验仪,在应力-渗流耦合作用下对砂岩开展了常规三轴(C组)、不同初始损伤程度常规卸围压(W组)及循环加卸围压(X组)3种应力路径下的岩石损伤特性及能量演化规律试验研究。试验结果表明:岩石能量演化规律与应力-应变曲线具有明显相关性,基于岩石弹性应变能演化特征,将常规三轴压缩(C组)下岩石应力-应变曲线分为5个阶段,并对每个阶段U_(1)、U_(3)、U_(e)、U_(d)及渗透率变化特点进行了详细阐释(U_(e)为弹性应变能,U_(d)为耗散能,U_(1)为轴向应力对岩石做正功转化的岩石应变能,U_(3)为做负功所释放的应变能);常规卸围压过程中,U_(1)、U_(3)演化规律与C组岩石基本一致,但U_(3)负增长更为显著,岩石输入能逐渐从以U_(e)为主导转变为以U_(d)为主导,初始损伤程度对该规律无明显影响,卸围压过程中渗透率呈波动上升趋势,围压与渗透率呈负相关;循环加卸围压过程中,各能量演化规律与W组岩石基本一致,仅因时间效应而导致能量积累量存有差异。整体来看,无论何种应力路径,峰前阶段岩石均以U_(e)为主导,以能量存储为主,峰后阶段则以能量释放及耗散为主,轴向应力加载是U_(e)得以快速积累的主要影响因素,围压改变不足以引起U_(e)发生较大变化,轴向载荷作用为工程致灾的主要影响因素。此外,岩石损伤变量与围压存在明显负相关,围压越大,岩石U_(e)释放比例越小,岩石损伤越小,围压束缚作用可有效提高岩石储能能力并抑制岩石能量的耗散与释放。

隧道突涌水灾害缩尺物理模型试验研究综述

随着我国经济的快速发展,隧道工程建设越来越多地面临着大埋深、高地应力、高地温、高渗透压力等复杂地质环境,运用物理模型试验开展复杂环境下隧道突涌水灾变机理与安全防控研究已成为岩石力学的热点问题。结合近年来国内外针对隧道突涌水灾变缩尺物理模型试验开展的研究工作,重点对该类物理模型的流固耦合相似理论、相似材料研制、渗透压加载方法等内容进行了系统梳理,并对下一步的可能发展方向进行展望。参考部分文献和突水典型案例后,总结了流固耦合相似准则和高地应力下的相似准则、相似材料选用方案及材料配比、试验中的水压加载方案,认为未来关注的重点包括考虑温度场的物理模型试验相似准则的研究和涌水涌泥与突水突泥间渐变过程的研究2个方面。

Geldart C类脱硫灰颗粒在环流耦合提升管内稳定流动特性

我国CO_(2)的排放中70%来自工业领域,故工业过程的碳捕集对实现“双碳目标”十分关键。工业烟气中往往含有的硫氧化物会腐蚀设备并使后续脱碳等过程使用的催化剂中毒。因此,工业烟气的深度脱硫技术对后续的CO_(2)捕集或提纯过程至关重要。循环流化床半干法烟气脱硫因具有脱硫效率高、无污染、停留时间可控等优点受到广泛关注。循环流化床脱硫工艺中作为脱硫剂的脱硫灰颗粒为典型Geldart C类颗粒。由于C类颗粒的强黏附性,其在循环流化床操作中容易结块,从而影响装置稳定运行。为了强化脱硫灰颗粒在循环流化床内的流动稳定性,提出了环流强化的耦合提升管反应器的概念,并自行设计搭建了一套导流筒内径100 mm、高度300 mm,外筒内径160 mm、高度760 mm,输送段内径75 mm、总高度12.6 m的环流耦合提升管。在U_(g)=4 m/s、G_(s)=45 kg/(m^(2)·s),U_(g)=7 m/s、G_(s)=25 kg/(m^(2)·s)的操作条件下,考察了环流段的压力分布、标准差以及功率谱密度。当环隙区气速为0.4 m/s时,环流流动能够实现稳定、连续的密相环流流动。在C类颗粒形成稳定流动基础上,讨论了环流耦合提升管内的流动特性分布规律,包括固含率和颗粒速度。实验发现,环流流动的设计可以强化C类颗粒的流动特性,大幅提高耦合反应器内C类颗粒脱硫灰固含率,并实现了C类颗粒循环流态化装置的稳定运行。同时,这些研究结果可以为C类颗粒新型循环流态化反应器设计提供参考。

基于流固耦合算法的不同材料网板水动力试验

拖网网板的水动力模型试验结果会因加工工艺、加工方式、加工材料和试验条件等多种因素出现不同程度的试验偏差。为探究网板模型不同加工材料对水动力试验的影响机理,选取双开缝矩形曲面网板为研究对象,基于流固耦合算法结合动水槽模型试验,分析丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(ABS)、聚丙烯(PP)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)3种3D打印材料网板模型与传统钢质网板模型的结构响应差异及其对水动力试验的影响规律。结果显示:采用传统金属材料(钢)与非金属材料(ABS)加工的网板模型在结构响应及水动力性能方面均具有显著差异,且随冲角和流速的增加,网板模型的最大变形量增加,进而导致升/阻力系数差异也进一步增加;PVC材料因其弹性模量较大、刚性较强,结构响应与金属材料较为接近,因而对水动力试验结果影响较小。基于上述结果,开展网板水动力模型试验时,可选用PVC作为3D打印材料,但需确保模型制作精度,避免模型材料对水动力试验结果精度的影响。

拱坝坝身泄洪孔道脉动压力分布规律及其振动特征

【目的】高拱坝坝身泄洪安全研究涉及泄洪孔道设计、结构强度、泄洪过程中的水流压力分布和流态特性等方面。【方法】以某坝高为270 m拱坝为研究对象,利用计算流体力学模拟坝身泄洪孔道流场并分析其脉动压力分布特征,利用流体/结构耦合有限元模拟最不利工况压力脉动与坝体结构振动特征,解析泄流激励下高拱坝坝身振动机理。【结果】研究结果表明,拱坝坝身泄洪孔道内脉动压力变化极为复杂,其中表孔脉动压力最大值为133.25 kPa,最小值为29.48 kPa;中孔脉动压力最大值为5274.99 kPa,最小值为953.24 kPa.拱坝坝身泄洪孔道脉动压力在频域的能量分布均具有低频的特征,主能量分布在0~10 Hz的频率范围内。在泄流激励条件下,拱坝坝身总位移随脉动压力变化呈现一定周期性,且随周期总位移逐渐衰减,总位移值与脉动压力在同周期内先增大后减小,总位移值在1.2 s增大至最大值0.2120 cm,对应泄洪孔道脉动压力增大至极大值;拱坝坝身等效应力和等效应变的变化规律基本一致,1.2 s时等效应力和等效应变极大值分别为1426.60 kPa、7.49×10^(-5),且同周期内脉动压力呈现同样的变化趋势,拱坝坝身等效应力和等效应变与脉动压力变化具有完全的相关性。

深层地热能丛式多分支U型井采热技术及传热算法

深层地热能是一种分布广、资源量大具有发展前景的可再生新能源,当前的主要开采方法有增强型地热系统(EGS)、环绕式井筒换热系统(AGS)、断层带流体循环开采和同轴套管开采法,但存在采热功率不稳定、地震风险高和采热效率低等难题。针对当前深层地热开采技术面临的瓶颈问题,本文以开采过程只有能量交换而没有物质交换为原则,以深层干热岩地热规模化可持续稳定开发为目标,提出了深层地热能丛式多分支U型井采热方法(UMW-DGS)及关键技术,在此基础上建立了井筒轴对称热传导模型,以青海共和盆地恰卜恰深部干热岩储层为背景,提出了高温高压岩石热导率测试新方法,计算了在定井径条件下井周温度场和采热功率的时空演化规律,分析了温度差、热导率和井径等3个敏感因素对采热功率的影响。此外,针对UMW-DGS定解问题,研发了基于有限体积法(FVM)的三维热流固耦合数值算法,研究了UMW-DGS单水平井段换热效率和在不同泵注量条件下温度场时空演化。通过分析不同流量的有效换热量、换热时长和功率发现:泵注流量的增加会导致有效换热能量和有效换热时长的降低,并且使有效换热功率先增加后减少。研究结果表明,深层地热能开发需要在平衡换热温度和功率的条件下设计注入排量,从而得到最优的换热效果。