Seismic wave input method for three-dimensional soil-structure dynamic interaction analysis based on the substructure of artificial boundaries

The method of inputting the seismic wave determines the accuracy of the simulation of soil-structure dynamic interaction. The wave method is a commonly used approach for seismic wave input, which converts the incident wave into equivalent loads on the cutoff boundaries. The wave method has high precision, but the implementation is complicated, especially for three-dimensional models. By deducing another form of equivalent input seismic loads in the fi nite element model, a new seismic wave input method is proposed. In the new method, by imposing the displacements of the free wave fi eld on the nodes of the substructure composed of elements that contain artifi cial boundaries, the equivalent input seismic loads are obtained through dynamic analysis of the substructure. Subsequently, the equivalent input seismic loads are imposed on the artifi cial boundary nodes to complete the seismic wave input and perform seismic analysis of the soil-structure dynamic interaction model. Compared with the wave method, the new method is simplifi ed by avoiding the complex processes of calculating the equivalent input seismic loads. The validity of the new method is verifi ed by the dynamic analysis numerical examples of the homogeneous and layered half space under vertical and oblique incident seismic waves.

Accelerating the discontinuous Galerkin method for seismic wave propagation simulations using multiple GPUs with CUDA and MPI

We have successfully ported an arbitrary highorder discontinuous Galerkin method for solving the threedimensional isotropic elastic wave equation on unstructured tetrahedral meshes to multiple Graphic Processing Units （GPUs） using the Compute Unified Device Architecture （CUDA） of NVIDIA and Message Passing Interface （MPI） and obtained a speedup factor of about 28.3 for the single-precision version of our codes and a speedup factor of about 14.9 for the double-precision version. The GPU used in the comparisons is NVIDIA Tesla C2070 Fermi, and the CPU used is Intel Xeon W5660. To effectively overlap inter-process communication with computation, we separate the elements on each subdomain into inner and outer elements and complete the computation on outer elements and fill the MPI buffer first. While the MPI messages travel across the network, the GPU performs computation on inner elements, and all other calculations that do not use information of outer elements from neighboring subdomains. A significant portion of the speedup also comes from a customized matrix-matrix multiplication kernel, which is used extensively throughout our program. Preliminary performance analysis on our parallel GPU codes shows favorable strong and weak scalabilities.

A scheme to treat the singularity in global seismic wavefield simulation using pseudospectral method with staggered grids

The pseudospectral method has been applied to the simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2-D global Earth model. When a whole Earth model is considered, the center of the Earth is included in the model and then singularity arises at the center of the Earth where r=0 since the 1/r term appears in the wave equations. In this paper, we extended the global seismic wavefield simulation algorithm for regular grid mesh to staggered grid configuration and developed a scheme to solve the numerical problems associated with the above singularity for a 2-D global Earth model defined on staggered grid using pseudospectral method. This scheme uses a coordinate transformation at the center of the model, in which the field variables at the center are calculated in Cartesian coordinates from the values on the grids around the center. It allows wave propagation through the center and hence the wavefield at the center can be stably calculated. Validity and accuracy of the scheme was tested by compared with the discrete wavenumber method. This scheme could also be suitable for other numerical methods or models parameterized in cylindrical or spherical coordinates when singularity arises at the center of the model.

Application of passive source surface-wave method in site engineering seismic survey

Site engineering seismic survey provides basic data for seismic effect analysis. As an important parameter of soil, shear-wave velocity is usually obtained through wave velocity testing in borehole. In this paper, the passive source surface-wave method is introduced into the site engineering seismic survey and practically applied in an engineering site of Shijingshan District. By recording the ubiquitous weak vibration on the earth surface, extract the dispersion curve from the surface-wave components using the SPAC method and obtain the shear-wave velocity structure from inversion. Over the depth of 42 m under- ground, it totally consists of five layers with interface depth of 3.31, 4.50, 7.23, 17.41, and 42.00 m; and shear-wave velocity of 144.0, 198.3, 339.4, 744.2, and 903.7 m/s, respectively. The inversion result is used to evaluate site classification, determine the maximum shear modulus of soil, provide basis for further seismic hazard analysis and site assessment or site zoning, etc. The result shows that the passive source surface-wave method is feasible in the site engineering seismic survey and can replace boreholes,shorten survey period, and reduce engineering cost to some extent.

Comparative Analysis of Application of Seismic Wave Reflection Method in Advanced Geological Prediction

Seismic wave reflection method is an advanced geophysical detection method in tunnel geological prediction.It is more sensitive and effective in detecting geological anomalies such as fault fracture zone and karst.In order to verify the prediction efficacy and accuracy of the seismic wave reflection method with different instruments and equipment(tunnel geological prediction[TGP]/tunnel seismic prediction[TSP])and different vibration modes(hammering,explosives),a comparison test was carried out in Jinping Tunnel.The test results showed that the time-consumption of the hammering source was short,which can greatly reduce the impact on the construction site;different vibration sources methods of seismic wave reflection can predict the unfavorable geological sections accurately.

Condensed hyperelements method of non-vertical consistent boundaries for wave propagation analysis in irregular media

The study of wave propagation in finite/infinite media has many applications in geotechnical and structural earthquake engineering and has been a focus of research for the past few decades. This paper presents an analysis of 2D anti- plane problems （Love waves） and 2D in-plane problems （Rayleigh waves） in the frequency domain in media consisting of a near-field irregular and a far-field regular part. The near field part may contain structures and its boundaries with the far-field can be of any shape. In this study, the irregular boundaries of the near-field are treated as consistent boundaries, extending the concept of Lysmer＇s vertical consistent boundaries. The presented technique is called the Condensed Hyperelements Method （CHM）. In this method, the irregular boundary is limited to a vertical boundary at each end that is a consistent boundary at the far-field side. Between the two ends, the medium is discretized with hyperelements. Using static condensation, the stiffness matrix of the far-field is derived for the nodes on the irregular boundary. Examples of the application of the CHM illustrate its excellent accuracy and efficiency.

Global SH-wave propagation in a 2D whole Moon model using the parallel hybrid PSM/FDM method

We present numerical modeling of SH-wave propagation for the recently proposed whole Moon model and try to improve our understanding of lunar seismic wave propagation. We use a hybrid PSM/FDM method on staggered grids to solve the wave equations and implement the calculation on a parallel PC cluster to improve the computing efficiency. Features of global SH-wave propagation are firstly discussed for a 100-km shallow and900-km deep moonquakes, respectively. Effects of frequency range and lateral variation of crust thickness are then investigated with various models. Our synthetic waveforms are finally compared with observed Apollo data to show the features of wave propagation that were produced by our model and those not reproduced by our models. Our numerical modeling show that the low-velocity upper crust plays significant role in the development of reverberating wave trains. Increasing frequency enhances the strength and duration of the reverberations.Surface multiples dominate wavefields for shallow event.Core–mantle reflections can be clearly identified for deep event at low frequency. The layered whole Moon model and the low-velocity upper crust produce the reverberating wave trains following each phases consistent with observation. However, more realistic Moon model should be considered in order to explain the strong and slow decay scattering between various phases shown on observation data.

Near shore seismic movements induced by seaquakes using the boundary element method

This study quantifies seismic amplifications in near-shore arising from seaquakes. Within the Boundary Element Method, boundary elements are used to irradiate waves and force densities obtained for each element. Huygens′ Principle is implemented since the diffracted waves are constructed at the boundary from which they are radiated, which is equivalent to Somigliana′s theorem. Application of boundary conditions leads to a system of integral equations of the Fredholm type of second kind and zero order. Several numerical configurations are analyzed： The first is used to verify the present formulation with ideal sea floor configurations to estimate seismic amplifications. With the formulation verified, simple slope configurations are studied to estimate spectra of seismic motions. It is found that P-waves can produce seismic amplifications from 1.2 to 3.9 times the amplitude of the incident wave. SV-waves can generate seismic amplifications up to 4.5 times the incident wave. Another relevant finding is that the highest amplifications are at the shore compared to the ones at the sea floor.

Spectral-element simulations of elastic wave propagation in exploration and geotechnical applications

We apply the spectral-element method（SEM）,a high-order finite-element method（FEM） to simulate seismic wave propagation in complex media for exploration and geotechnical problems. The SEM accurately treats geometrical complexities through its flexible FEM mesh and accurately interpolates wavefields through high-order Lagrange polynomials. It has been a numerical solver used extensively in earthquake seismology. We demonstrate the applicability of SEM for selected 2D exploration and geotechnical velocity models with an open-source SEM software package SPECFEM2D. The first scenario involves a marine survey for a salt dome with the presence of major internal discontinuities,and the second example simulates seismic wave propagation for an open-pit mine with complex surface topography. Wavefield snapshots,synthetic seismograms,and peak particle velocity maps are presented to illustrate the promising use of SEM for industrial problems.

Analysis of the Wave Velocity Ratio Anomalies in the Tianshan Region of Xinjiang

Based on the seismic observation report data provided by the Xinjiang Digital Seismic Network from 2009 to 2014,we calculate the wave velocity ratio and its background value for medium and small earthquakes by using the multi-station method in Tianshan,Xinjiang.This paper analyzes the variation of the wave velocity ratio disturbance value to highlight the abnormal,and also back-traces 7 moderate earthquakes at the research area.The results show that:(1)the background value of the wave velocity ratio is almost 1.70,the wave velocity ratio obviously decreases in the middle-eastern part of Tianshan and the region near the Puchang fault;(2)the wave velocity ratio disturbance value is mostly low in the epicenter before four earthquakes of M≥5.0 from 2011 to 2013 in the study area;(3)before 7 moderate strong earthquakes,the earthquake events with low value of the wave velocity ratio account for over 60% of corresponding total events near the epicenters,and the low value of the wave velocity ratio is relatively obvious before moderate earthquakes.

Seismic energy dispersion compensation by multi-scale morphology

Seismic energy decays while propagating subsurface, which may reduce the resolution of seismic data. This paper studies the method of seismic energy dispersion compensation which provides the basic principles for multi-scale morphology and the spectrum simulation method. These methods are applied in seismic energy compensation. First of all, the seismic data is decomposed into multiple scales and the effective frequency bandwidth is selectively broadened for some scales by using a spectrum simulation method. In this process, according to the amplitude spectrum of each scale, the best simulation range is selected to simulate the middle and low frequency components to ensure the authenticity of the simulation curve which is calculated by the median method, and the high frequency component is broadened. Finally, these scales are reconstructed with reasonable coefficients, and the compensated seismic data can be obtained. Examples are shown to illustrate the feasibility of the energy compensation method.

Numerical Simulation of Acoustic-Gravity Waves Propagation in a Heterogeneous Earth-Atmosphere Model with Wind in the Atmosphere

A numerical-analytical solution for seismic and acoustic-gravity waves propagation is applied to a heterogeneous “Earth-Atmosphere” model. Seismic wave propagation in an elastic half-space is described by a system of first order dynamic equations of elasticity theory. Propagation of acoustic-gravity waves in the atmosphere is described by the linearized Navier-Stokes equations with the wind. The algorithm proposed is based on the integral Laguerre transform with respect to time, the finite integral Fourier transform along the spatial coordinate with the finite difference solution of the reduced problem.

浅层地震反射波法及地质雷达法在地下防空洞探测的应用研究

由于早期人防工程相关资料的缺失,形成若干盲区。本文采用浅层地震反射波法及地质雷达法对浙江宁波地区的地下防空洞盲区进行定位探测,分析其满水和抽水后状态下进行无损检测的可行性。结果表明,结合两种方法的应用可基本实现对防空洞埋深定位探测,抽干水后状态下的反射信号更为清晰。在现场勘测应用时,应减少环境干扰,优选测试分析参数并验证结果。

瞬变电磁法和地震反射波法在不良地质洞段超前地质预报中的应用

物探方法是超前地质预报的主要手段,通过不良地质体与围岩物性参数差异,及时发现和预测地质条件的变化。较完整一完整围岩岩体物性参数与不良地质体物性参数存在较明显差异,有利于分辨出不良地质体;但是在地质条件差洞段的不良地质体与围岩岩体物性参数差异极小,不利于分辨出不良地质体,使得岩体质量情况和地质灾害风险预报难度极大。本次采用瞬变电磁法与地震反射波法的综合物探法,在滇中引水工程大理Ⅱ段Ⅴ_(特)类岩体开展专项超前地质预报工作,主要利用岩体视电阻率、应力梯度、纵波波速、横波波速等参数对未开挖段岩体质量和可能存在的地质灾害风险进行预测。创造性地通过“日进尺”这一指标间接对开挖岩体破碎程度进行评价,经对比,预报成果中符合长度占实际开挖过程中问题段长度的85.1%,预报结果与开挖成果较为吻合;此外,对坍塌失稳段、突泥涌水段也有明显反映,为该方法组合在不良地质洞段超前地质预报中的应用提供了借鉴。

综合物探方法在城市道路典型障碍物定位研究中的应用

在城市主干道路改扩建工程中,为准确测定地下原水箱涵及其附属隐伏护管桥的空间位置,保障高架桥梁桩基的准确设计及顺利施工,采用高密度电法、地震面波法、探地雷达法、GEM-2多频电磁法等几种常用工程物探方法,旨在对比方法有效性,总结技术要点,为城市道路典型障碍物定位研究积累技术资料及工程经验。地下原水箱涵道及其附属隐伏护管桥为钢筋混凝土,具有特殊的工程结构,与地层具有明显的物性差异,这里利用GEM-2多频电磁法清晰地准确地探测到了护管桥的平面边界,高密度电法、地震面波法较为有效地圈定了护管桥及原水箱涵的空间位置,探地雷达法清晰地探测到了护管桥区域,并且精细地刻画了原水箱涵及护管桥的空间关系,这些成果为类似城市道路工程问题的地球物理勘察提供了实践依据及解决方案。

非基岩场地基础隔震核岛厂房抗震性能分析

为了研究非基岩场地条件下基础隔震核电工程结构的抗震性能,本文依据外源波动理论提出了考虑土-结构相互作用效应的基础隔震核电工程结构抗震分析方法,该方法实现了地震动的高精度输入以及整体系统的直接求解,通过与传统封闭体系振动法计算结果的对比验证了其有效性。建立了基础隔震核岛厂房-地基整体有限元模型,开展了核岛厂房地震响应分析,讨论了不同剪切波速场地条件下核岛厂房的基础隔震性能。研究结果表明:非基岩场地条件下基础隔震核岛厂房表现出良好的隔震效果;随着场地剪切波速的降低,基础隔震的隔震能力逐渐下降,与剪切波速为1067 m/s的场地相比,当场地的剪切波速为305 m/s时,核岛厂房结构顶部的楼层反应谱、加速度放大系数和层间位移角的隔震率分别减小了14.30%、13.50%和23.41%。为了保证核电工程结构的安全性,在基础隔震设计中应充分考虑非基岩场地条件下的SSI效应。

综合物探方法和检测技术在大坝渗漏检测中的应用

伪随机流场法在大坝渗漏检测中应用广泛,也取得了极为突出的效果,但单一使用该方法往往无法精准找到大坝渗漏点和渗漏通道。本文在使用伪随机流场法的基础上,结合水下机器人、钻孔全景图像、地震波CT等多种物探方法和检测技术,以实现对大坝渗漏点和渗漏通道的全面、精准检测。首先,使用伪随机流场法,圈定大坝渗漏的隐患区;其次,对已检测得的大坝水下渗漏区,使用水下机器人搭载设备进行摄影拍照、二维声纳成像、喷墨示踪剂追踪检测,确定水下大坝渗漏点;最后,在地面钻孔开展地震波CT成像和钻孔全景图像,找出大坝发育的结构面、渗漏点。本文方法应用在川西某大坝渗漏检测中,精准找到了大坝渗漏点,确定了大坝存在的多条渗漏通道,在实际应用中取得了良好的效果。该应用成果对同类大坝渗漏检测具有借鉴意义。

基于近场记录的强震台站场地波速结构反演

基于近场加速度记录反演场地浅部速度结构,可为补充强震台站场地信息提供一种简便的途径,有利于记录的充分利用。本文详细推导了基于单一台站记录的P波地震图法,分析了其中的反演目标函数;通过数值模拟大量近场场地上的理论地震图,分析了场地覆盖层剪切波速、厚度等特征参数及震源持时对PS波与P波延时的影响,给出了地震记录的筛选原则;通过增加P波初到时刻径向分量与竖向分量幅值比函数作为反演目标函数,对单台地震图法进行改进;最后,利用汶川地震主震及余震记录,反演了武都强震台的场地波速结构,并与表面波法和钻孔法进行对比,结果表明,改进的单台地震图法搜索能力得到了增强,反演效率和精度得到显著提高。

基于孔内地震波测试的桩基完整性检测试验研究

针对传统桩基无损检测方法在实际应用中的局限性,提出一种桩基完整性孔内地震波测试方法,开展足尺模型试验和工程实例分析,验证了该方法用于桩基完整性检测的可行性。分析结果表明:孔内地震波法能有效识别桩身断裂、夹泥等缺陷,对于混凝土胶结差等轻微缺陷的判别则相对困难;针对桩身局部断面混凝土质量缺陷,通过变换桩顶激振位置,在桩身内部形成多条应力波传递路径,能准确判别桩身缺陷分布位置;与传统平行地震波法相比,孔内地震波法结果基本不受桩周土层性质、桩-孔测试距离等因素影响,判别结果更加理想。