Seismicity Factor A-Value and Its Application to Mid-Term Earthquake Prediction in North China

The seismicity factor A-value is defined by synthesizing the seismicity precursors in time, space and magnitude in this paper. The seismicity data of moderate or small earthquakes during 1972 ~ 1996 in North China are used to perform spacial scanning of seismicity factor A-value. The result shows that there are obviously anomaly zones of A-value with better prediction effect in the mid-term of 2~3 years before most moderately strong earthquakes. Some problems regarding the mid-term prediction using A-value have been discussed.

Inelastic displacement ratio of low-to mid-rise BRBFs designed under variable levels of seismicity

Buckling-restrained braces(BRBs)have shown their capability to provide building structures with stiffness,strength,and ductility.Estimating the seismic drifts of buckling-restrained braced frames(BRBFs)is an important design step to control structural and non-structural damage.In current practice of seismic design,the estimation of seismic drifts of BRBFs is performed by using empirical calculations that are independent upon either the type of the structural system or the design level of seismicity.In these empirical calculations,the seismic drifts are estimated by amplifying the reduced elastic drifts obtained under design lateral loading with a displacement amplification factor(DAF).The value of DAF is considered equal to the product of the response modification factor R and the inelastic displacement ratioρ.The goal of the current research is to assess the value ofρfor low-to mid-rise BRBFs designed under low and high levels of seismicity.This goal has been achieved by conducting a series of elastic and inelastic time-history analyses pertaining to an ensemble of earthquake records on 3-,6-and 9-story BRBFs.The results indicate that theρ-ratio increases with an increase in design seismic intensity and an increase in experienced inelasticity.The range ofρfor low seismicity designs ranges from 0.63 to 0.9,while for high seismicity designs this range stretches from 0.83 to 1.29.It has been found that the consideration of a generalρ-ratio of 1.0 is a reasonable estimation for the design of the BRBFs considered in this study.

Seismic performance evaluation of water supply pipes installed in a full-scale RC frame structure based on a shaking table test

As an important part of nonstructural components,the seismic response of indoor water supply pipes deserves much attention.This paper presents shaking table test research on water supply pipes installed in a full-scale reinforced concrete(RC)frame structure.Different material pipes and different methods for penetrating the reinforced concrete floors are combined to evaluate the difference in seismic performance.Floor response spectra and pipe acceleration amplification factors based on test data are discussed and compared with code provisions.A seismic fragility study of displacement demand is conducted based on numerical simulation.The acceleration response and displacement response of different combinations are compared.The results show that the combination of different pipe materials and different passing-through methods can cause obvious differences in the seismic response of indoor riser pipes.

A study of damping factors in perfectly matched layers for the numerical simulation of seismic waves

When simulating seismic wave propagation in free space, it is essential to introduce absorbing boundary conditions to eliminate reflections from artificially trtmcated boundaries. In this paper, a damping factor referred to as the Gaussian dmping factor is proposed. The Gaussian damping factor is based on the idea of perfectly matched layers （PMLs）. This work presents a detailed analysis of the theoretical foundations and advantages of the Gaussian damping factor. Additionally, numerical experiments for the simulation of seismic waves are presented based on two numerical models： a homogeneous model and a multi-layer model. The results show that the proposed factor works better. The Gaussian damping factor achieves a higher Signal-to-Noise Ratio （SNR） than previously used factors when using same number of PMLs, and requires less PMLs than other methods to achieve an identical SNR.

Influences of nonassociated flow rules on seismic bearing capacity factors of strip footing on soil slope by energy dissipation method

Seismic bearing capacity factors of a strip footing placed on soil slope were determined with both associated and nonassociated flow rules. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic bearing capacity calculations. A multi-wedge translational failure mechanism was used to obtain the seismic bearing capacity factors for different seismic coefficients and various inclined angles. Employing the associated flow rule, numerical results were compared with the published solutions. For bearing capacity factors related to cohesion and equivalent surcharge load, the maximum difference approximates 0.1%. However, the difference of bearing capacity factor related to unit weight is larger. With the two flow rules, the seismic bearing capacity factors were presented in the form of design charts for practical use. The results show that seismic bearing capacity factors related to the cohesion, the equivalent surcharge load and the unit weight increase greatly as the dilatancy angle increases, and that the nonassociated flow rule has important influences on the seismic bearing capacity.

Spectra of seismic force reduction factors of MDOF systems normalized by two characteristic periods

Seismic force reduction factor(SFRF) spectra of shear-type multi-degree-of-freedom(MDOF) structures are investigated. The modified Clough model, capable of considering the strength-degradation/hardening and stiffnessdegradation, is adopted. The SFRF mean spectra using 102 earthquake records on a typical site soil type(type C) are constructed with the period abscissa being divided into three period ranges to maintain the peak features at the two sitespecific characteristic periods. Based on a large number of results, it is found that the peak value of SFRF spectra may also exist for MDOF, induced by large high-mode contributions to elastic base shear, besides the mentioned two peak values. The variations of the stiffness ratio λk and the strength ratio λF of the top to bottom story are both considered. It is found that the SFRFs for λF ≤λk are smaller than those for λF > λk. A SFRF modification factor for MDOF systems is proposed with respect to SDOF. It is found that this factor is significantly affected by the story number and ductility. With a specific λF(= λk0.75), SFRF mean spectra are constructed and simple solutions are presented for MDOF systems. For frames satisfying the strong column/weak beam requirement, an approximate treatment in the MDOF shear-beam model is to assign a post-limit stiffness 15%-35% of the initial stiffness to the hysteretic curve. SFRF spectra for MDOF systems with 0.2 and 0.3 times the post-limit stiffness are remarkably larger than those without post-limit stiffness. Thus, the findings that frames with beam hinges have smaller ductility demand are explained through the large post-limit stiffness.

SEISMIC RANDOM VIBRATION ANALYSIS OF STOCHASTIC STRUCTURES USING RANDOM FACTOR METHOD

Seismic random vibration analysis of stochastic truss structures is presented. A new method called random factor method is used for dynamic analysis of structures with uncertain parameters, due to variability in their material properties and geometry. Using the random factor method, the natural frequencies and modeshapes of a stochastic structure can be respectively described by the product of two parts, corresponding to the random factors of the structural parameters with uncertainty, and deterministic values of the natural frequencies and modeshapes obtained by conventional finite element analysis. The stochastic truss structure is subjected to stationary or non-stationary random earthquake excitation. Computational expressions for the mean and standard deviation of the mean square displacement and mean square stress are developed by means of the random variable＇s functional moment method and the algebra synthesis method. An antenna and a truss bridge are used as practical engineering examples to illustrate the application of the random factor method in the seismic response analysis of random structures under stationary or non-stationary random earthquake excitation.

Seismic design factors for RC special moment resisting frames in Dubai,UAE

This study investigates the seismic design factors for three reinforced concrete （RC） framed buildings with 4, 16 and 32-stories in Dubai, UAE utilizing nonlinear analysis. The buildings are designed according to the response spectrum procedure defined in the 2009 International Building Code （IBC＇09）. Two ensembles of ground motion records with 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years （10/50 and 2/50, respectively） are used. The nonlinear dynamic resPonses to the earthquake records are computed using IDARC-2D. Key seismic design parameters are evaluated; namely, response modification factor （R）, deflection amplification factor （Cd）, system overstrength factor （Ωo）, and response modification factor for ductility （Rd） in addition to inelastic interstory drift. The evaluated seismic design factors are found to significantly depend on the considered ground motion （10/50 versus 2/50）. Consequently, resolution to the controversy of Dubai seismicity is urged. The seismic design factors for the 2/50 records show an increase over their counterparts for the 10/50 records in the range of 200%-400%, except for the D~ factor, which shows a mere 30% increase. Based on the observed trends, perioddependent R and Cd factors are recommended if consistent collapse probability （or collapse prevention performance） in moment frames with varying heights is to be expected.

Assessment of seismic design response factors of concrete wall buildings

To verify the seismic design response factors of high-rise buildings, five reference structures, varying in height from 20- to 60-stories, were selected and designed according to modern design codes to represent a wide range of concrete wall structures. Verified fiber-based analytical models for inelastic simulation were developed, considering the geometric nonlinearity and material inelasticity of the structural members. The ground motion uncertainty was accounted for by employing 20 earthquake records representing two seismic scenarios, consistent with the latest understanding of the tectonic setting and seismicity of the selected reference region （UAE）. A large number of Inelastic Pushover Analyses （IPAs） and Incremental Dynamic Collapse Analyses （IDCAs） were deployed for the reference structures to estimate the seismic design response factors. It is concluded that the factors adopted by the design code are adequately conservative. The results of this systematic assessment of seismic design response factors apply to a wide variety of contemporary concrete wall buildings with various characteristics.

Relationship between critical seismic acceleration coefficient and static factor of safety of 3D slopes

Many analytical methods have been adopted to estimate the slope stability by providing various stability numbers,e.g.static safety of factor(static FoS)or the critical seismic acceleration coefficient,while little attention has been given to the relationship between the slope stability numbers and the critical seismic acceleration coefficient.This study aims to investigate the relationship between the static FoS and the critical seismic acceleration coefficient of soil slopes in the framework of the upper-bound limit analysis.Based on the 3D rotational failure mechanism,the critical seismic acceleration coefficient using the pseudo-static method and the static FoS using the strength reduction technique are first determined.Then,the relationship between the static FoS and the critical seismic acceleration coefficient is presented under considering the slope angleβ,the frictional angleφ,and the dimensionless coefficients B/H and c/γH.Finally,a fitting formula between the static FoS and the critical seismic acceleration coefficient is proposed and validated by analytical and numerical results.

煤田震电协同勘探技术研究与应用

近年来煤田震电协同勘探技术在设计、处理分析方面都取得了较大的发展,从采区最常使用的三维地震勘探、瞬变电磁勘探方法入手,对采集到的各种数据运用主成分分析(PCA)进行融合处理,解译煤矿采区工作面的异常地质体及富水性等隐蔽致灾因素。该技术实现了三维地震、瞬变电磁勘探在数据层面的综合勘探,提高了物探解释煤矿采区工作面地质异常体(富水性)的准确性,为震电协同勘探技术体系的构建提供了新思路,为煤矿安全、高效、绿色生产提供了保障。

山东平原M5.5地震区域的地震活动性参数因子分析

引入因子分析方法,对平原地震区域中小震序列的16种地震活动性参数进行降维综合,发现目前综合指数W处于平静幕的最高值区。通过进一步单因子分析结果推测,平原地震区域地下介质可能发生变化,未来华北地区地震活动性有增强趋势。

基于等效钢筋连接的连梁和剪力墙节点抗震性能研究

目的 研究基于等效钢筋连接的连梁和剪力墙节点的抗震性能,为装配式混凝土连梁和剪力墙的连接设计提供依据。方法 采用WCOMD有限元软件建立现浇连梁及装配连梁模型,对比分析二者的受力破坏过程。结果 未考虑连梁端部破坏向墙内扩展时,装配连梁与现浇连梁相比,屈服荷载、峰值荷载和极限荷载分别提高3.98%、15.19%和12.76%,延性和能量耗散系数分别提高3.83%和15.84%;未考虑连梁端部破坏向墙内扩展与考虑连梁端部破坏向墙内扩展的装配连梁相比,屈服荷载、峰值荷载和极限荷载分别提高5.97%、0.84%和3.57%,延性和能量耗散系数分别提高1.07%和23.76%。结论 采用等效钢筋连接连梁和剪力墙的方法具有可行性,且等效钢筋面积比、装配区灌浆长度及装配位置对结构的承载力影响较大。

基于持时-条件谱双准则选取地震动的RC框架结构地震损伤分析

采用持时-条件谱双准则选择地震动记录,以损伤指数为性能指标对结构进行地震损伤分析。首先,根据选择的性能目标,确定不同水准地震加速度反应谱S_(a)(T_(1),5%),通过概率地震危险解聚分析确定不同水准S_(a)(T_(1),5%)对应的设计震级和设计震中距,结合地震动重要持时预测模型,通过调节持时预测模型标准差系数的范围,构建满足重要持时要求的待选地震动记录库。其次,建立地震动条件谱,从待选地震动记录库中选择地震动,并验证持时-条件谱双准则选择地震动记录方法的有效性。最后,以选择地震动为输入对一钢筋混凝土框架结构进行增量动力分析,结合考虑构件重要性系数的变形-滞回耗能双参数损伤模型,以损伤指数为性能指标分析结构的地震损伤。研究表明,与仅利用条件谱作为目标谱选择地震动相比,基于持时-条件谱双准则的地震动选取方法对结构变形和滞回耗能响应的离散性均可控且效果良好;对结构进行地震损伤分析发现,滞回耗能引起损伤的占比随S_(a)(T_(1),5%)的增大明显增大,同时滞回耗能可使结构的损伤模式发生改变,在地震损伤分析中不可忽略。

积石山Ms6.2级和泸定Ms6.8级地震地质灾害发育规律对比

2023年积石山Ms6.2级地震是继2022年泸定Ms6.8级地震后在青藏高原东缘—东北缘地区发生的又一次强震事件。2次地震均诱发大量地震地质灾害,但由于发震断层类型、地质和地貌等条件的差异,2次地震地质灾害发育分布规律呈现显著的差异性。为揭示不同震区地震地质灾害发育规律,本研究采用地面调查、遥感解译和空间叠加统计等方法,对比分析了积石山和泸定地震地质灾害发育分布特征和控灾因子。结果表明:断层类型控制了同震地质灾害的发育优势坡向和垂向空间展布,即“背向坡效应”和“上下盘效应”;地貌条件是影响同震地质空间分布的主要因子,即川西高山峡谷地貌中“线状”分布和陇西黄土地貌中“面状”分布;特殊土体类型、气候、植被覆盖等差异性是同震地质灾害调查与应急处置中需要重点关注的因子。本次研究可为不同断层类型和不同地貌区同震地质灾害重点防范区范围划定、趋势预测和灾后重建提供科学参考。

地震作用下双层土质边坡稳定性上限分析

为探究地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性的影响,基于极限分析上限理论,建立了地震作用下双层土质边坡旋转破坏机构。采用拟静力法简化地震荷载作用,推导了双层土质边坡安全系数表达式。分析土体黏聚力比、边坡坡角以及地震作用对双层土质边坡稳定性及其滑动面参数的影响。研究结果表明:在水平地震作用下,随着黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数呈非线性增大且潜在滑动面变浅;当水平地震作用增强时,边坡失稳破坏范围显著加大;随着竖向地震系数及黏聚力比的增大,边坡安全系数略微降低;水平地震作用增强时,竖向地震作用对边坡稳定性的影响逐渐增大,此时需要考虑竖向地震的影响。

基于多特征融合自编码器的无监督地震相分类研究

地震相分类是地震数据解释中的一个重要步骤,是地震数据与沉积相的连接工具.为了提高地震相分类精度和减少对有限人工标签的依赖,本文提出了一种基于多特征融合自编码器的无监督地震相分类方法.首先,提出了一种混合卷积和变分编码的多特征融合自编码器,实现了地震数据中表征地震相的大量隐含特征提取.其次基于非负矩阵分解和K均值聚类实现了主特征分量分解和地震相聚类.实际地震数据应用结果和指标分析表明,本文方法提取的隐含特征趋于正态分布,且主特征分量中蕴含了不同地震相类别的响应,从而可以获得更准确的地震相分类结果.在渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组湖相沉积中,清晰划分出了六类沉积微相的边界,有利于揭示三角洲沉积环境演变.

被动陆缘深水海底限制性水道三维地震表征及沉积演化——以纳米贝盆地为例

【目的】被动陆缘盆地深水浊积砂体已成为深海油气勘探突破及储量发现的新领域。【方法】以典型被动陆缘纳米贝盆地深水高分辨率三维地震资料为研究基础,以受构造活动和沉积压实影响较小而保持原始水道沉积构型的海底第四纪沉积地层为目标,精细描述和解析了目标层内限制性水道沉积的剖面和平面地震响应特征。【结果与结论】限制性浊积水道侵蚀作用总体大于沉积作用,单一水道的沉积模式以凹岸侵蚀、凸岸“S”型加积为主,该过程使“V”型河谷展宽并充填形成“U”型水道沉积;多期叠置水道沉积体系分为侧切叠置和垂切叠置的两种模式,以侧切叠置模式为主;窄陆架、宽缓陆坡的海底地形控制限制性水道的延伸方向及长度规模,陆缘盆地的沉降中心控制着各期水道的迁移方向,古气候事件发生频率控制着水道体系内部浊积砂体发育的期次。该研究成果能够给予限制性水道沉积构型认识及砂体储层预测启发。

地震动力响应下某矿山排土场边坡稳定性分析

地震引起的边坡动力响应是诱发排土场失稳的主要诱因之一。以某矿山排土场边坡为背景,采用Geostudio软件模拟分析了Ⅷ级地震作用下某排土场边坡质点位移时程曲线、质点应变时程曲线以及安全系数时程变化曲线。研究结果表明:在地震力作用时间段内,该矿山排土场边坡最大质点位移、最大质点应变仅为8 cm与0.002 5,安全系数最小值为1.65,大于规定的许用安全系数1.10,表明该排土场边坡处于稳定状态。

三心拱断面地下管廊结构地震动力响应分析

针对地下管廊抗震的问题,以郑州市耿河变电站到博文变电站之间的三心拱断面地下管廊为研究对象,利用ANSYS Workbench软件建立三维实体模型,对其进行前6阶的模态分析,发现该管廊存在纵向振动、竖向振动、横向振动以及转动。基于模态分析,对管廊在水平地震和竖向地震作用下的位移响应、加速度响应和主应力响应进行分析。结果表明:最大的水平和竖向位移峰值分别为-24.222 mm和-8.954 mm;最大加速度峰值分别为3354.2 mm/s^(2)和1646.0 mm/s^(2);第一主应力峰值分别为514.7 kPa和244.15 kPa;第三主应力峰值分别为-608.15 kPa和-256.71 kPa,可得出水平地震占主导作用。对管廊的横向地震动力时程进行分析,改变频谱特性、结构材料强度、结构埋深等参数,分析其对管廊抗震性能的影响。得到研究的管廊结构在地震波频谱特性约为1.1 Hz时最为敏感;混凝土强度的改变对管廊结构的动力响应影响不大;随管廊埋设深度的增加,周边土压力加大,使其内力逐步上升。