An air combat maneuver pattern extraction based on time series segmentation and clustering analysis

Target maneuver recognition is a prerequisite for air combat situation awareness,trajectory prediction,threat assessment and maneuver decision.To get rid of the dependence of the current target maneuver recognition method on empirical criteria and sample data,and automatically and adaptively complete the task of extracting the target maneuver pattern,in this paper,an air combat maneuver pattern extraction based on time series segmentation and clustering analysis is proposed by combining autoencoder,G-G clustering algorithm and the selective ensemble clustering analysis algorithm.Firstly,the autoencoder is used to extract key features of maneuvering trajectory to remove the impacts of redundant variables and reduce the data dimension;Then,taking the time information into account,the segmentation of Maneuver characteristic time series is realized with the improved FSTS-AEGG algorithm,and a large number of maneuver primitives are extracted;Finally,the maneuver primitives are grouped into some categories by using the selective ensemble multiple time series clustering algorithm,which can prove that each class represents a maneuver action.The maneuver pattern extraction method is applied to small scale air combat trajectory and can recognize and correctly partition at least 71.3%of maneuver actions,indicating that the method is effective and satisfies the requirements for engineering accuracy.In addition,this method can provide data support for various target maneuvering recognition methods proposed in the literature,greatly reduce the workload and improve the recognition accuracy.

Robust Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for IoT-Assisted Smart Devices in WSN

The Internet of Things(IoT)is gaining attention because of its broad applicability,especially by integrating smart devices for massive communication during sensing tasks.IoT-assisted Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)are suitable for various applications like industrial monitoring,agriculture,and transportation.In this regard,routing is challenging to nd an efcient path using smart devices for transmitting the packets towards big data repositories while ensuring efcient energy utilization.This paper presents the Robust Cluster Based Routing Protocol(RCBRP)to identify the routing paths where less energy is consumed to enhances the network lifespan.The scheme is presented in six phases to explore ow and communication.We propose the two algorithms:(i)energy-efcient clustering and routing algorithm and (ii)distance and energy consumption calculation algorithm.The scheme consumes less energy and balances the load by clustering the smart devices.Our work is validated through extensive simulation using Matlab.Results elucidate the dominance of the proposed scheme is compared to counterparts in terms of energy consumption,the number of packets received at BS and the number of active and dead nodes.In the future,we shall consider edge computing to analyze the performance of robust clustering.

Type II Fuzzy Logic Based Cluster Head Selection for Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network(WSN)forms an essential part of IoT.It is embedded in the target environment to observe the physical parameters based on the type of application.Sensor nodes inWSN are constrained by different features such as memory,bandwidth,energy,and its processing capabilities.In WSN,data transmission process consumes the maximum amount of energy than sensing and processing of the sensors.So,diverse clustering and data aggregation techniques are designed to achieve excellent energy efficiency in WSN.In this view,the current research article presents a novel Type II Fuzzy Logic-based Cluster Head selection with Low Complexity Data Aggregation(T2FLCH-LCDA)technique for WSN.The presented model involves a two-stage process such as clustering and data aggregation.Initially,three input parameters such as residual energy,distance to Base Station(BS),and node centrality are used in T2FLCH technique for CH selection and cluster construction.Besides,the LCDA technique which follows Dictionary Based Encoding(DBE)process is used to perform the data aggregation at CHs.Finally,the aggregated data is transmitted to the BS where it achieves energy efficiency.The experimental validation of the T2FLCH-LCDAtechnique was executed under three different scenarios based on the position of BS.The experimental results revealed that the T2FLCH-LCDA technique achieved maximum energy efficiency,lifetime,Compression Ratio(CR),and power saving than the compared methods.

Design of QoS Aware Routing Protocol for IoT Assisted Clustered WSN

In current days,the domain of Internet of Things(IoT)and Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)are combined for enhancing the sensor related data transmission in the forthcoming networking applications.Clustering and routing techniques are treated as the effective methods highly used to attain reduced energy consumption and lengthen the lifetime of the WSN assisted IoT networks.In this view,this paper presents an Ensemble of Metaheuristic Optimization based QoS aware Clustering with Multihop Routing(EMOQoSCMR)Protocol for IoT assisted WSN.The proposed EMO-QoSCMR protocol aims to achieve QoS parameters such as energy,throughput,delay,and lifetime.The proposed model involves two stage processes namely clustering and routing.Firstly,the EMO-QoSCMR protocol involves crossentropy rain optimization algorithm based clustering(CEROAC)technique to select an optimal set of cluster heads(CHs)and construct clusters.Besides,oppositional chaos game optimization based routing(OCGOR)technique is employed for the optimal set of routes in the IoT assisted WSN.The proposed model derives a fitness function based on the parameters involved in the IoT nodes such as residual energy,distance to sink node,etc.The proposed EMOQoSCMR technique has resulted to an enhanced NAN of 64 nodes whereas the LEACH,PSO-ECHS,E-OEERP,and iCSHS methods have resulted in a lesser NAN of 2,10,42,and 51 rounds.The performance of the presented protocol has been evaluated interms of energy efficiency and network lifetime.

A Novel Improved Artificial Bee Colony and Blockchain-Based Secure Clustering Routing Scheme for FANET

Flying Ad hoc Network(FANET)has drawn significant consideration due to its rapid advancements and extensive use in civil applications.However,the characteristics of FANET including high mobility,limited resources,and distributed nature,have posed a new challenge to develop a secure and ef-ficient routing scheme for FANET.To overcome these challenges,this paper proposes a novel cluster based secure routing scheme,which aims to solve the routing and data security problem of FANET.In this scheme,the optimal cluster head selection is based on residual energy,online time,reputation,blockchain transactions,mobility,and connectivity by using Improved Artificial Bee Colony Optimization(IABC).The proposed IABC utilizes two different search equations for employee bee and onlooker bee to enhance convergence rate and exploitation abilities.Further,a lightweight blockchain consensus algorithm,AI-Proof of Witness Consensus Algorithm(AI-PoWCA)is proposed,which utilizes the optimal cluster head for mining.In AI-PoWCA,the concept of the witness for block verification is also involved to make the proposed scheme resource efficient and highly resilient against 51%attack.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms its counterparts and achieves up to 90%packet delivery ratio,lowest end-to-end delay,highest throughput,resilience against security attacks,and superior in block processing time.

Cluster Head Selection Algorithm for UAV Assisted Clustered IoT Network Utilizing Blockchain

To guarantee the security of Internet of Things(IoT)devices,the blockchain tech⁃nology is often applied to clustered IoT networks.However,cluster heads(CHs)need to un⁃dertake additional control tasks.For battery-powered IoT devices,the conventional CH se⁃lection algorithm is limited.Based on the above problem,an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)network assisted clustered IoT system is proposed,and a corresponding UAV CH se⁃lection algorithm is designed.In this scheme,UAVs are selected as CHs to serve IoT clus⁃ters.The proposed CH selection algorithm considers the maximal transmit power,residual energy and distance information of UAVs,which can greatly extend the working life of IoT clusters.Through Monte Carlo simulation,the key performance indexes of the system,in⁃cluding energy consumption,average secrecy rate and the maximal number of data packets received by the base station(BS),are evaluated.The simulation results show that the pro⁃posed algorithm has great advantages compared with the existing CH selection algorithms.

Optimization of Head Cluster Selection in WSN by Human-Based Optimization Techniques

Wireless sensor networks(WSNs)are characterized by their ability to monitor physical or chemical phenomena in a static or dynamic location by collecting data,and transmit it in a collaborative manner to one or more processing centers wirelessly using a routing protocol.Energy dissipation is one of the most challenging issues due to the limited power supply at the sensor node.All routing protocols are large consumers of energy,as they represent the main source of energy cost through data exchange operation.Clusterbased hierarchical routing algorithms are known for their good performance in energy conservation during active data exchange in WSNs.The most common of this type of protocol is the Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),which suffers from the problem of the pseudo-random selection of cluster head resulting in large power dissipation.This critical issue can be addressed by using an optimization algorithm to improve the LEACH cluster heads selection process,thus increasing the network lifespan.This paper proposes the LEACH-CHIO,a centralized cluster-based energyaware protocol based on the Coronavirus Herd Immunity Optimizer(CHIO)algorithm.CHIO is a newly emerging human-based optimization algorithm that is expected to achieve significant improvement in the LEACH cluster heads selection process.LEACH-CHIO is implemented and its performance is verified by simulating different wireless sensor network scenarios,which consist of a variable number of nodes ranging from 20 to 100.To evaluate the algorithm performances,three evaluation indicators have been examined,namely,power consumption,number of live nodes,and number of incoming packets.The simulation results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed protocol over basic LEACH protocol for the three indicators.

Hybrid Marine Predators Optimization and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Optimal Cluster Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)

Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs)play an indispensable role in the lives of human beings in the fields of environment monitoring,manufacturing,education,agriculture etc.,However,the batteries in the sensor node under deployment in an unattended or remote area cannot be replaced because of their wireless existence.In this context,several researchers have contributed diversified number of cluster-based routing schemes that concentrate on the objective of extending node survival time.However,there still exists a room for improvement in Cluster Head(CH)selection based on the integration of critical parameters.The meta-heuristic methods that concentrate on guaranteeing both CH selection and data transmission for improving optimal network performance are predominant.In this paper,a hybrid Marine Predators Optimization and Improved Particle Swarm Optimizationbased Optimal Cluster Routing(MPO-IPSO-OCR)is proposed for ensuring both efficient CH selection and data transmission.The robust characteristic of MPOA is used in optimized CH selection,while improved PSO is used for determining the optimized route to ensure sink mobility.In specific,a strategy of position update is included in the improved PSO for enhancing the global searching efficiency of MPOA.The high-speed ratio,unit speed rate and low speed rate strategy inherited by MPOA facilitate better exploitation by preventing solution from being struck into local optimality point.The simulation investigation and statistical results confirm that the proposed MPOIPSO-OCR is capable of improving the energy stability by 21.28%,prolonging network lifetime by 18.62%and offering maximum throughput by 16.79%when compared to the benchmarked cluster-based routing schemes.

Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Efficient Cluster Head Selection in WSN

Numerous wireless networks have emerged that can be used for short communication ranges where the infrastructure-based networks may fail because of their installation and cost.One of them is a sensor network with embedded sensors working as the primary nodes,termed Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs),in which numerous sensors are connected to at least one Base Station(BS).These sensors gather information from the environment and transmit it to a BS or gathering location.WSNs have several challenges,including throughput,energy usage,and network lifetime concerns.Different strategies have been applied to get over these restrictions.Clustering may,therefore,be thought of as the best way to solve such issues.Consequently,it is crucial to analyze effective Cluster Head(CH)selection to maximize efficiency throughput,extend the network lifetime,and minimize energy consumption.This paper proposed an Accelerated Particle Swarm Optimization(APSO)algorithm based on the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy(LEACH),Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(NBEER),Cooperative Energy Efficient Routing(CEER),and Cooperative Relay Neighboring Based Energy Efficient Routing(CR-NBEER)techniques.With the help of APSO in the implementation of the WSN,the main methodology of this article has taken place.The simulation findings in this study demonstrated that the suggested approach uses less energy,with respective energy consumption ranges of 0.1441 to 0.013 for 5 CH,1.003 to 0.0521 for 10 CH,and 0.1734 to 0.0911 for 15 CH.The sending packets ratio was also raised for all three CH selection scenarios,increasing from 659 to 1730.The number of dead nodes likewise dropped for the given combination,falling between 71 and 66.The network lifetime was deemed to have risen based on the results found.A hybrid with a few valuable parameters can further improve the suggested APSO-based protocol.Similar to underwater,WSN can make use of the proposed protocol.The overall results have been evaluated and compared with the existing approaches of sensor networks.

Relay-assisted wireless energy harvesting for multihop clustered IoT network

In large-scale networks such as the Internet of Things(IoT),devices seek multihop communication for longdistance communications,which considerably impacts their power exhaustion.Hence,this study proposes an energy harvesting-enabled,relay-based communication in multihop clustered IoT networks in a bid to conserve the battery power in multihop IoT networks.Initially,this study proposes an efficient,hierarchical clustering mechanism in which entire IoT devices are clustered into two types:the closest cluster(CC)and remote clusters(RCs).Additionally,Euclidean distance is employed for the CC and fuzzy c-means for the RCs.Next,for cluster head(CH)selection,this study models a fitness function based on two metrics,namely residual energy and distance(device-to-device distance and device-to-sink distance).After CH selection,the entire clustered network is partitioned into several layers,after which a relay selection mechanism is applied.For every CH of the upper layer,we assign a few lower-layer CHs to function as relays.The relay selection mechanism is applied only for the devices in the RCs,while for devices in the CC,the CH functions as a relay.Finally,several simulation experiments are conducted to validate the proposed method’s performance.The results show the method’s superiority in terms of energy efficiency and optimal number of relays in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods.

Dynamic access clustering selecting mechanism based on Markov decision process for MANET

Clustering is an important method in the mobile Ad-hoc network（MANET）. As a result of their mobility, the cluster selection is inevitable for the mobile nodes during their roaming between the different clusters. In this study, based on the analysis of the cluster-selecting problem in the environment containing multiple clusters, which are overlaying and intercrossing, a novel dynamic selecting mechanism is proposed to resolve the dynamic selection optimization of roaming between the different clusters in MANET. This selecting mechanism is also based on the consideration of the stability of communication system, the communicating bandwidth, and the effect of cluster selecting on the communication and also in accordance with the Markov decision-making model.

Stability-aware Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol in WSN using Opposition-based Elephant Herding Optimisation

The main intent of this paper is to implement the stability-aware energy-efficient clustering protocol in WSN.This paper plans to derive a multi-objective function with the constraints like energy,distance,delay,stability period,and intents to attain the objective by developing a new well-performing meta-heuristic algorithm called Opposition-based Elephant Herding Optimisa-tion(O-EHO).The objective function diminishes the energy consumption of sensor nodes by optimum selection of cluster heads that leads to maintain the energy balance between the nor-mal nodes.In this way,there is a remarkable enhancement in the performance parameters such as throughput,stability period,and network lifetime.It is proved that the network lifetime is enhanced by the stability period and thus it is considered as the most significant parameter.The experimental analysis proves the competitive performance of the proposed model over other heuristic methods.