Spatio-temporal Evaluation of Multi-scale Cultivated Land System Resilience in Black Soil Region from 2000 to 2019:A Case Study of Liaoning Province,Northeast China

It is of great significance to systematically analyze the cultivated land system resilience(CLSR) for the black soil protection and national food security.The CLSR is impacted by planting structure adjustment and cultivated land quality decline,posing major hidden dangers to food security.It is urgent to evaluate the CLSR at multiple spatio-temporal scales.This study took Liaoning Province in the black soil region of Northeast China as an example.Based on the resilience theory,this study constructed the CLSR evaluation system from the input-feedback perspective at the provincial-scale and the city-scale,and used the rank-sum ratio comprehensive evaluation method(RSR) to analyze the key influencing factors of CLSR in Liaoning Province and its 14 cities from 2000 to 2019.The results showed that:1) the time series changes of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale in Liaoning Province were similar,both showing an increasing trend.2) The CLSR in Liaoning Province presented a spatial pattern of ‘high in the west and low in the east’ at the city-scale.3) There were seven and six main influencing factors of CLSR at the provincial-scale and the city-scale,respectively.In addition to the net income per capita of rural households,other influencing factors of CLSR were different at the provincial-scale and the city-scale.The feedback factors were dominant at the provincial-scale,and the input factors and feedback factors were dominant at the city-scale.The results could provide a reference for the utilization of black soil and draw on the experience of regional agricultural planning and adjustment.

Spatiotemporal variation of soil organic carbon in the cultivated soil layer of dry land in the South-Western Yunnan Plateau, China

The dynamics of soil organic carbon(SOC)in cropland is one of the central issues related to both soil fertility and environmental safety. However, little information is available at county level regarding the spatiotemporal variability of SOC in the southwestern mountainous region of China. Thus, this study aimed to explore spatiotemporal changes of SOC in the cultivated soil layer of dry land in Mojiang County,Yunnan Province, China. Data were obtained from the second national soil survey(SNSS) of 1985 and soil tests for fertilizer application carried out by the Mojiang Agricultural Bureau in 2006. The ANOVA test was applied to determine any significant differences between the datasets, while semivariogram analysis was performed on geostatistics via an ordinary Kriging method in order to map spatial patterns of soil organic carbon density(SOCD). The results revealed that SOCD in the cultivated soil layer significantly decreased from 3.93 kg m^(-2) in 1985 to 2.89 kg m^(-2) in 2006, with a total soil organic carbon stock(SOCS) decrease of 41.54×10~4 t over the same period. SOCS levels fell most markedly in yellow-brown soil at a rate of51.52%, while an increase of 8.70% was found in the analysed latosol. Geostatistical analysis also showed that the recorded changes in SOCD between 1985 and2006 were spatially structured. The decreasing trend might be attributed to the combined action of intense cultivation, major crop residue removal without any protective tillage measures, unreasonable fertilization and natural climatic diversity inducing a large decrease in SOC in the studied cultivated dry land region of Mojiang County. Therefore, management measures such as protective tillage should be undertaken in order to enhance soil C sequestration.

Study on Soil Nutrient Fertility of Cultivated Land in Laos

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the differences in soil nutrient contents of cultivated land in different regions of Laos,and to provide a basis for soil nutrient management and scientific fertilization in Laos. [Methods] By collecting 166 samples of the 0-20 cm cultivated soil layer from farmland in the farming areas of Luang Namtha Province in the northern part of Laos and Vientiane Province in the middle of the country,the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,available calcium and available magnesium were analyzed,so as to evaluate the current status of soil nutrient fertility and explore the differences in soil nutrient contents of regional cultivated land. [Results] The soil organic matter was relatively abundant,the total nitrogen and available potassium contents were at the lower-middle level,and the available phosphorus,available calcium and available magnesium were insufficient or extremely insufficient. The soil nutrient contents of cultivated land were different in different regions. [Conclusions] It is suggested that lime or other alkaline fertilizers should be applied on the farmland with acid soil,and nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium fertilizers should be added at the same time to improve soil nutrient fertility.

Evaluation and Driving Force Analysis of Cultivated Land Quality in Black Soil Region of Northeast China

Cultivated land is an important natural resource to ensure food,ecological and economic security.The cultivated land quality evaluation(CQE)is greatly significant for protecting and managing cultivated land.In this study,320 counties in the black soil region of Northeast China(BSRNC)represent the research units used to construct the CQE system measuring the soil properties(SP),cultivated land productivity(CLP),ecological environment(EE)and social economy(SE).The total of 19 factors were selected to calculate the integrated fertility index(IFI)and divided into grades.Simultaneously,we used the coupling coordination degree model to comprehensively analyze the spatial pattern of the cultivated land quality(CLQ)in the BSRNC,and use the structural equation model(SEM)to analyze the driving mechanism.The results show the following:1)The CLQ of 262 counties in the BSRNC is in a state of coupling and coordination,and the coupling and coordination degree presents a spatial distribution pattern of‘high in the southwest and northeast,low in the northwest and southeast’.The coordinated development degree of 271 counties is between 0.4 and 0.6,which is in a transitional state between coordination and disorder.2)The CLQ in the BSRNC is generally good,with an average grade of 3.High-quality cultivated land accounts for 58.45%of all counties,middle-and upper-quality cultivated land accounts for 27.05%,and poor-quality cultivated land accounts for 14.49%.3)The SEM analysis shows that the SP,CLP,EE,and SE all influence the CLQ.Among them,the SP has the largest driving force on the CLQ,while the SE has the smallest driving force on it.The results confirm that the main factors affecting the evaluation results are crop productivity level,normalized difference vegetation index,ratio vegetation index,difference vegetation index,and organic carbon content.When implementing protection measures in counties with a low CLQ,considering a balanced coordination of multiple systems and reasonably controlling the quality degradation are important.This study provides the current situation and driving factors of the CLQ in the BSRNC and will play an important role in black soil governance and utilization.

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon Content in Cultivated Land of Black Soil Region in Liaoning Province

[Objectives]To study the temporal and spatial variation of SOC content in cultivated land in black soil region in Liaoning Province.[Methods]Through the evaluation and analysis of the research data of this project and the data of the second national soil census,and using GIS technology,this paper studied the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of SOC in the black soil region of Liaoning Province,and provided a basis for improving cultivated land carbon storage and soil organic matter content.[Results]Since 1980,the SOC content in cultivated land in the black soil region in Liaoning Province has generally declined,and the spatial distribution difference has gradually decreased.From 1980 to 2018,the homogeneity of SOC distribution weakened,and the variation in a small range strengthened.The SOC content generally showed the characteristics of increase and decrease,and the changes in the area were scattered.[Conclusions]This study is of great significance to the sustainable utilization of land resources.

Change of cultivated land area and effect on ecosystem service in black soil region in Northeast China: a case study of Lishu County, Jilin Province

It is of great significance to study the influence of spatial pattern change of cultivated land on eco-system service,including the sustainable utilization and ecological protection in black soil region in Northeast China.Taking Lishu County of Jilin Province as the study area,we quantitatively evaluated soil conservation,habitat quality,carbon storage and grain production service,and analyzed the change of cultivated land and ecosystem service pattern in Lishu County from 1990 to 2020 by using Pearson correlation analysis on the correlation between cultivated land change and ecosystem service.The results show that:(1)The cultivated land area of Lishu County was reduced by 19.67 km2,the characteristics of cultivated land change are signifi-cant;(2)the overall change rate of carbon storage,habitat quality,soil conservation and grain production ser-vice in the study area was 10.82%,-0.09%,4.07%and 1.80%,respectively.They all had significant spatial differentiation features;(3)the change of habitat quality,grain production service showed a significant pos-itive correlation with the change of cultivated land area.The change in soil conservation and carbon storage were negatively related to cultivated land area.In order to promote the rational development and utilization of cultivated land in the research area,it is suggested to scientifically carry out the comprehensive utilization of cultivated land reserve resources such as saline-alkali land,strengthen the management and protection of newly added cultivated land at the same time.The results can provide scientific reference for formulating comprehensive land use planning under ecological security conditions.

Land cover changes and the effects of cultivation on soil properties in Shelihu wetland,Horqin Sandy Land,Northern China

Land cover change plays an essential role in the alternation of soils properties. By field investigation and applying satellite images, land cover information in the Shelihu wetland was carried out in an area of 2,819 hm2 in 1985, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Horqin Sandy Land. A total of 57 soil sampling sites across Shelihu were chosen in wet meadow （CL0）, cropland （CL） and sandy land （SL） according to the spatial characteristics of water body change. Soil texture, organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） contents, electrical conductivity （EC） and pH were measured at the soil depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm to examine the influence of agricultural conversion and continuous cultivation on soil properties. The results showed that the study area was covered by water body in 1985, which gradually declined afterwards and then reclaimed rapidly at a mean annual rate of 132.1 hm2/a from wet meadow to cropland since 1995. In 2011, water body was drained and the area was occupied by 10.8% of CL0, 76.9% of CL and 12.3% of SL. Large amounts of SOC, TN and TP were accumulated in the above depths in CL0. Soil in CL0 also had higher EC and silt and clay fractions, lower pH than in SL and CL. Soil in SL was seriously degraded with lower contents of SOC, TN and TP than in CL and CL0. SOC, TN content and EC in CL decreased with the increase of cultivation age, while pH showed a reverse trend with significance at plough horizon. The agricultural conversion in Shelihu was driven by the comprehensive factors of precipitation reduction, economic development and intense competitions for irrigation water. Continuous cultivation in this process is not sustainable because of SOC degradation and nutrient content reduction. The key point is that conventional tillage and removal of residuals induced further land degradation. Wetland reclamation for immediate economic interests led to greater costs in the long-term environmental restoration in Horqin Sandy Land.

Land Consolidation with Seedling Cultivation Could Decrease Soil Microbial PLFA Diversity

The impact of land consolidation on the soil microbial PLFA diversity is of great importance for understanding the effective arable land usage,improving agricultural ecological conditions and environment.In this study,we collected the soil samples(0–20 cm)in experimental plots with 0(Z0),1(Z1a)and 4(Z4a)years of land consolidation in the forest station of Ningbo City,Zhejiang Province,southeastern China.The results were analyzed using ANOVA for randomized block design.Compared with control(Z0),the soil pH value under Z1a treatment increased by 14.6%,soil organic carbon(SOC)content decreased by 65.4%,so did the PLFA contents and relative abundance of all the microbial PLFA diversity(P<0.05),respectively.Meanwhile,for the Z1a treatment,the ratio of fungi to bacteria(F/B)significantly decreased by 35.9%(P<0.05),while the ratio of Gram-positive bacteria to Gram-negative bacteria(G+/G−)signific antly increased by 56.1%.This was strongly related to the increased soil pH values and the decrease of SOC.The Shannon index(H)and evenness index(E)of soil microbial PLFA diversity were significantly decreased after land consolidation(P<0.05).Compared to the Z1 treatment,the microbial PLFA diversity was improved slightly.Therefore,the land consolidation could significantly affect the composition of soil microbial PLFA diversity,and decrease the soil ecosystem stability.

Changes of Organic Carbon in Soil under Different Land Use Patterns in Alpine Agricultural Region of Qinghai

Using organic carbon density grouping method,the change trends of soil total organic carbon(SOC),light fraction content and light fraction organic carbon under 4 land use patterns of returning cultivated land to forest(cropland,artificial forest,inter-cropping of forest and grassland and original sample plot)in alpine agricultural region of Qinghai were studied.The content of SOC was in order:intercropping of forest and grassland > original sample plot > artificial forest > cropland.There was signi...

Soil Nutrients in Intensive Agricultural Areas with Different Land-Use Types in Qingzhou County, China

On the basis of the data obtained from a field survey, the relationship between land use and soil nutrients was evaluated in Qingzhou County, Shandong Province, China, through a statistical analysis of differences in 17 nutrients in five types of cultivated land. The results showed significant effects (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) of land-use type on soil organic matter and concentration of macronutrients, secondary nutrients, and micronutrients, as well as total salt and soil pH. In vegetable land, because of the large amounts of fertilizer applied to vegetable crops, the concentrations of most soil nutrients, with exception of available Si and micronutrients, were higher than those in grain cropland. Grain cropland had a significantly lower total salt content (P < 0.01) and tended to have a higher soil pH than vegetable land. Within subtypes of land use, dry land, irrigable land, and open-air vegetable land had the highest coefficient of variation (CV) for available P, whereas protected vegetable land had the highest CV for total N and available S. In general, land-use types had greater impact on macronutrients than on secondary nutrients and micronutrients.

Estimation of soil organic carbon stock and its controlling factors in cropland of Yunnan Province,China

Soil organic carbon(SOC)is the most important indicators of soil quality and health.Identifying the spatial distribution of SOC and its influencing factors in cropland is crucial to understand the terrestrial carbon cycle and optimize agronomic management.Yunnan Province,characterized by mountainous topography and varied elevation,is one of the highest SOC regions in China.Yet its SOC stock of cropland and influencing factors has not been fully studied due to the lack of adequate soil investigation.In this study,the digital mapping of SOC at 1 km resolution and the estimation of total SOC stock in cropland of Yunnan Province was undertaken using 8637 topsoil(0-20 cm)samples and a series of spatial data through Random Forest(RF)model.It was showed that across the cropland of Yunnan Province,the mean SOC density and total stock were 4.84 kg m^(-2) and 337.5 Mt,respectively.The spatial distribution indicated that relatively high SOC density regions resided in the northwest and northeast parts of Yunnan Province.Elevation(19.5%),temperature(17.3%),rainfall(14.5%),and Topographic wetness index(9.9%)were the most important factors which controlled spatial variability of SOC density.Agronomic practices(e.g.,crop straw treatments,fertilizer management)should be optimized for the sustainable development of crop production with high SOC sequestration capacity in Yunnan Province.

多样化种植对提升耕地质量的作用:进展与展望

多样化种植是现代生态农业的重要举措之一,对提高生物多样性、生态服务功能和土壤质量等具有重要意义。在全球粮食供给紧张和耕地短缺背景下,多样化种植在提升我国耕地质量和保障粮食安全中将会发挥越来越重要的作用。但现有研究对多样化种植的理解多集中在提高生物多样性和发挥生态功能等方面,对其提升耕地质量的作用关注较少,特别是多样化种植如何通过改善土壤物理、化学、生物多样性来提高耕地质量和维持土壤健康方面的理解还较为局限。本文在总结多样化种植的内涵及对促进耕地土壤健康和提高生态服务功能作用的基础上,系统梳理了多样化种植对改善土壤物理、化学、生物多样性等方面的作用研究进展,展望了未来以提升耕地质量为核心发展多样化种植亟需关注的方向和研究重点,以期为多样化种植在我国耕地质量提升策略中发挥更大作用提供参考。

^(137)Cs and^(210)Pb_(ex) as Soil Erosion Tracers in the Hilly Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges Area of China

Accelerated soil erosion and land degradation represent major environmental problems for agricultural lands.Reliable information on the rates of soil loss is urgently needed.The traditional techniques for documenting rates of soil loss may meet this need,but face many limitations.The fallout radionuclides,especially 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex,are increasingly used as effective tracers to quantify soil erosion rates,and they represent a valuable complement to the existing classical methods.This paper aims to introduce the basis for assessing soil erosion rates on cultivated and uncultivated slopes by using 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex measurements,to compare the 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex reference inventories,and to report several case studies undertaken in the hilly area of Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges area of China.

皖南典型区耕地土壤重金属富集特征、来源识别及健康风险评估

为探讨安徽省皖南山区典型耕地土壤重金属富集特征及成因,以安徽省东南部宁国市为研究对象,在耕地中采集1399件表层土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn元素含量,运用相关分析、土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险、地质累积指数、健康风险指数及PMF(正定矩阵因子分解)模型方法开展重金属风险评价及来源识别。结果显示:As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn含量的平均值分别为:15.8×10^(-6)、0.41×10^(-6)、0.106×10^(-6)、31×10^(-6)、67×10^(-6)、29.00×10^(-6)、29×10^(-6)、94×10^(-6),除Ni外,其他元素均高于安徽省背景值;重金属土壤污染风险水平整体较低,有866件土壤样品重金属含量低于风险筛选值;地质累积指数结果表明,耕地土壤主要受到Hg、Cd、As污染;健康风险评估结果显示,研究区内成人非致癌与致癌风险水平均在可接受范围内;基于PMF模型,确立了研究区重金属4种来源:与人类活动相关的工农业排放源、大气沉降源、与土壤类型相关的成土母质源和地质背景源。

东北黑土区典型县域耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应

[目的]耕地水田化过程对耕地质量具有至关重要的影响,明确东北黑土区耕地质量对耕地水田化的空间响应,是提升黑土耕地质量实现耕地可持续利用的重要前提。[方法]构建LESA耕地质量评价体系,采用CRITIC模型、双变量局部空间自相关模型,揭示耕地质量和耕地利用变化之间的空间响应关系。[结果](1)研究区耕地水田化现象剧烈,呈现出东部最强、西部次之、中部最弱的时空分异格局;(2)研究区耕地质量变化显著,耕地质量下降比例低于质量提升比例,表现出中部下降最高、西部下降次高、东部下降最低的时空格局;(3)研究区耕地质量对水田化的响应具有双重效应,负向响应更为敏感,整体呈现出东部耕地质量响应程度高于其他区域的空间格局。[结论]研究区耕地水田化对耕地质量具有正、负两种效应,依据效应方向进行耕地利用结构调整,是保护黑土耕地的重要途径。对于具有正向效应的区域应适度推进旱改水项目,而针对具有负向效应的区域应停止旱改水工程,积极进行水田休耕,并可适当地将其恢复为旱地。

连云港耕地土壤有机碳时空分异及影响因素

为了揭示连云港耕地土壤有机碳(SOC)的时空分布特征及影响因素,选取连云港市耕地土壤作为研究对象,采取表层(0~20cm)土壤及深层(150~200 cm)土壤样品,进行了SOC、总氮(TN)及总磷(TP)的测试。结果表明:2004年SOC含量在中等级分布频率最高,2019年SOC含量在中、中上、高、极高4个等级上均广泛分布。近15 a(2004-2019年)耕地浅表SOC含量增加了0.57个百分点,有机碳密度增加了1.34 kg·m^(-2),SOC储量增加了1.36 Tg,平均固碳速率为7.26×10~4kg·km^(-2)·a^(-1)。不同类型土壤固碳速率差异较大,平均固碳速率表现为灰潮土>滨海盐土>砂姜黑土>棕潮土>棕壤>粗骨土。不同用地类型土壤的SOC含量差异大,平均固碳速率为水田>旱地>水浇地。近15 a研究区土壤C:N:P(SOC:TN:TP)稍有提高,说明SOC含量空间异质性稍有提高,研究区土壤C:N:P数值与江西耕地土壤等相比明显偏低,表明土壤微生物对SOC矿化分解速率较快,研究区耕地土壤环境不利于碳的储存。

安徽中北部耕地土壤肥力调查分析

本文基于安徽中北部耕地质量监测点监测数据,结合多年测土配方施肥和县(区)耕地质量等级年度调查结果,对该区域耕地质量进行评价。该地区耕地土壤肥力总体为中等水平,并对研究区域耕地土壤肥力现状以及存在的问题进行综合分析。提出耕地地力提升对策,包括加强耕地质量保护,增加有机质投入,加强酸化耕地治理,实施深耕深松耕作方式,开展中微量元素试验,以及完善耕地质量监测。目的是以提高耕地质量,实现耕地资源可持续利用。

“双碳”目标下东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率时空格局与演变趋势

[目的]探究东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空格局和演变趋势,将碳源与碳汇融入耕地利用过程,这对于实现黑土减排增效和“双碳”目标至关重要。[方法]基于超效率SBM模型、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析和空间插值工具等方法,系统考察了2006—2020年东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空特征与演进规律。[结果]黑土区耕地利用生态效率历经波动上升、显著下降和迅速回升3个阶段,总体处于较高发展水平,北部边缘城市的效率值明显高于中南部地区,基期和末期区间两极分化局势尤为显著,整体发展严重失衡;黑土区耕地利用生态效率全局空间相关特性并不明显,大致呈现“边缘—中心”空间扩散格局,由南北两端高值集聚向内及四周递减,而后形成多个块状高值区和低值分布带,规模集聚优势未能得到充分发挥;多数城市均存在不同程度的投入与产出冗余,劳动力和化肥冗余问题较为严重,碳排放冗余是造成黑土区耕地利用生态效率损失的普遍因素。[结论]优化要素配置和污染减排治理成为黑土利用重点改善方向,也是提升黑土区耕地利用生态效率的关键路径。

上海新村乡土壤养分时空变异研究与耕地质量评价

以崇明区新村乡为调查区域,基于高密度采样数据,对研究区土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷和速效钾等土壤养分进行了时空变异特征和影响因素分析。结果表明:新村乡土壤有机质、水解氮、有效磷和速效钾的平均含量分别为19.1 g∕kg、100.6 mg∕kg、14.0 mg∕kg和136.6 mg∕kg。土壤有机质和有效磷含量偏低,土壤有机质含量大于30 g∕kg的土壤仅占2.8%,土壤有效磷含量在5—10 mg∕kg的缺磷土壤占23.3%,不同点位土壤养分的时空变化差异较大。为有效推进新村乡优质米绿色生产和土壤健康,建议推行绿肥轮作休耕、养分精准管理与根际土壤调控等技术,实现新村乡农业高质量发展。

东北典型黑土区耕地侵蚀沟形态系统分类方法构建

侵蚀沟形态分类是认识其发展现状和潜在危害的重要方法,探究耕地侵蚀沟形态分类特征和分布特征对把握耕地侵蚀沟防治重点,预防坡耕地水土流失具有重要意义。针对现有侵蚀沟形态分类体系指标获取难、分类结果不完整等问题,利用遥感解译数据,根据系统分类和信息科学理论,结合东北黑土区现实需求,构建了耕地侵蚀沟系统分类方法,并在典型黑土耕作区海伦市进行了验证。结果表明:1)海伦市耕地侵蚀沟具有小面积、大宽度、短长度的特点,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类为数量最多的一级分类;Ⅱ类四等微型沟(Ⅱ4T)和Ⅱ类四等小型沟(Ⅱ4S)在二级和三级分类中数量居多,易通过高标准农田建设进行治理。2)地形要素下耕地侵蚀沟形态分布差异明显,需要特别关注在高程180~<240 m,坡长35~<55 m,坡度2°~6°,西南坡区域内的Ⅰ4T、Ⅱ4S、Ⅱ4T等发育程度较低的侵蚀沟向更高发育程度的Ⅳ4M、Ⅴ4M等类型转变,建议结合农田建设及时采取综合防治措施,以防止耕地侵蚀沟的潜在破坏。3)构建的“类+等+型”耕地侵蚀沟分类定级方法,兼顾指标的易获取性和方法的易操作性,能够精准、直观地揭示耕地侵蚀沟的形态特征及其危害情况,可为侵蚀沟和黑土耕地的协同综合治理提供方法借鉴。