Self-organized criticality of liquefaction in saturated granules

Utilizing the dissipative structure theory, the evolutionary process of vibrating liquefaction in saturated granules was analyzed. When the irreversible force increases to some degree, the system will be in a state far from equilibrium, and the new structure probably occurs. According to synergetics, the equation of liquefaction evolution was deduced, and the evolutionary process was analyzed by dynamics. The evolutionary process of vibrating liquefaction is a process in which the period doubling accesses to chaos, and the fluctuation is the original driving force of system evolution. The liquefaction process was also analyzed by fractal geometry. The steady process of vibrating liquefaction obeys the scaling form, and shows self-organized criticality in the course of vibration. With the increment of the recurrence number, the stress of saturated granules will decrease rapidly or lose completely, and the strain will increase rapidly, so that the granules can not sustain load and the "avalanche" phenomenon takes place.

Complexity and Self-Organized Criticality of Solid Earth System(Ⅰ)

The author puts forward the proposition of Complexity and Self Organized Criticality of Solid Earth System in the light of: (1) the science of complexity studies the mechanisms of emergence of complexity and is the science of the 21st century, (2) the study of complexity of the earth system would be one of the growing points occupying a strategic position in the development of geosciences in the 21st century. By the proposition we try to cogitate from a new viewpoint the ancient yet ever new solid earth system. The author abstracts the fundamental problem of the solid earth system from the essence of the generalized geological systems and processes which reads: the complexity and self organized criticality of the global nature, structure and dynamical behavior of the whole solid earth system emerging from the multiple coupling and superposition of non linear interactions among the multicomponents of the earths material and the multiple generalized geological (geological, geophysical, and geochemical) processes . Starting from this cognizance the author proposes eight major themes and the methodology of researches on the complexity and self organized criticality of the solid earth system.

On Origin of Power-Law Distributions in Self-Organized Criticality from Random Walk Treatment

The origin of power-law distributions in self-organized criticality is investigated by treating the variation of the number of active sites in the system as a stochastic process. An avalanche is then regarded as a first-return random walk process in a one-dimensional lattice. We assume that the variation of the number of active sites has three possibilities in each update： to increase by 1 with probability f1, to decrease by 1 with probability f2, or remain unchanged with probability 1 - f1 - f2. This mimics the dynamics in the system. Power-law distributions of the lifetime are found when the random walk is unbiased with equal probability to move in opposite directions. This shows that power-law distributions in self-organized criticality may be caused by the balance of competitive interactions.

The Research of Transmission Network Planning Based on System’s Self-organized Criticality

This paper presents a new line importance degree evaluation index for the propagation of cascading failures, which is used to quantify transmission lines for cascade spread. And propose an improved capital matching model, according to the results of the evaluation, to enhanced robustness of the power system. The simulation results proved that in the case of the same system, the new model can inhibit cascade spread, reduce the probability of large-scale blackouts.

Self-organized Critical Model Based on Complex Brain Networks with Hierarchical Organization

The dynamical behavior in the cortical brain network of macaque is studied by modelling each cortical areawith a subnetwork of interacting excitable neurons.We find that the avalanche of our model on different levels exhibitspower-law.Furthermore the power-law exponent of the distribution and the average avalanche size are affected by thetopology of the network.

Lévy Flights, 1/<i>f </i>Noise and Self Organized Criticality

A new analysis of a previously studied traveling agent model, showed that there is a relation between the degree of homogeneity of the medium where the agents move, agent motion patterns, and the noise generated from their displacements. We proved that for a particular value of homogeneity, the system self organizes in a state where the agents carry out Lévy walks and the displacement signal corresponds to 1/f noise. Using probabilistic arguments, we conjectured that 1/f noise is a fingerprint of a statistical phase transition, from randomness (disorder) to predictability (order), and that it emerges from the contextuality nature of the system which generates it.

Electrical Tree Simulation Based on the Self-Organization Criticality

So far much effort has been made to understand the development of electrical treeing. For the simulation based study of electrical treeing, the most common method is to apply DBM stochastic model to simulate the growing of electrical treeing patterns. Previous simulation results showed that this stochastic model is capable of simulating the real electrical treeing patterns in a point-to-plane electrode system. However, this model only allows the tree channels to propagate on equipotential lines proportional to local electrical field. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a novel stochastic model to simulate the electrical patterns in order to get a good agreement with experimental results.

21st century critical care medicine:An overview

Critical care medicine in the 21st century has witnessed remarkable advancements that have significantly improved patient outcomes in intensive care units(ICUs).This abstract provides a concise summary of the latest developments in critical care,highlighting key areas of innovation.Recent advancements in critical care include Precision Medicine:Tailoring treatments based on individual patient characteristics,genomics,and biomarkers to enhance the effectiveness of therapies.The objective is to describe the recent advancements in Critical Care Medicine.Telemedicine:The integration of telehealth technologies for remote patient monitoring and consultation,facilitating timely interventions.Artificial intelligence(AI):AI-driven tools for early disease detection,predictive analytics,and treatment optimization,enhancing clinical decision-making.Organ Support:Advanced life support systems,such as Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy provide better organ support.Infection Control:Innovative infection control measures to combat emerging pathogens and reduce healthcare-associated infections.Ventilation Strategies:Precision ventilation modes and lung-protective strategies to minimize ventilatorinduced lung injury.Sepsis Management:Early recognition and aggressive management of sepsis with tailored interventions.Patient-Centered Care:A shift towards patient-centered care focusing on psychological and emotional wellbeing in addition to medical needs.We conducted a thorough literature search on PubMed,EMBASE,and Scopus using our tailored strategy,incorporating keywords such as critical care,telemedicine,and sepsis management.A total of 125 articles meeting our criteria were included for qualitative synthesis.To ensure reliability,we focused only on articles published in the English language within the last two decades,excluding animal studies,in vitro/molecular studies,and non-original data like editorials,letters,protocols,and conference abstracts.These advancements reflect a dynamic landscape in critical care medicine,where technology,research,and patient-centered approaches converge to improve the quality of care and save lives in ICUs.The future of critical care promises even more innovative solutions to meet the evolving challenges of modern medicine.

Acute pancreatitis in the critical care setting:A review of assessment and intervention strategies

The incidence of acute pancreatitis(AP),a condition characterized by inflammation in the pancreas,has been increasing globally and is associated with several complications.This review elaborated on the etiology,clinical presentation,severity assessment,and treatment modalities of AP,mainly in the critical care setting.Patients with severe AP,as indicated by organ failure(>48 hours from onset),warrant treatment in the intensive care unit setting.The most common etiologies,biliary disease and alcohol consumption,and the advanced diagnostic tools used for the identification of the cause are highlighted.Different severity assessment tools are utilized for grading the severity of the disease,predicting patient outcomes,determining the associated risk,and guiding treatment decisions.The treatment interventions comprise various approaches,such as anti-infective therapy enteral nutrition,analgesics for pain,or minimally invasive surgical procedures,thereby demonstrating an evolving landscape of AP management.Furthermore,various complications such as necrosis,organ failure,and hemorrhage,necessitate disease monitoring and differential diagnosis and are crucial for optimal management of patients.Novel treatment modalities and advancements in multidisciplinary care emphasize the potential for reducing the burden of AP in critical care settings.

Reimagining critical care:Trends and shifts in 21st century medicine

primarily driven by advancements in technology,changes in healthcare delivery,and a deeper understanding of disease processes.Advancements in technology have revolutionized patient monitoring,diagnosis,and treatment in the critical care setting.From minimally invasive procedures to advances imaging techniques,clinicians now have access to a wide array of tools to assess and manage critically ill patients more effectively.In this editorial we comment on the review article published by Padte S et al wherein they concisely describe the latest developments in critical care medicine.

On power system blackout modeling and analysis based on self-organized criticality

This paper makes a comprehensive survey on power system blackout modeling and analysis based on SOC (self-organized criticality). Firstly,a generalized SOC theory from the viewpoint of cybernetics is introduced. Then the evolution model of power system and its relative mathematical description,which serves as a concrete example of the proposed generalized SOC,are given. Secondly,five blackout models capturing various critical properties of power systems in different time-scales are listed. Finally,this paper analyzes SOC in power systems,such as,the revelation of criticalities of proposed models in both micro-scale and macro-scale which can be used to assess the security of power system,and cas-cading failures process.

Self-organized criticality of forest fires in China

Self-organized criticality(SOC) of forest fires in China from 1950 to 1989 is studied. The stability, scale-invariant character of SOC and external effects on SOC of forest fires in China are analyzed in detail. Forest-fire cellular automata model is a typical model for the research of SOC. Based on the traditional forest-fire model, an improved model, in which effects of tree species, meteorological conditions and human efforts on forest fires are considered, is introduced. Actual forest fire data in China are compared with simulation results of the two models. It is shown that forest fire data in China have SOC behavior and simulation results of the improved model accord better with actual forest fire data than those of the traditional model.

Self-organized criticality judgment and extreme statistics analysis of major urban fires

The spatial (economic loss) and temporal characteristics of urban fires were analyzed employing relevant statistical methods. A fractal structure in terms of the power-law relation between fire frequency and economic loss was found on a spatial scale, and an exponential relation between frequency and time interval was found on a temporal scale. Thus, urban fire does not meet the rigorous criteria of self-organized criticality. In addition, based on the spatial power-law distribution characteristics, a correlation model of the frequency and scale of loss due to urban fire was established using the extremum statistical method. This model was then applied to the case analysis of Hefei and the probability of major fire incidents in the future was predicted.

Self-organized criticality of power system faults and its application in adaptation to extreme climate

This paper analyzes the statistics of faults in a transmission and distribution networks in central China, unveils long-term autocorrelation and power law distribution of power system faults, which indicates that power system fault has self-organized criticality (SOC) feature. The conclusion is consistent with the power systems data in 2008 with ice storm present. Since power systems cover large areas, climate is the key factor to its safety and stability. In-depth analysis shows that the SOC of atmosphere system contributes much to that of power system faults. Extreme climate will be more intense and frequent with global warming, it will have more and more impact upon power systems. The SOC feature of power system faults is utilized to develop approaches to facilitate power systems adaptation to climate variation in an economical and efficient way.

POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION AND SELF-ORGANIZED CRITICALITY OF DISPERSED PARTICLES

Research on particulate characteristics has been an important frontier in physics and chemistry during the past decades. It has however been mostly focused on granular materials with short-range interactions. In this work, it was found that the power law of particle size distribution applied to the long-range interacting system of floating dust in air, from which we deduced that self-organized criticality might hold for floating dust just as granular materials with short-range interactions. This feature may reveal underlying kinetic mechanisms, important in dispersed particle systems. In industry, power law of size distribution of dispersed particles can be used to investigate the change of dust size, and the power law parameter could be taken as an important index for dust separation.

Association of interleukin-6 with acute lung injury risk and disease severity in sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by a dysregulated response of the body in response to an infection that harms its tissues and organs.Interleukin-6(IL-6)is a significant component of the inflammatory response as part of the pa-thogenesis of sepsis.It aids in the development of Acute lung injury and,subse-quently,multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.This letter probes into the corre-lation between plasma IL-6 levels and the risk of developing acute lung injury and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in critically ill patients with sepsis.While it shows promising results,limitations like its observational study design,a limited sample size,a single center involvement,single-time-point measurement,and a lack of a control group restrain its cogency.The study is a big step in identifying IL-6 as a biomarker to improve patient care.

Self-organized Criticality Behavior in Bulk Metallic Glasses

Serrated flows are known as repeated yielding of bulk metallic glasses（BMGs）during plastic deformation under different loading conditions,which are associated with the operation of shear banding.According to the statistics of some parameters,the shear avalanches can display a self-organized critical state,suggesting a large ductility of BMGs.The emergence of the self-organized criticality（SOC）behavior in different BMGs is due to the temperature,strain rate,and chemical compositions.The SOC behavior is accompanied with the following phenomena：the interactions occur in the shear bands;the incubation time is longer than the relaxation time;the time interval is lacking of typical time scale;and the spatial or temporal parameters should display apower-law distribution.

Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy:a systematic review

Critical illness polyneuropathy and critical illness myopathy are frequent complications of severe illness that involve sensorimotor axons and skeletal muscles, respectively. Clinically, they manifest as limb and respiratory muscle weakness. Critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy in isolation or combination increases intensive care unit morbidity via the inability or difficulty in weaning these patients off mechanical ventilation. Many patients continue to suffer from decreased exercise capacity and compromised quality of life for months to years after the acute event. Substantial progress has been made lately in the understanding of the pathophysiology of critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Clinical and ancillary test results should be carefully interpreted to differentiate critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy from similar weaknesses in this patient population. The present review is aimed at providing the latest knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy along with relevant clinical, diagnostic, differentiating, and treatment information for this debilitat- ing neurological disease.

Acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan,China

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)is spreading rapidly around the world.Most critically ill patients have organ injury,including acute respiratory distress syndrome,acute kidney injury,cardiac injury,or liver dysfunction.However,few studies on acute gastrointestinal injury(AGI)have been reported in critically ill patients with COVID-19.AIM To investigate the prevalence and outcomes of AGI in critically ill patients with COVID-19.METHODS In this retrospective study,demographic data,laboratory parameters,AGI grades,clinical severity and outcomes were collected.The primary endpoints were AGI incidence and 28-d mortality.RESULTS From February 10 to March 102020,83 critically ill patients out of 1314 patients with COVID-19 were enrolled.Seventy-two(86.7%)patients had AGI during hospital stay,of these patients,30 had AGI gradeⅠ,35 had AGI gradeⅡ,5 had AGI gradeⅢ,and 2 had AGI gradeⅣ.The incidence of AGI gradeⅡand above was 50.6%.Forty(48.2%)patients died within 28 days of admission.Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome developed in 58(69.9%)patients,and septic shock in 16(19.3%)patients.Patients with worse AGI grades had worse clinical variables,a higher incidence of septic shock and 28-d mortality.Sequential organ failure assessment(SOFA)scores(95%CI:1.374-2.860;P<0.001),white blood cell(WBC)counts(95%CI:1.037-1.379;P=0.014),and duration of mechanical ventilation(MV)(95%CI:1.020-1.340;P=0.025)were risk factors for the development of AGI gradeⅡand above.CONCLUSION The incidence of AGI was 86.7%,and hospital mortality was 48.2%in critically ill patients with COVID-19.SOFA scores,WBC counts,and duration of MV were risk factors for the development of AGI gradeⅡand above.Patients with worse AGI grades had a higher incidence of septic shock and 28-d mortality.

Fluid and electrolyte overload in critically ill patients: An overview

Fluids are considered the cornerstone of therapy for many shock states, particularly states that are associated with relative or absolute hypovolemia. Fluids are also commonly used for many other purposes, such as renalprotection from endogenous and exogenous substances, for the safe dilution of medications and as "maintenance" fluids. However, a large amount of evidence from the last decade has shown that fluids can have deleterious effects on several organ functions, both from excessive amounts of fluids and from their non-physiological electrolyte composition. Additionally, fluid prescription is more common in patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome whose kidneys may have impaired mechanisms of electrolyte and free water excretion. These processes have been studied as separate entities(hypernatremia, hyperchloremic acidosis and progressive fluid accumulation) leading to worse outcomes in many clinical scenarios, including but not limited to acute kidney injury, worsening respiratory function, higher mortality and higher hospital and intensive care unit lengthof-stays. In this review, we synthesize this evidence and describe this phenomenon as fluid and electrolyte overload with potentially deleterious effects. Finally, we propose a strategy to safely use fluids and thereafter wean patients from fluids, along with other caveats to be considered when dealing with fluids in the intensive care unit.