Resilient performance of self-centering hybrid rocking walls with curved interface under pseudo-static loading

Frame and rocking wall(FRW)structures have excellent resilient performance during earthquakes.However,the concrete at interfacial corners of rocking walls(RWs)is easily crushed due to local extreme compression during the rocking process.An innovative RW with a curved interface is proposed to prevent interfacial corners from producing local damage,enhancing its earthquake resilient performance(ERP).The precast wall panel with a curved interface is assembled into an integral self-centering hybrid rocking wall(SCRW)by two post-tensioned unbonded prestressed tendons.Moreover,two ordinary energy dissipation steel rebars and two shear reinforcements are arranged to increase the energy dissipation capacity and lateral resistance.Two SCRW specimens and one monolithic reinforced concrete(RC)shear wall(SW)were tested under pseudo-static loading to compare the ERPs of the proposed SCRW and the SW,focusing on studying the effect of the curved interface on the SCRW.The key resilient performance of rocking effects,failure modes,and hysteretic properties of the SCRW were explored.The results show that nonlinear deformations of the SCRW are concentrated along the interface between the SCRW and the foundation,avoiding damage within the SCRW.The restoring force provided by the prestressed tendons can effectively realize self-centering capacity with small residual deformation,and the resilient performance of the SCRW is better than that of monolithic SW.In addition,the curved interface of the SCRW makes the rocking center change and move inward,partially relieving the stress concentration and crush of concrete.The rocking range of the rocking center is about 41.4%of the width of the SCRW.

An Experimental and Analytical Study on Cross-Laminated Bamboo Rocking Walls with Friction Dampers

Cross-laminated bamboo(CLB)have a high strength to weight ratio and stable bidirectional mechanical properties.Inspired by the investigation on cross-laminated timber(CLT)rocking walls,CLB rocking walls with conventional friction dampers(CFDs)are studied in this paper.To investigate the mechanical properties of the CLB rocking wall,seven tests are conducted under a cyclic loading scheme,and different test parameters,including the existence of the CFDs,the moment ratio,and the loading times,are discussed.The test results show a bilinear behavior of the CLB rocking wall.The small residual displacements of the CLB rocking wall demonstrate an idealized self-centering capacity.The cumulative energy dissipation curves indicate that the energy dissipation capacity of the CLB rocking wall can be greatly improved with CFDs.The limit states of the CLB rocking wall under a lateral force are proposed based on the strains,stress,and damage level of the CLB material and posttensioned rebar.In addition,an analytical model of the CLB rocking wall is developed based on the proposed limit states of the CLB rocking wall to evaluate the hysteretic response of the CLB rocking wall,and the model is validated by the experimental data.The comparison results show the potential value of the analytical model for engineering design.

Seismic response of rocking isolated railway bridge piers with sacrificial components

In this study, sacrificial components were incorporated into self-centering railway bridge piers to improve the lateral stiffness. The seismic response of this new detail was investigated. First, the method to compute the initial uplift moment of the self-centering pier is given. In addition, shaking table tests were conducted on a free-rocking pier without sacrificial components, which was used to validate a two-spring numerical model. Good agreement was obtained between the numerical results and experimental data. Furthermore, the validated model was employed to investigate the influence of sacrificial components on the seismic response of rocking piers. For this purpose, two models were developed, with and without sacrificial components. Nonlinear response history analysis was then performed on both models under three historical motions. The results showed that compared to the one without sacrificial components, the rocking pier with sacrificial components has comparable displacement at the top of the pier, and maximum uplift moment at high amplitude motion. Therefore, incorporating sacrificial components into the rocking pier can increase the lateral stiffness at service load and low amplitude frequent earthquakes but can produce comparable response at high seismic excitation. These results provide support for performance-based seismic design of self-centering rocking piers.

Optimization of design parameters for controlled rocking steel braced dual-frames

A controlled rocking concentrically steel braced frame(CR-CSBF)is introduced as an alternative to conventional methods to prevent major structural damage during large earthquakes.It is equipped with elastic post-tensioned(PT)cables and replaceable devices or fuses to provide overturning resistance and dissipate energy,respectively.Although CR-CSBFs are not officially legalized in globally valid codes for new buildings,it is expected to be presented in them in the near future.The main goal of this study is to determine the optimal design parameters consist of the yield strength and modulus of elasticity of the fuse,the initial force of the PT cable,and the gravity load on the rocking column,considering different heights of the frame,spanning ratios and ground motion types for dual-configuration CR-CSBF.Nonlinear time-history analyses are performed in OpenSees.This study aims to define the optimal input variables as effective design parameters of CR-CSBFs by comparing four seismic responses consisting of story drift,roof displacement,roof acceleration and base shear,and also using the Euclidean metric optimization method.Despite the previous research,this study is innovative and first of its kind.The results demonstrate that the optimal design parameters are variable for various conditions.

Investigation of long-wavelength elastic wave propagation through wet bentonite-filled rock joints

The saturation of the compacted bentonite buffer in the deep geological repository can cause bentonite swelling,intrusion into rock fractures,and erosion.Inevitably,erosion and subsequent bentonite mass loss due to groundwater inflow can aggravate the overall integrity of the engineered barrier system.Therefore,the coupled hydro-mechanical interaction between the buffer and rock during groundwater inflow and bentonite intrusion should be evaluated to guarantee the long-term safety of deep geological disposal.This study investigated the effect of bentonite erosion and intrusion on the elastic wave propagation characteristics in jointed rocks using a quasi-static resonant column test.Jointed rock specimens with different joint conditions(i.e.joint surface saturation and bentonite filling)were prepared using granite rock discs sampled from the Korea Underground Research Tunnel(KURT)and Gyeongju bentonite.The long-wavelength longitudinal and shear wave velocities were measured under different normal stress levels.A Hertzian-type power model was used to fit the wave velocities,and the relationship between the two fitted parameters provided the trend of joint conditions.Numerical simulations using three-dimensional distinct element code(3DEC)were conducted to better understand how the long-wavelength wave propagates through wet bentonite-filled rock joints.

深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖对围岩损伤及渗流特性的影响

深埋岩溶隧道开挖会造成围岩特殊的损伤破坏形式,并且损伤区也会影响围岩渗流场及隧道边界的涌水状况,对深埋岩溶隧道爆破开挖作用下围岩的损伤及渗流特性有重要的研究意义。为了研究爆破开挖对深埋岩溶隧道围岩损伤及渗流的影响规律,基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件建立数值模型并嵌入应力-渗流-损伤耦合方程式进行计算,采用解析法计算了简化条件下岩溶隧道开挖时围岩的应力分布,并与数值计算结果进行比较。结果表明:解析法与数值法计算的围岩应力分布有一致性,爆炸荷载使靠近溶洞侧隧道肩部及脚部区域会产生较大的拉应力;爆破后会在隔水岩柱形成“齿”状损伤区,同时引起肩部及脚部区域流速的增加,其可作为判断溶洞方位的参考依据;溶洞净距减小、洞径及水压增加会引起“齿”延伸倾角及最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的增加,可根据“齿”延伸方向判断损伤区检测的合理方位,根据最大涌水位置变化、隧道边界涌水量的变化,合理调整涌水防治措施强度及重点防治部位。研究成果可为溶洞位置判定、隧道损伤区检测以及边界涌水防治措施提供参考。

摩擦耗能型摇摆柱节点抗震性能研究

基于可恢复功能的概念,提出了一种摩擦耗能型摇摆柱节点。阐述了该节点的构造形式并研究了其抗震性能。通过试验和数值模拟,分析了轴压比、弹簧刚度等参数对节点抗震性能的影响及节点在余震和修复情况下的韧性。研究结果表明,在±3%层间位移角内,节点呈现出低损伤特性,摇摆柱始终保持弹性。在轴向力作用下,滞回曲线呈明显的“旗帜形”,节点具有良好的自复位性能,最大残余转角仅为0.23%。通过重新拧紧螺栓,节点性能即可恢复至震损前水平,实现抗震韧性。弹簧刚度的增大可以显著提高节点的抗弯承载力;增大轴压比可以提高节点的“屈服”弯矩和极限弯矩。在轴向力作用下节点属于典型的半刚性连接,并确定了节点初始转动刚度的取值范围。针对该节点提出了一个简化的恢复力模型,理论结果与试验结果吻合度较好,为进一步对整体结构进行分析和设计奠定了基础。

远距离下保护层开采遗留煤柱对被保护层回采的影响研究

为探究远距离下保护层开采遗留煤柱对被保护层回采效果的影响,以平顶山六矿戊_(8)煤层的戊_(8)-22310机巷和戊_(8)-32010风巷之间遗留宽度为4 m的区段煤柱和丁_(5-6)-22190工作面为研究对象,采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测结合的方法,研究了煤柱影响范围、煤柱区域垂直应力分布及影响区相关参数变化规律。结果表明:宽4 m遗留煤柱的影响范围为27.3 m,极限强度为25.9 MPa,塑性区宽度为2.26 m,弹性区宽度为2.68 m;煤柱两侧工作面均回采后,其承载的最大垂直应力87.9 MPa,远超煤柱本身的承载极限;在煤柱影响范围内测得的残余瓦斯含量、压力与卸压保护区无明显差异,并均小于突出危险临界值,煤柱影响区内瓦斯得到较好释放;煤柱影响范围内未产生明显应力集中现象,遗留小煤柱对被保护效果影响较小,保护效果在倾向上有连续性,对被保护层工作面回采影响小。

柱脚不同连接形式钢框架-摇摆墙结构抗震性能对比分析

增设摇摆墙后框架结构地震下柱脚仍会发生一定程度的塑性损伤,将柱脚设置为铰接或提离后有望减轻上述缺陷。以三层、六层和九层钢框架为基准模型,分别建立柱脚固接、铰接及提离三种框架-摇摆墙结构模型并进行动力弹塑性时程分析,对比各结构最大侧向位移、层间位移角、峰值加速度、层间剪力、墙体剪力和弯矩等;进一步建立耗能连梁固接和铰接的对比模型,研究连梁连接方式对结构抗震性能的影响。结果表明:三层模型中柱脚固接时侧向位移、层间位移角、加速度、层间剪力及摇摆墙墙体剪力的控制效果最优,六层、九层模型中分别对应柱脚提离和柱脚铰接效果最好;摇摆墙墙体剪力图和弯矩图分别呈现“C形”和“反C形”,柱脚固接时墙体弯矩均为最小,与层数无关。柱脚固接耗能连梁两端采用固接最优,柱脚铰接和柱脚提离时耗能连梁两端采用铰接形式效果更优。此分析可为框架-摇摆墙结构进一步推广应用提供参考。

近场脉冲型地震作用下附加支撑双柱式摇摆桥墩的抗震性能研究

为了解决摇摆桥墩承载力和耗能能力不足的问题,该文提出一种附加人字形支撑的双柱式摇摆桥墩结构,支撑为纯耗能支撑或自复位耗能支撑,支撑通过连接装置安装在双柱式摇摆桥墩的盖梁和承台之间。为了研究新型附加人字形支撑双柱式摇摆桥墩的抗震性能,对其进行拟静力分析,将双柱式现浇桥墩和双柱式纯摇摆桥墩作为对比模型,研究附加纯耗能支撑和自复位耗能支撑双柱式摇摆桥墩的滞回性能;分别对这四种桥墩结构进行动力时程分析,探究这四种桥墩在近场对称脉冲、近场非对称脉冲和远场无脉冲地震动作用下的动力响应。研究结果表明:附加支撑的双柱式摇摆桥墩中的墩柱仍具有摇摆机制,可有效避免墩身出现塑性铰发生严重的损伤破坏,同时附加的支撑可以显著提高桥墩的承载能力和耗能能力,有效降低桥墩结构的位移响应,特别是自复位耗能支撑还可额外为桥墩提供自恢复力,有效提高结构的抗震性能。

基于静力试验的柱端铰型受控摇摆钢筋混凝土框架地震响应数值分析

柱端铰型受控摇摆钢筋混凝土框架(CR-RCFC)是一种新型的可恢复功能结构,通过摇摆节点的构造来“弱化”结构整体抗侧刚度,从而达到减小地震响应的目的。CR-RCFC结构在振动台试验中呈现了在中震和大震作用下“主体构件免损伤,耗能构件易更换”的韧性抗震效果。振动台试验后进行低周反复静载试验得到拆除阻尼器后的CR-RCFC结构柱铰节点弯矩-转角滞回曲线和转动刚度等抗震性能参数。利用静力试验得到的结构抗震性能参数进行结构地震响应数值模拟,将数值模拟结果与振动台试验结果进行对比分析。对比分析结果表明:通过静力试验数据可以精确得到CR-RCFC结构节点抗震性能参数,根据该抗震性能参数进行的数值模拟结果与振动台试验结果吻合较好。

基于模型试验的某矿区地下开采过程中采场稳定性研究

目的:围岩稳定性是岩土工程界重要研究内容之一,较差的围岩可能会使地下工程如隧道、矿井等发生坍塌。因此,为了确保地下工程的安全施工和稳定性,对围岩稳定性的研究至关重要。方法:本研究在充分调查某矿区某矿段采场结构参数及对地压控制研究分析后,基于矿体的赋存条件、地质产状以及顶底板的实际情况,选取了某矿段中比较有代表性的剖面,采用相似模型试验的方法,围绕点柱控顶建立室内相似试验模型,对该矿地下开采过程中采场的稳定性进行模拟分析。结果:随着矿体倾角的增大,围岩变形随之增大。在完全空场条件下,即只留中段矿柱,不留点柱,顶板会发生大面积破坏,并有可能出现地表塌陷,造成安全事故。结论:本研究要预留点柱控制地压,防治冲击地压。意义:研究成果对指导该矿区矿体的安全开采和利用具有重要的理论和实践意义。

连柱摇摆钢支撑抗震性能研究

为了提高连柱摇摆钢支撑的耗能能力,提出了支撑跨柱脚采用开椭圆孔截面的新型构造措施。采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS建立连柱摇摆钢支撑框架结构模型,进行了低周往复加载,对比分析了耗能连梁长度、框架跨度、框架高度等不同设计参数对结构抗震性能的影响。分析结果表明:连柱摇摆钢支撑主要由耗能连梁及耗能柱脚进入塑性来耗散能量,结构具有合理的破坏模式;连柱摇摆钢支撑结构具有较好的耗能能力,滞回曲线为饱满的梭形;结构的极限承载能力随着耗能连梁长度的增加呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,结构的累积滞回耗能能力也逐渐降低;耗能连梁应宜采用剪切屈服型,建议耗能连梁长度的取值范围为(1.2~1.5)Mp/Vp;增大框架跨度和减小框架高度等可以显著提升结构的耗能能力、刚度和承载能力。基于小变形假定和虚功原理,分析了连柱摇摆钢支撑结构在极限状态的典型屈服机制,推导出极限承载力计算公式,与有限元计算结果比较吻合,验证了公式的合理性,可为工程应用提供参考。

屈服摇摆消能双层框架墩结构横桥向地震反应分析

为控制双层框架墩结构地震损伤,提升结构震后功能恢复能力,本文提出一种屈服消能摇摆双层框架墩结构,结合拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理建立了结构横桥向地震反应分析模型。针对典型双层桥梁框架墩结构分别建立了现浇分析模型、自由摇摆分析模型和屈服消能摇摆分析模型,并采用远场地震动、近场无脉冲地震动和近场脉冲地震动对结构进行横桥向地震反应分析和结构参数影响规律分析。分析结果表明,摇摆桥墩可避免桥墩发生残余变形,且防屈曲阻尼器的设置起到了较好的减隔震及抗倒塌作用,尤其是在近场脉冲地震动作用下效果最为显著;摇摆结构参数对结构地震反应有明显影响,下层结构地震反应随着摇摆桥墩高宽比、尺寸参数和下层梁墩质量比的增大呈减小趋势,而上层现浇结构地震反应呈相反趋势,值得注意的是较小的上层结构固有频率将会增加现浇墩柱发生塑性变形的可能性。

下卧多个软弱破碎夹层的超硬基岩桩基施工技术

桩基静载试验到最后一根桩荷载加至最后一级时,发现基桩突然下沉,补勘发现岩层异常,原桩端持力层下部存在多个软弱破碎夹层,且基岩强度明显偏高,采用一柱一勘确定每个承台下部夹层数量、岩层厚度、基岩强度等情况,根据夹层数量与厚度逐一确定每根桩的设计要求,并采用3种旋挖机钻头进行有针对性的施工,取得了良好的效果。

矿井综采工作面快速过空巷技术研究

为促进山西某矿2212工作面安全快速地通过空巷,本文基于2212工作面过空巷工程概况,分析了空巷围岩的稳定性情况,结合基本顶几种不同断裂位置可能对空巷围岩造成的变形破坏影响,提出了可采用高水材料墩柱来进行空巷的超前加固策略,综合应用采场矿山压力理论,确定了墩柱材料的部分关键参数,并进行工程应用试验。应用结果表明:应用该墩柱来超前加固空巷,能有效防治基本顶易出现的超前破断现象、空巷易出现的冒顶现象及巷道支架易出现的压裂现象等,保障了2212综采工作面安全快速地通过空巷,该研究可为类似工况下的综采工作面安全快速过空巷提供参考。

利民煤矿Ⅰ030902工作面高水材料墩柱围岩控制技术研究

在工作面通过老空巷道时,工作面与老空巷道间煤柱逐渐变窄,导致空巷围岩严重变形,围岩失稳和支架压死等问题。通过理论计算、数值模拟和现场实验,确定了工作面超前支承应力范围和煤柱临界宽度以及超前加固时机。提出了高水材料墩柱支护技术对老空巷道进行围岩控制,通过建立数值模型进行模拟计算,反演高水材料墩柱支护效果,模拟得出2.5 m间距高水材料墩柱支护围岩控制效果最佳,并确定了最佳支护参数。现场监测结果显示,采用高水材料墩柱支护技术有效地控制了围岩变形,取得了良好的支护效果。

倾斜煤层直角梯形巷道留巷柱式支护技术研究与应用

为保证沿空留巷工艺在松河煤矿倾斜煤层回采工作面的顺利应用,以120306回风巷留巷为技术背景,综合运用工程类比、数值模拟、现场工业性试验及矿压监测等手段,开展高强柱式巷旁支护沿空留巷技术可行性及合理参数研究。结果表明,混凝土支柱直径需大于1.2 m、布置间距小于3.0 m方可控制留巷围岩失稳破坏,高强混凝土支柱可使采空区侧顶板在其外边界处断裂,减小空巷围岩压力并提高其稳定性,将留巷表面变形量控制在较低水平,取得理想的留巷效果。

胶西北海岸带海底基岩矿床开采海水入浸防治

海底基岩矿床顶部分布着大面积的海水,开采过程中存在海水突入矿坑问题。以胶西北海岸带区域为研究背景,对矿坑涌突水的影响因素及涌水量进行分析,并提出防治措施。结果表明,自然灾害、开采活动、孔隙含水层是导致矿坑涌突水主要原因;提出了留设保安护顶矿(岩)柱,钻孔注浆,加强地表防海水入浸配套设施建设,提高井下排水系统能力,构筑防水闸门等措施。胶西北海岸带海底金矿开采时-165m标高以上设为保安护顶矿柱是安全的,北皂煤矿-200m以上设为保安护顶矿柱是安全的;海底金矿极限开采高度为-65~-87.2m,北皂煤矿极限高度为-120~-160m,可以作为整个海底矿床开采完毕后回采保安护顶矿柱时的参考依据。