Research on the Prevention and Control of Self-Money-Laundering in the Digital Age

The development of virtual currencies,network banking,and artificial intelligence technologies facilitates the implementation and completion of self-money laundering in crimes involving embezzlement and bribery.Amendment XI to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China lists self-money laundering as a separate money laundering crime,breaking the restrictive framework that it must be committed by someone else.This is reflective of the specific interest that China has in anti-money laundering.The criminalization of self-money laundering has been adopted as a powerful legal weapon against money laundering.However,it has confronted a series of dilemmas in terms of specific judicial applications.To gradually address the dilemmas in applying the clause,a comprehensive consideration of Chinese judicial and anti-money laundering practices,as well as international anti-money laundering regulations and practices,is carried out.Moreover,the following recommendations are given:that the protection of legal interests concerning self-money laundering should be expanded appropriately;that a penalty and cooperation system should be established for the crime of self-money laundering;and that the scope of the means of self-money laundering should be extended.

The Research of an Incremental Conceptive Clustering Algorithm and Its Application in Detecting Money Laundering

Considering the constantly increasing of data in large databases such as wire transfer database, incremental clustering algorithms play a more and more important role in Data Mining （DM）. However, Few of the traditional clustering algorithms can not only handle the categorical data, but also explain its output clearly. Based on the idea of dynamic clustering, an incremental conceptive clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper. Which introduces the Semantic Core Tree （SCT） to deal with large volume of categorical wire transfer data for the detecting money laundering. In addition, the rule generation algorithm is presented here to express the clustering result by the format of knowledge. When we apply this idea in financial data mining, the efficiency of searching the characters of money laundering data will be improved.

Using Link Analysis Technique with a Modified Shortest-Path Algorithm to Fight Money Laundering

Effective link analysis techniques are needed to help law enforcement and intelligence agencies fight money laundering. This paper presents a link analysis technique that uses a modified shortest-path algorithms to identify the strongest association paths between entities in a money laundering network. Based on two-tree Dijkstra and Priority＇First-Search （PFS） algorithm, a modified algorithm is presented. To apply the algorithm, a network representation transformation is made first.

The Correlation and Linear Regression Analysis between Annual GDP Growth Rate and Money Laundering in Albania during the Period 2007-2011

This study is the first attempt to investigate the relationship between the annual GDP growth rate and money laundering in the Republic of Albania during the period 2007-2011. The main result of the study: there is a negative correlation between money laundering process and economic growth rate in Albania during the specified period;there is a negative correlation between money laundering and import, but there is a positive correlation between money laundering and the government expenditure, as well a positive correlation between money laundering and export.

Investigation into the Effect of Extended Laundering on the KES-F Mechanical Properties of an Easy Care Treated Cotton Fabric

The effect of extended laundering on cotton fabric treated with Dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) easy care finish was investigated and the fabric characterised by crease recovery performance and the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F). The KES-F results indicated that the mechanical handle properties of the DMDHEU treated cotton fabrics were affected by both the levels of application of the DMDHEU easy care finishes and the stress relaxation of the fabrics in aqueous conditions.

The effectiveness of China’s anti-money laundering policies

Finding the best method to assess the effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering(AML)policies is a controversial issue. Based on about 9,000 questionnaires circulated to AML professionals and other related staff at the People's Bank of China and other banking institutions,this study acquired first-hand data from respondents and has resulted in the following key findings:The effectiveness of the whole AML system is rated as"largely effective"in respect to China’s legislation,regulation and supervision,suspicious transaction monitoring and analyses and administrative investigation;the system is rated as"basically effective"in respect to money-laundering prosecutions and convictions and international cooperation.Financial institutions'compliance with AML regulations is rated as"largely effective"in respect to internal control,customer identification,large-value transaction and suspicious transaction reporting,and the record-keeping of ID information and transactions.Statistically,58.48%of respondents said they think that China’s AML regime is"completely effective"or"largely effective;"35.21%say it is"basically effective,"and the remaining 4.68% call it"largely ineffective"or"completely ineffective."The authors conclude by proposing some policy recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of AML policy.

洗钱罪不法的规范判断

洗钱罪不法的规范判断及其法理研究,应在借鉴吸纳传统的立法事实论和法教义学方法论的基础上转向金融领域刑法论范式路径。通过金融领域刑法论及累积犯论、集体法益论,可证立洗钱罪的不法实质是侵犯了金融安全和司法秩序双重保护法益。以“金融领域掩隐行为定型论”及其限定论的新法理塑造,能够有效解释洗钱罪不法的规范类型,合理确定洗钱罪与我国《刑法》第312条、第349条的不法竞合关系及其处断原则。

洗钱罪中两类犯罪所得及其收益的界定与区分

洗钱罪上游犯罪和洗钱罪的犯罪所得性质不同,对其没收应当区分开来。但当前部分洗钱罪的判决书对两类犯罪所得进行“一股脑”没收,混淆了两者的界限。洗钱罪上游犯罪的犯罪所得是通过实施该犯罪所获得的资产和财产性利益,与该罪的实行行为具有因果关系,在产生的时间上不能早于实行行为的实施;洗钱罪的犯罪所得是指实施洗钱行为所获得的报酬或对价。为了推动完善洗钱罪中两类犯罪所得的没收,建议删除《刑法》第191条“没收实施以上犯罪的所得及其产生的收益”的规定,厘清上游犯罪和洗钱罪两类犯罪所得的处置方向,在判决书中对两类犯罪所得的没收分别予以表述,进而将没收后的犯罪所得分别上缴国库或者返还上游犯罪被害人。

NFT系统中的洗钱风险及其法律规制

随着数字时代的发展,NFT技术应运而生,NFT产品自虚拟货币圈向数字艺术领域转变。然而,在蓬勃发展的同时,NFT系统的技术特性也导致了许多法律风险。NFT产品的价值波动成为洗钱行为的最好遮掩;去中心化对监管作用的削弱,也为洗钱行为提供了更为便利的条件。为了遏制NFT市场的违法行为,促进相关市场合规发展,需要对国内的NFT交易平台进一步监管规制。同时,我国也要积极参与国际合作,打击国际市场中存在的洗钱风气,落实反洗钱全球化监管。

NFT洗钱犯罪模式与反洗钱监管

随着NFT交易规模、交易平台和交易网络的逐渐扩大,NFT被用于进行洗钱犯罪的风险也逐渐增长。NFT具有实体关联匿名性、交易成本费用较低、市场价格不确定性等特性,加之法律政策监管不确定和监管制度漏洞,使其可以天然地替代传统艺术品,成为洗钱犯罪市场的新宠。犯罪人员利用NFT进行的“自买自卖”清洗交易模式成为当前洗钱犯罪的一般模式,其中蕴含着洗钱犯罪、操纵证券期货市场犯罪、帮助信息网络犯罪和虚拟货币违法交易等刑事风险,亟须监管和治理方明确监管政策导向并建立法律合规框架,探索分类监管体系和规范二级市场治理,通过强化客户身份调查和多部门反洗钱协作,实现NFT市场的合规治理和监管。

区块链欺诈行为识别技术综述

近年来,区块链技术和产业的迅速发展为经济和技术创新注入了新的活力,但随之而来的是不断涌现的欺诈行为。这些欺诈行为不仅对用户造成了经济损失,也对区块链技术的信誉和发展带来了威胁。因此,识别和预防欺诈行为对于保障区块链技术和产业创新的良性发展至关重要。另一方面,区块链欺诈行为变化快、匿名性强,具有多样性和复杂性,给识别工作带来了巨大挑战,针对这些挑战,目前已提出了相当多的技术方法。本文整理归纳了近五年来的相关文献,清晰呈现区块链欺诈行为识别技术的最新进展。考虑到识别技术的多样性,本文采用了两层的分类框架对其进行归纳。首先从业务场景出发,划分出不同类型的欺诈行为,涉及区块链洗钱、非法代币发行、庞氏骗局和钓鱼诈骗等八种行为。进而,再针对每一类欺诈行为,分析讨论对应的识别技术。通过对识别技术解析与归纳,本文将识别技术从具体场景中抽象出来,构建出一般化的识别技术体系。并基于这一体系对识别技术展开详细讨论,包括:区块链交易图构建技术、特征工程方法以及欺诈行为识别方法与模型。在识别方法上,本文重点关注了近年流行的区块链去中心化生态下的一些反欺诈识别工作,包括:跨链洗钱识别、去中心化平台的代币骗局识别等,此类欺诈行为具有较高的复杂性和识别难度,与之相关的识别技术还较少,亟待得到更多的关注。最后,本文依据当前区块链欺诈行为识别工作所面临的挑战和困难,分析了未来技术趋势。

NFT洗钱犯罪侦查难点及对策

元宇宙业态下的NFT具有非同质化、智能化、可转让等特征,这使犯罪分子看到利用其洗钱的可能。NFT洗钱犯罪的运转模式多变而复杂,具有洗钱行为发现难、犯罪嫌疑人身份确认难、资金追查难、跨境取证难等侦查难点。为有效打击此种犯罪,提出建立NFT反洗钱数据库、开展警企合作以确认嫌疑人身份、利用技术手段追查资金流向、完善跨境取证协作机制等侦查对策。

金融安全视域下反洗钱监管研究发展趋势及热点——基于文献计量的可视化分析

开放经济体条件下,跨境洗钱对全球金融安全和稳定构成严峻挑战,洗钱手段日趋复杂化令打击非法洗钱任务的难度持续加大,国际反洗钱治理成效依旧不够稳固,这一现实情形引起大量国内外学者对反洗钱监管领域的持续关注。本文选取中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)核心合集数据库中1990—2023年发表的反洗钱监管领域国内外文献2824篇,借助CiteSpace软件进行文献计量研究,以可视化图谱形式展现过去30余年国内外反洗钱领域的整体脉络。研究表明,政府部门、高校、(非)金融机构各自合作网络固定,但三方之间交叉研究合作趋势尚不成熟;反洗钱监管领域数据库建设的发展相对滞后,可供分析、决策使用的数据资料依旧缺乏;前沿科技与数字技术驱动下新金融业态领域洗钱引发对未来如何平衡好金融科技迭代加速与反洗钱治理效能提升间关系的系统性思考。后续研究应致力于不断完善金融安全视域下反洗钱监管的理论框架,拓宽研究领域,并加强政府、高校与(非)金融机构间的跨部门、跨学科研究合作,以推动该领域的全面深入发展。

涉走私洗钱犯罪中买卖走私货物、物品行为的定性分析

走私犯罪作为我国刑法中洗钱罪的七大上游犯罪之一,涉及货物和资金的跨国流动,易成为洗钱犯罪的高发区和重灾区。涉走私洗钱犯罪,犯罪行为人买卖走私货物、物品,将以实物形式存在的犯罪所得转为货币形式,最终实现犯罪目的。分析买卖走私货物、物品的行为定性,应根据“禁止重复性评价”原则,即销售行为已被上游犯罪评价过,不再单独评价;销售行为未被上游犯罪评价,可以构成洗钱罪。

事后行为独立处罚视阈下的自洗钱罪数研究

作为事后行为,自洗钱已经具备独立处罚的条件,将其视为不可罚事后行为的传统观点有欠妥当。洗钱行为伴有明显的次生危险,本质上创设了新的法所不容许的风险,且该风险可以通过对洗钱发动刑罚权得以控制。对事后行为独立处罚是事后不可罚理论修正的表现。将自洗钱与上游犯罪数罪并罚具有正当性,但事后不可罚理论对自洗钱仍具有部分适用合理性。在自洗钱与上游犯罪并罚时,应在洗钱罪内部从轻处罚,避免重复性评价,达到罪责刑平衡适用的效果。对于自洗钱的定罪处罚,应当在故意范畴、期待可能性以及共犯从属性等方面予以限制。

帮助洗钱行为扩张性认定研究

随着我国刑事立法对治理洗钱行为的重视和落实,司法打击的效果亟待与实践需求相适应。由于事前允诺帮助洗钱的行为存在被评价为上游共同犯罪或洗钱罪的两可性,司法实践对“通谋”的适用不论是从时间、形式还是内容的判断上都存在扩张认定为上游共犯的倾向。其中主要原因在于洗钱罪与上游帮助犯的认定界限模糊和通谋型共同犯罪处罚的法理依据不明确。为防止司法适用中刑罚权的扩张,应当严格把握共同犯罪人的成立要件。一方面,从主观上严格限制“明知”的适用语境;另一方面,从客观上厘定行为的可罚范围并注重洗钱罪法益保护的独立性,以推进反洗钱罪名的合理适用。