Test and numerical investigations on static and dynamic characteristics of extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under vehicle loads

The present work is aimed at studying the mechanic properties of the extra-wide concrete self-anchored suspension bridge under static and dynamic vehicle loads. Based on the field test using 12 heavy trucks and finite element simulations, the static deformations of different components, stress increments and distributions of the girder, as well as the vibration characteristics and damping ratio of the Hunan Road Bridge were analyzed, which is the widest self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present. The dynamic responses were calculated using the Newmark-β integration method assisted by the simulation models of bridge and vehicles, the influences on the dynamic impact coefficient(DIC) brought by the vehicle parameters, girder width, eccentricity travel and deck flatness were also researched. The spatial effect of the girder is obvious due to the extra width, which performs as the stress increments distribute unevenly along the transverse direction, and the girder deflections and stress increments of the upper plate change as a "V" and "M" shape respectively under the symmetrical vehicle loads affected by the shear lag effect, cross slope and local effect of the wheels, the maximum of stress increments are located in the junctions with the inner webs. The obvious girder torsional deformation and the apparent unevenness of the hanger forces between the two cable planes under the eccentric vehicle loads, together with the mode shapes such as the girder transverse bending and torsion which appear relatively earlier, all reflect the weakened torsional rigidity of the extra-wide girder. The transverse displacements of towers are more obvious than the longitudinal ones. As for the influences on the DIC, the static effect of the heavier vehicles plays a major role when pass through with a higher speed and the changes of vehicle suspension stiffness generate greater impacts than the suspension damp. The values of DIC in the vehicle-running side during the eccentric travel, affected by the restricts from the static effects of the eccentric moving trucks, are significantly smaller than the vehicle-free side, the increase in the road roughness is the most sensitive one among the above influential factors. The results could provide references for the design, static and dynamic response analysis of the similar extra-wide suspension bridges.

Health monitoring and comparative analysis of time-dependent effect using different prediction models for self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder

The structural health status of Hunan Road Bridge during its two-year service period from April 2015 to April 2017 was studied based on monitored data.The Hunan Road Bridge is the widest concrete self-anchored suspension bridge in China at present.Its structural changes and safety were evaluated using the health monitoring data,which included deformations,detailed stresses,and vibration characteristics.The influences of the single and dual effects comprising the ambient temperature changes and concrete shrinkage and creep(S&C)were analyzed based on the measured data.The ANSYS beam finite element model was established and validated by the measured bridge completion state.The comparative analyses of the prediction results of long-term concrete S&C effects were conducted using CEB-FIP 90 and B3 prediction models.The age-adjusted effective modulus method was adopted to simulate the aging behavior of concrete.Prestress relaxation was considered in the stepwise calculation.The results show that the transverse deviations of the towers are noteworthy.The spatial effect of the extra-wide girder is significant,as the compressive stress variations at the girder were uneven along the transverse direction.General increase and decrease in the girder compressive stresses were caused by seasonal ambient warming and cooling,respectively.The temperature gradient effects in the main girder were significant.Comparisons with the measured data showed that more accurate prediction results were obtained with the B3 prediction model,which can consider the concrete material parameters,than with the CEB-FIP 90 model.Significant deflection of the midspan girder in the middle region will be caused by the deviations of the cable anchoring positions at the girder ends and tower tops toward the midspan due to concrete S&C.The increase in the compressive stresses at the top plate and decrease in the stresses at the bottom plate at the middle midspan will be significant.The pre-deviations of the towers toward the sidespan and pre-lift of the midspan girder can reduce the adverse influences of concrete S&C on the structural health of the self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-wide concrete girder.

Study of Vertical Seismic Response of Concrete Self-Anchored Suspension Bridges

Based on the variational prineiple of incomplete generalized potential energy with large deflection, the vertical nonlinear vibrational differential equation of self-anchored suspension bridge is presented by taking the effect of coupling of flexural and axial action into consideration. The linear vertical equation is obtained by omitting the nonlinear term, and the pseudo excitation method(PEM). Taking the self-anchored concrete suspension bridge over Lanqi Songhua river for an example, the expected peak responses of main beam, towers and cables are calculated. And the seismic spatial effects on vertical seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges are discussed.

Spatial structural analysis of main saddle for single tower spatial cable self-anchored suspension bridge

Based on the engineering background of the Jiangxinzhou Bridge in Nanjing, issues related to the spatial main saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge are studied. The refinement finite element model is established by the secondary development technology based on the platform of the general finite element program, and a reasonable load pattern is used in its spatial structural analysis, by which its path of force transference and stress distribution are obtained. Matched with the spatial main cable, the tangency point correction method is also discussed. The results show that the lateral wall stress of the saddle groove is higher than the stress within the wall due to the role of lateral forces in the finished bridge state; the horizontal volume force of the main cable can generate a gradient distributed vertical extrusion pressure on the saddle clamping device and the main saddle body; the geometric nonlinear effect of the self- anchored suspension bridge cable system in the construction process is significant, which can be reflected in the spatial tangent point position of the main cable with the main saddle changes a lot from free cable to finished cable.

Determination of reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges

A systematic and generic procedure for the determination of the reasonable finished state of self-anchored suspension bridges is proposed, the realization of which is mainly through adjustment of the hanger tensions. The initial hanger tensions are first obtained through an iterative analysis by combining the girder-tower-only finite element(FE) model with the analytical program for shape finding of the spatial cable system. These initial hanger tensions, together with the corresponding cable coordinates and internal forces, are then included into the FE model of the total bridge system, the nonlinear analysis of which involves the optimization technique. Calculations are repeated until the optimization algorithm converges to the most optimal hanger tensions(i.e. the desired reasonable finished bridge state). The "temperature rigid arm" is introduced to offset the unavoidable initial deformations of the girder and tower, which are due to the huge axial forces originated from the main cable. Moreover, by changing the stiffness coefficient K in the girder-tower-only FE model, the stiffness proportion of the main girder, the tower or the cable subsystem in the whole structural system could be adjusted according to the design intentions. The effectiveness of the proposed method is examined and demonstrated by one simple tutorial example and one self-anchored suspension bridge.

Numerical investigation of temperature gradient-induced thermal stress for steel–concrete composite bridge deck in suspension bridges

A3D finite element model(FEM)with realistic field measurements of temperature distributions is proposed to investigate the thermal stress variation in the steel–concrete composite bridge deck system.First,a brief literaturereview indicates that traditional thermal stress calculation in suspension bridges is based on the2D plane structure with simplified temperature profiles on bridges.Thus,a3D FEM is proposed for accurate stress analysis.The focus is on the incorporation of full field arbitrary temperature profile for the stress analysis.Following this,the effect of realistic temperature distribution on the structure is investigated in detail and an example using field measurements of Aizhai Bridge is integrated with the proposed3D FEM model.Parametric studies are used to illustrate the effect of different parameters on the thermal stress distribution in the bridge structure.Next,the discussion and comparison of the proposed methodology and simplified calculation method in the standard is given.The calculation difference and their potential impact on the structure are shown in detail.Finally,some conclusions and recommendations for future bridge analysis and design are given based on the proposed study.

Seismic Behavior Analysis of Steel Tower of Self-anchored Suspension Bridge

Self-anchored suspension bridge is composed of tower and its foundation, stiffened beam, main cable, sling, side pier and its foundation, auxiliary pier and its foundation. The performance and importance of the components of the bridge are different. The main tower of self-anchored suspension bridge is a very important component. Once the injury and damage occur under earthquake, it is not only difficult to inspect and repair, let alone replace. This paper calculates the seismic performance of self-anchored suspen-sion bridge steel tower based on the application of Wuhan Gutian Bridge steel tower.

Study on seismic response control of a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge with elastic-plastic steel damper

Elastic-plastic steel damper(EPSD) is a new device controlling seismic responses.The mechanical principle of EPSD was presented and a comparison was conducted between the theoretical formulas and finite element(FE) simulation of damper units.The verified force-displacement hysteretic curve of the damper system was obtained with reference to tests.The Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge(NJB) was subsequently taken as the case to investigate the seismic response control effect of EPSDs on single-tower self-anchored suspension bridges.A 3-dimensional FE model of the bridge was established in ANSYS and the dynamic and static analyses of the bridge were conducted,the control effect of EPSDs under different seismic waves was further investigated through nonlinear time-history analysis based on the validated model.Results showed that both the simplified theoretical and FE simulation methods can preferable reflect the mechanical performance of EPSD,and that seismic responses of NJB with EPSDs are better than those with elastic connection device or fluid viscous damper.However,the control effect of EPSDs is influenced by seismic wave characteristics.

Calculation method on shape finding of self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables

Based on the spatial model,a reliable and accurate calculation method on the shape finding of self anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was studiedin this paper.On the principle that the shape of the main cables between hangers is catenary,the iteration method of calculating the shapes of the spatial main cables under the load of hanger forces was deduced.The reasonable position of the saddle was determined according to the shape and the theoretical joint point of the main cables.The shapes of the main cables at completed cable stage werecalculated based on the unchanging principle of the zero-stress lengths of the main cables.By using a numerical method combining with the finite element method,one self-anchored suspension bridge with spatial cables was analyzed.The zero-stress length of the main cables,the position of the saddle,and the pre-offsetting of the saddle of the self-anchored suspension bridge were given.The reasonable shapes of the main cables at bridge completion stage and completed cable stage were presented.The results show that the shape-finding calculation method is effective and reliable.

Comprehensive Optimal Control on Seismic Response of a Single-Tower Self-Anchored Suspension Bridge

Earthquake may cause severe damage to all kinds of bridge such as the falling down of the girder; therefore,effective measures should be employed to control the seismic displacement. In this paper,the method of comprehensive optimal control,com-bined with analytic hierarchy process,is employed to investigate the seismic response control of the Nanjing Jiangxinzhou Bridge,which is a single-tower self-anchored suspension bridge （SSSB）. Also,3-dimensional nonlinear seismic response analyses are con-ducted. Three types of practical connection measures for seismic response control of SSSB are investigated,and the optimal pa-rameters of the connection devices are achieved by this method. Results show that both the elastic connection devices and the damp-ers with rational parameters can reduce the seismic displacement of the bridge effectively,but the elastic connection devices will in-crease the seismic force of the tower. When all factors are consid-ered,the optimal measure is by using the elastic connection devices and the dampers together. These results can provide references for seismic response control of SSSBs.

开口断面钢-混结合梁悬索桥颤振特性及颤振形态研究

为准确评估开口断面双边箱钢-混结合梁悬索桥颤振性能和多模态参与效应,以典型的钢-混结合梁悬索桥——怀化洞庭溪沅水特大桥为背景,开展风洞模型试验及数值分析。制作加劲梁节段缩尺模型并进行风洞试验,测试原桥梁结构的颤振性能,分析调整阻尼比、采用气动措施及结构措施对结构颤振特性的影响,采用三维和二维两种颤振分析方法分析设置中央扣结构的颤振模态及多模态参与效应。结果表明:该钢-混结合梁悬索桥存在较明显的颤振起振点,且颤振是以扭转为主的弯扭耦合振动,同时其扭转和竖向振动存在较大的相位差(相差近180°);节段模型风洞试验与三维和二维颤振分析一致得到设置中央扣后,频率较高的正对称扭转模态先于反对称模态发生颤振,且三维与二维颤振分析结果相差不大。

大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系研究

为保证已建桥梁发生涡激振动后桥梁结构的安全以及桥上行车和行人安全,提出综合考虑人员舒适性、结构受力和停车线形三方面的大跨度钢-混结合梁悬索桥涡激振动控制指标体系。该体系包含9项指标,分别为驾乘人员舒适度、驾乘人员晕动症、行人舒适度(狄克曼指标)、加劲梁强度、加劲梁应力、加劲梁挠度、桥面纵坡、竖曲线半径和停车视距。以武汉鹦鹉洲长江大桥为背景,分别计算了“限速”和“封桥”2个交通管制措施下9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值。在此基础上,将9项指标对应的涡激振动振幅限值的最小值作为涡激振动限值建议取值。结果表明:当该桥发生低阶竖弯涡激振动(VS1、VAS1)时,涡激振动的控制因素为加劲梁挠度指标;当大桥发生VAS2模态的竖弯涡激振动时,涡激振动由驾乘人员晕动症指标和行人舒适度指标共同控制;当大桥发生高阶竖弯涡激振动(VAS3、VAS4)时,涡激振动由行人舒适度指标控制。涡激振动控制指标体系及限值标准的计算框架可适用于不同桥型涡激振动限值的计算。

爆炸作用下超宽自锚式悬索桥动力响应研究

为研究超宽混凝土自锚式悬索桥在爆炸荷载作用下动力响应和毁伤特征,以某超宽混凝土自锚式悬索桥为工程背景,采用数值模拟文法,分析桥面近距爆炸作用下超宽箱梁顶面破口形态、底板竖向位移等动力响应。首先,利用Solidworks软件和Hypermesh软件建立整体桥梁的精细化有限元模型;其次,采用Ansys/LS-DYNA软件和*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED(LBE)方法施加爆炸荷载,并结合文献中混凝土构件爆炸试验结果验证计算方法的可靠性;最后,参数化分析不同炸药当量和沿横纵桥向不同爆炸位置工况下桥梁的动力响应。结果表明:当TNT当量为300 kg时,爆心正下方混凝土单元应力达极限值发生失效,形成椭圆形贯穿破口。随着TNT药量的增大,爆心正下方底板中心处的竖向位移峰值不断增大,1 000 kg药量工况下爆炸50 ms后竖向位移达135.9 mm。随着至爆心的距离增大,底板竖向位移减小,且竖向位移的增大速度减缓。吊杆内力变化与相连的箱梁底板竖向位移具有相关性,箱梁底板竖向位移越大,吊杆内力变化达到第一峰的峰值越高。相同爆炸当量工况下,爆心处于横、纵桥向不同位置时,超宽箱梁动力响应和破口形态的区别主要由横隔梁、腹板的支撑和约束作用不同引起。研究结果可为混凝土自锚式悬索桥的抗爆防护与加固提供重要依据。

瓯江北口大桥南引桥顶升施工技术

桥梁顶升技术作为一种有效的桥梁纠偏手段被广泛应用于桥梁线形调整方面。基于瓯江北口大桥南引桥第1联实际工程情况分析了该桥梁工程顶升施工的重难点,并依此建立适宜的桥梁顶升施工方案。采用理论计算与现场实测相结合的方法对顶升过程中箱梁的位移与应力进行有效监控分析,结果显示,该施工方案较好地指导了顶升施工。南引桥第1联各部位箱梁的实测顶升高度与设计顶升高度偏差均<10%。顶升过程中S02,S03号墩支座处梁体上缘呈受拉趋势,且未超过混凝土受拉强度,符合理论变化趋势。支座截面处箱梁应力变化规律与顶升高度变化规律相吻合。

钢管混凝土吊杆拱桥检测评估及加固改造探讨

文中以贵州省普通国省干线公路桥梁定期检查服务QLDJ-01标段钢管混凝土吊杆拱桥为例,对该桥的检测评估及加固改造方案进行分析;针对病害情况,提出更换吊杆、增设加劲纵梁、主拱圈灌浆、拱座加固、混凝土构件缺陷修复等加固改造方案,以提高桥梁结构安全性。

丰城市紫云大桥总体设计

紫云大桥为江西省丰城市内跨越赣江的重要桥梁工程,主线桥梁长约3.7 km,由跨赣江主通航孔桥、水中引桥、陆上引桥,以及立交、匝道、梯坡道桥等组成。主通航孔桥采用主跨180 m的水滴型桥塔空间索面自锚式悬索桥,水中引桥和陆上引桥分别采用双边箱组合梁和组合钢板梁结构。跨江段桥梁采用双层桥面布置,上层机动车道、下层人行和非机动车道的功能性设计增强了慢行过江体验感。主线桥梁均采用钢-混组合梁结构,避免了钢桥面疲劳和铺装易损难题,且施工便捷,对周围环境影响较小;陆上桥梁合理采用新型预制装配式组合钢板梁、UHPC湿接缝,提高了经济性、耐久性和施工效率,降低了全寿命周期内的维护成本。结合近远期规划,预留了远期高架桥延伸实施条件。

流溪河大桥主桥重建方案设计研究

流溪河大桥位于广州市温泉旅游度假区,在桥梁建设过程中因规划条件发生变化,桥梁由立交形式跨越堤岸路变更为与堤岸路平交,建设中的主桥需要拆除重建或易地建设。为了最大限度地利用原有桥梁结构,降低工程造价,同时满足周边景区对桥梁景观的要求,设计时结合已建条件,对不同重建方案进行了比较研究。经比选,最终确定主桥采用单跨125 m下承式钢筋混凝土系杆拱桥。主桥由系梁、拱肋、吊杆等组成,采用先梁后拱法施工。其中,拱肋采用钢筋混凝土结构,拱轴线为2次抛物线,矢跨比为1/5;系梁按整体箱形断面布置,采用单箱3室预应力混凝土箱形截面。流溪河大桥重建方案的设计思路和方法,可为今后同类型旧桥改造设计等提供参考。

洪塘大桥自锚式悬索桥设计要点

洪塘大桥位于福州西郊,跨越乌龙江,需原桥位拓宽改建,新建主桥采用自锚式悬索桥。基于施工期间保通车的民生要求,提出了三阶段横向拼接施工的设计方案,建成了国内第一座在改建工程中实现保通车目标的自锚式悬索桥。首次提出了主缆平弯锚固方案,改善了主缆锚固区的管养条件。采用有限元程序对桥梁运营及施工过程中的关键工序进行仿真分析,根据分析结果指导施工和施工控制,现场监测数据表明计算值与实测值相符。

混凝土自锚式悬索桥结构受力参数影响研究

以某混凝土自锚式悬索桥为依托,选取主缆自身重量、主梁自身重量、混凝土材料收缩徐变等设计参数,采用midas Civil大型有限元分析软件,探究了以上设计参数对该桥主缆形状及缆索内力的影响。结果表明:在设计过程及施工监控计算中,应准确统计主缆及加劲梁等恒载,找到合理成桥状态,在此基础上开展后续工作;混凝土主梁受收缩徐变影响较大,不同程度改变着主缆形状,应适当提高混凝土龄期,降低收缩徐变对成桥线形的不利影响。

伶仃洋大桥东索塔钢吊箱设计与施工

深中通道伶仃洋大桥为主跨1666 m的3跨钢箱梁悬索桥,主墩承台直径36 m,高度8 m,采用双壁钢吊箱作为承台临时围堰和永久防撞套箱,钢吊箱内径36.2 m,高度16 m,重量为1783 t,施工过程体系转换频繁,受力复杂。建立施工全过程有限元模型,针对性地分析吊装浮运、整体下放、封底浇筑、承台浇筑过程受力,并将有限元计算结果与现场实际监控结果进行了对比,两者较接近;同时采用MSC.Dytran计算软件模拟了10万t船舶从正面和侧面撞击时的钢吊箱防撞效果,得到正面和侧面撞击时最大撞击力分别减小5.6%和7.4%,钢吊箱结构设计合理,总体计算方式和施工方法合理可行。