Development and progress in polymer materials foranti-corrosion and anti-fouling applications:A review

Corrosion has always been a difficult problem that troubles and restricts the application and development ofengineering materials.By endowing coatings on metal surfaces with polymer material,it is possible to protect othermaterials from factors including acid and alkali,water vapor,bacteria.Therefore,it is necessary to summarize theresearch progress of polymer materials in the field of pollution and corrosion prevention in recent years.This articlesummarizes four types of polymer materials with good weather resistance:polyurethane(PU),polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS),polyvinylidene fluoride(PVDF),and polyvinylidene chloride(PVDC).These four polymer materials aresuitable for making polymer anti-corrosion or anti-fouling materials and each has its own characteristics.PU can firmlyadhere to various substrates,effectively protecting and extending their lifespan,but the environmentally friendly varietiescurrently used,namely water-borne polyurethanes(WPU),generally have poor mechanical properties.PDMS is nontoxicand has excellent hydrophobicity,but its static anti-fouling ability is insufficient when applied in the field of antifouling.PVDF has good chemical resistance and high mechanical properties,good UV resistance making it suitable foroutdoor use like in the marine environment.However,PVDF lacks flexibility after molding and its manufacturing cost isrelatively high.PVDC has excellent water vapor barrier properties,but poor adhesion to metal material surfaces.Therefore,researchers need to modify these four polymers when using them to solve the problem of corrosion orbiofouling.The article will review the research progress of four types of polymers in recent years from the perspectivesof anti-corrosion,anti-fouling,and a strategy named as self-healing that is beneficial for protecting polymer surfacesfrom mechanical damage,and summarize the modification methods adopted by researchers when applying thesematerials.Finally,a summary of the application and the prospects of these polymer materials are presented.

A theoretical model for impact protection of flexible polymer material

The relationship between the protective performance of flexible polymer material and material parameters(elasticmodulus,viscosity coefficient)is explored,an impact collision motion equation between two bodies is establishedfrom the viscoelastic material constitutive,and the relationship between the kinematic response and the materialparameters is obtained.Based on the Kelvin constitutive model,a theoretical model for impact between the pro-tective body and the protected body is established,then the dynamic response is obtained.The feasibility of themodel was verified by drop hammer experiment,and the material parameters(elastic modulus,viscosity coeffi-cient)were obtained by formula.The model is discretized and the relationship between local impact response andmaterial parameters is analyzed.The discussion results on the relationship between the impact response and theprotective material performance indicate that adjusting the elastic modulus,viscosity coefficient,and thicknessof the protective material can effectively improve protective effect.

Merging polymers of intrinsic microporosity and porous carbon-based zinc oxide composites in novel mixed matrix membranes for efficient gas separation

Mixed matrix membranes(MMMs)have demonstrated significant promise in energy-intensive gas separations by amalgamating the unique properties of fillers with the facile processability of polymers.However,achieving a simultaneous enhancement of permeability and selectivity remains a formidable challenge,due to the difficulty of achieving an optimal match between polymers and fillers.In this study,we incorporate a porous carbon-based zinc oxide composite(C@ZnO)into high-permeability polymers of intrinsic microporosity(PIMs)to fabricate MMMs.The dipole–dipole interaction between C@ZnO and PIMs ensures their exceptional compatibility,mitigating the formation of non-selective voids in the resulting MMMs.Concurrently,C@ZnO with abundant interconnected pores can provide additional low-resistance pathways for gas transport in MMMs.As a result,the CO_(2) permeability of the optimized C@ZnO/PIM-1 MMMs is elevated to 13,215 barrer,while the CO_(2)/N_(2) and CO_(2)/CH_(4) selectivity reached 21.5 and 14.4,respectively,substantially surpassing the 2008 Robeson upper bound.Additionally,molecular simulation results further corroborate that the augmented membrane gas selectivity is attributed to the superior CO_(2) affinity of C@ZnO.In summary,we believe that this work not only expands the application of MMMs for gas separation but also heralds a paradigm shift in the application of porous carbon materials.

A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP)and glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP)composite materials

Fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) composite materials are heterogeneous and anisotropic materials that do not exhibit plastic deformation. They have been used in a wide range of contemporary applications particularly in space and aviation,automotive,maritime and manufacturing of sports equipment. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer(CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP) composite materials,among other fiber reinforced materials,have been increasingly replacing conventional materials with their excellent strength and low specific weight properties. Their manufacturability in varying combinations with customized strength properties,also their high fatigue,toughness and high temperature wear and oxidation resistance capabilities render these materials an excellent choice in engineering applications.In the present review study,a literature survey was conducted on the machinability properties and related approaches for CFRP and GFRP composite materials. As in the machining of all anisotropic and heterogeneous materials,failure mechanisms were also reported in the machining of CFRP and GFRP materials with both conventional and modern manufacturing methods and the results of these studies were obtained by use of variance analysis(ANOVA),artificial neural networks(ANN) model,fuzzy inference system(FIS),harmony search(HS) algorithm,genetic algorithm(GA),Taguchi's optimization technique,multi-criteria optimization,analytical modeling,stress analysis,finite elements method(FEM),data analysis,and linear regression technique. Failure mechanisms and surface quality is discussed with the help of optical and scanning electron microscopy,and profilometry. ANOVA,GA,FEM,etc. are used to analyze and generate predictive models.

Compressive Strength of Polymer Grouting Material at Different Temperatures

In order to study the influence of temperature on compressive strength of polymer grouting material,the compression specimen injection mold is self-made,and the uniaxial compressive test was carried out in the temperature control box under different temperatures.The change regularity of compressive strength of polymer grouting material under different temperatures and the law of volume changes of polymer samples were obtained.The experimental results show that：the compressive strength of polymer material increases with the increase of density;the temperature change has a certain influence on the compressive strength of polymer grouting material;the compressive strength decreases with temperature increases under the same density,but the compressive strength is not significantly affected by temperature when the density is less than 0.4 g/cm3;the volume change of the samples accords with the law of thermal expansion and contraction when temperature changes,and the increase of the volume is obvious when it is under high temperature.The achievements will provide an important basis to the application of the polymer grouting material.

Self-healing Action of Permeable Crystalline Coating on Pores and Cracks in Cement-based Materials

The self-healing action of a permeable crystalline coating on the po rous mortar was investigated by two times impermeability test. Moreover, the sel f-healing mechanism of cement-based materials with the permeable crystalline c oating was studied by SEM. The results indicate that the permeable crystalline c oating not only seals the pores and cracks in mortar during its curing process, but also heals the permeable pathway caused by first impermeability test or crac ks produced by freeze-thaw cycles. Therefore, cement-based materials can be im proved by the permeable crystalline coating for the self-healing function. SEM images prove that the self-healing function is realized by generating a great q uantity of non-soluble dendritic crystalline within the pores and cracks, which prevents the penetration of water and other liquids.

Super-absorbent swellable polymer as grouting material for treatment of karst water inrush

Grouting is the most commonly used method to control water inrush in underground engineering.Traditional cement-based materials are easy to dilute and hard to coagulate under the influence of large flow and high-velocity water inrush.To address these deficiencies,a new type of polymer grouting material with an excellent expansion ratio was synthesised.The material quickly absorbs water and has an expansion ratio of 1:300.The material is composed of a superabsorbent polymer(SAP),glycerol,and ethanol.The effects of water quality on the expansion ratio and expansion rate of the material were examined,and the best solid–liquid ratio for the slurry was determined by fluidity measurements.A karst specially designed pipeline water inrush test device showed that 800 g of SAP can achieve 0.6 m/s water flow blockage in the smooth pipeline,demonstrating that the ability of the SAP slurry to block water inrush is superior to those of other materials.This study provides a reference for water inrush plugging,and has important implications for the reduction and control of karst pipeline-type water inrush disasters,ensuring the safety of construction sites and preventing loss of life and damage to property.

Effects of superabsorbent polymer particles on flexural properties and self-healing behavior of ECC

In order to improve the self-healing behavior and the recovery of mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites(ECC),the approach of incorporating superabsorbent polymer(SAP)in mixtures is investigated.The rapid water penetration test and four-point bending test were conducted to evaluate the effects of self-healing on the water permeability and mechanical properties of pre-damaged ECC.The self-healing process and self-healing products were observed by the environment scanning electron microscope(ESEM)and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).The experimental results show that all ECC mixtures exhibit excellent flexural capacity,meanwhile maintaining a crack width below 50μm.The incorporation of SAP particles in ECC can apparently improve the mechanical recovery of ECC mixtures after 10 healing curing cycles,such as flexural deformation and flexural stiffness.The flexural stiffness of ECC containing 4%SAP particles after self-healing can be recovered to 80%.The self-healing test results show that when the water permeability of ECC mixtures incorporating SAP particles is close to zero,only three healing cycles are needed.When ECC incorpora ting more SAP particles,the accelerated self-healing process can be finished in the first three cycles,and self-healing product is mixed Ca(OH)2/CaCO 3 with CaCO 3 being a major component in the later stage.It is,therefore,feasible to produce ECC materials incorporating SAP particles,while simultaneously maintaining higher material ductility and self-healing behavior.

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical process in buffer material and self-healing effects with joints

Within the multi-barrier system for high-level waste disposal,the technological gap formed by combined buffer material block becomes the weak part of buffer layer.In this paper,Gaomiaozi bentonite buffer material with technological gap was studied,the heat transfer induced by liquid water flow and water vapor was embedded into the energy conservation equation.Based on the Barcelona basic model,the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical model of unsaturated bentonite was established by analyzing the swelling process of bentonite block and the compression process of joint material.The China-Mock-up test was adopted to compare the numerical calculation results with the test results so as to verify the rationality of the proposed model.On this basis,the effect of joint self-healing on dry density,thermal conductivity and permeability coefficient of buffer material was further analyzed.The results show that,with bentonite hydrating and swelling,the joint material gradually increases in dry density,and exhibits comparatively uniform hydraulic and thermal conductivity properties as compacted bentonite block.As a result,the buffer material gradually shifts to homogenization due to the coordinated deformation.

Improvising the Self-Healing Capabilities of Concrete Using Different Pozzolanic Materials and Crystalline Admixtures

To analyse the self-healing capacities in terms of mechanical performance of the pozzolanic materials,such as,fly ash,metakaolin and silica fume and crystalline admixtures.Pre-cracked concrete cubes with about 0.05 mm width were exposed to four different environmental conditions at different exposure times in order to determine the effect of temperature and water availability on the self-healing potential.After the exposure,the control and tested concrete cubes were evaluated for regained strength,void reduction,corrosion inhibition,damp proofing,relative impermeability and durability.The samples with SF10CA have better cementitious filling and low percentage of voids and water absorption.

Modified Vegetable Oil Based Additives as a Future Polymeric Material—Review

Polymeric materials from renewable resources have attracted a lot of attention in recent years. The development and utilization of vegetable oils for polymeric materials are currently in the spotlight of the polymer and chemical industry, as they are the largest renewable platform due to their universal wide availability, ingrained biodegradability, low cost, and excellent environmental aspects (i.e., low ecotoxicity and low toxicity toward humans). These excellent natural characteristics are now being taken advantage of in research and development, with vegetable oil derived polymers/polymeric materials/composites being used in numerous applications including paints and coatings, adhesives, and nanocomposites. The aim of this review paper is to give a fundamental description of the various vegetable oil applications in polymer materials and its recent developments. Particular emphasis will be placed on study and main application of triglyceride based additive for polymer and to give the reader an insight into the main developments is discussed.

Non-conjugated polymers as thickness-insensitive electron transport materials in high-performance inverted organic solar cells

Two non-conjugated polymers PEIE-DBO and PEIE-DCO, prepared by quaternization of polyethyleneimine ethoxylate by 1,8-dibromooctane and 1,8-dichlorooctane respectively, are developed as electron transport layer(ETL) in high-performance inverted organic solar cells(OSCs), and the effects of halide ions on polymeric photoelectric performance are fully investigated. PEIE-DBO possesses higher electron mobility(3.68×10-4 cm2 V-1s-1), higher conductivity and more efficient exciton dissociation and electron extraction, attributed to its lower work function(3.94 eV) than that of PEIE-DCO, which results in better photovoltaic performance in OSCs. The inverted OSCs with PTB7-Th: PC71BM as photoactive layer and PEIE-DBO as ETL exhibit higher PCE of 10.52%, 9.45% and 9.09% at the thickness of 9, 35 and 50 nm,respectively. To our knowledge, PEIE-DBO possesses the best thickness-insensitive performance in polymeric ETLs of inverted fullerene-based OSCs. Furthermore, PEIE-DBO was used to fabricate the inverted non-fullerene OSCs(PM6:Y6) and obtained a high PCE of 15.74%, which indicates that PEIE-DBO is effective both in fullerene-based OSCs and fullerene-free OSCs.

Rheological Behaviour for Polymer Melts and Concentrated SolutionsPart Ⅱ: Material Function with Nagai Chain Constraints and Determination of Their Parameters from Flow Curves

An integral constitutive equation and a set of material functions for describing the strain history of polymer melts were formulated in terms of the Cauchy-Green and Finger tensors. A simple memory function and the dependence of ηo and τt on M3.4 were derived from the theory of non-linear viscoelasticity with constraints of entanglements for polymer melts and substituted into the Oldroye-Walters-Fredickson constitutive equation. An integral constitutive equation for polymer melts was consequently obtained. Some material functions of the constitutive equation related to certain 'test flow' are examined as follows : (1) simple steady shear flow; (2) steady elongation flow; (3) small-amplitude oscillatory shear flow; (4) stress growth upon the inception of steady shear elongation flow; (5) stress relaxation (modulus and compllance). These theoretical relations for simple steady shear flow were compared with experimental data from our laboratory and references for various polymer melts and concentrated solutions. A good agreement between the theory and experiment was achieved.

Phenylfluorenamine-functionalized poly(N-vinylcarbazole)s as dopant-free polymer hole-transporting materials for inverted quasi-2D perovskite solar cells

In order to improve the efficiency and stability of inverted three-dimensional(3D) or quasi-2D perovskite solar cells(PSCs) for future commercialization, exploring high efficient dopant-free polymer holetransporting materials(HTMs) is still desired and meaningful. One simple and efficient way to achieve high performance dopant-free HTMs is to synthesize novel non-conjugated side-chain polymers via rational molecular design. In this work, N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine(FMeNPh) groups are introduced into the poly(N-vinylcarbazole)(PVK) side chains to afford two nonconjugated polymers PVCz-DFMeNPh and PVCz-FMeNPh as dopant-free HTMs in inverted quasi-2D PSCs. Benefited from the flexible properties of polyethylene backbone and excellent optoelectronic natures of FMeNPh side-chain groups, PVCz-DFMeNPh with more FMeNPh units exhibited excellent thermal stability, well-matched energy levels and improved charge mobility as compared to PTAA and PVCzFMeNPh. Moreover, the morphologies investigation of quasi-2D perovskite on PVCz-DFMeNPh shows more compact and homogeneous perovskite films than those on PTAA and PVCz-FMeNPh. As a result,the dopant-free PVCz-DFMeNPh based inverted quasi-2D PSCs deliver power conversion efficiency(PCE) up to 18.44% as well as negligible hysteresis and favorable long-term stability, which represents as excellent performance reported to date for inverted quasi-2D PSCs. The results demonstrate the great potentials of constructing non-conjugated side-chain polymer HTMs based on phenylfluorenamine-func tionalized PVK for the development of high efficient and stable inverted 3D or quasi-2D PSCs.

A crosslinked polymer as dopant-free hole-transport material for efficient n-i-p type perovskite solar cells

A new crosslinked polymer,called P65,with appropriate photo-electrochemical,opto-electronic,and thermal properties,has been designed and synthesized as an efficient,dopant-free,hole-transport material(HTM)for n-i-p type planar perovskite solar cells(PSCs).P65 is obtained from a low-cost and easily synthesized spiro[fluorene-9,90-xanthene]-30,60-diol(SFX-OH)-based monomer X65 through a freeradical polymerization reaction.The combination of a three-dimensional(3 D)SFX core unit,holetransport methoxydiphenylamine group,and crosslinked polyvinyl network provides P65 with good solubility and excellent film-forming properties.By employing P65 as a dopant-free hole-transport layer in conventional n-i-p type PSCs,a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of up to 17.7%is achieved.To the best of our knowledge,this is the first time a 3 D,crosslinked,polymeric dopant-free HTM has been reported for use in conventional n-i-p type PSCs.This study provides a new strategy for the future development of a 3 D crosslinked polymeric dopant-free HTM with a simple synthetic route and low-cost for commercial,large-scale applications in future PSCs.

SYNTHESIS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF VINYL POLYMERINORGANIC HYBRID AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS

We describe the sol-gel synthesis of a new family of organic-inorganic hybrid materials, in which various vinyl polymers are covalently bonded to and uniformly distributed in inorganic oxide matrices. The materials can be tailored to have both good toughness and hardness while maintaining excellent optical transparency. Doping the sol-gel metal oxides with optically active compounds such as D-glucose results in new optical rotatory composite materials. Removal of the dopant compounds from the composites affords mesoporous oxide materials; which represents a new, nonsurfactant-templated route to mesoporous molecular sieves. We have successfully immobilized a series of enzymes and other bioactive agents in mesoporous materials. Catalytical activities of the enzyme encapsulated in mesoporous materials were found to be much higher than those encapsulated in microporous materials.

Application of Clays in Fire Retardant Materials of Polymers

Because of the dispersion at the nanometer level, polymer-clay nanocomposites exhibit superior properties in comparison with pure polymer or conventional composites; this includes properties such as barrier properties , improved thermal stability and flame retardancy. The outstanding properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites are achieved at a much lower volume fraction, compared with conventional composites. Polymer-clay nanocomposites can be processed using common techniques, such as extrusion and casting, which are superior to the cumbersome techniques used for the conventional composites. Hence, polymer-clay nanocomposites have important potential commercial value.

Synthesis, Characterization of A Novel Polymeric Reaction Monomer for Preparing Highly Fluorescent Rare Earth Polymer Materials

A novel polymeric reaction monomer (NPRM) for preparing highly fluorescent rare earth polymer materials was synthesized via interface and coordinating reaction. The composition and structure of the NPRM and intermediate product (ligand) were characterized through the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), carbon-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (13CNMR), Mass spectra (MS), and element analysis data. The results showed that the composition and structure of NPRM agreed with that of anticipated product. The NPRM was composed of two important sections. Section 1 was able to provide excellent fluorescent properties for final rare earth polymer material through the effect energy transfer between ligand and rare earth ion; Section 2 would endow with the NPRM excellent polymeric active and form highly fluorescent rare earth polymer material. Fluorescent properties of the NPRM were also researched via a CARY ECLIPSE fluorescent spectrometer. The results showed that the NPRM possessed excellent luminescent properties. The corresponding emission peaks based on the 5D0→7F1(601.6 nm), 5D0→7F2(625.0 nm), 5D0→7F3(660.5 nm) and 5D0→7F4(706.3 nm) transitions for Eu3+ were observed. The strongest emission peak was at 625 nm, which belonged to 5D0→7F2 transition.

Synthesis of a Novel Blue- light- emitting Polymer Material Bearing Coumarin Pendants

A novel blue luminescent polymer bearing coumarin pendants was prepared. Its luminescent properties were determined indicating that it had strong blue fluorescent properties and good film formation ability. This novel polymer can be used as a blue organic electroluminescent material (OELM) in organic electroluminescent devices.