Exploring the Dual Subjectivity of Kindergarten's Self-made Play and Teaching Aids Activities from the Perspective of Children's Play Development in China

The joint development of teachers and young children is the basis for promoting the development of high-quality preschool education in the new era,and encouraging early childhood teachers to make playthings according to local conditions is both the fine tradition of China's early childhood education and the direct orientation of China's preschool education policy.Homemade play and teaching aids are some of the methods often used in kindergartens,which skillfully combine young children's daily life objects with toys and early childhood teaching,not only enriching the collective activities of young children but also cultivating children's abilities in various aspects.Kindergarten homemade"play and teaching aids"for early childhood teachers and children have their special educational significance and value,therefore,this paper is based on the children and teachers double subject basis,discussing the homemade"play and teaching aids"for children and teachers of the double subject meanings,and puts forward the realization of the This paper discusses the double-subjective meaning of homemade teaching aids for children and teachers on the basis of the double-subjective foundation of children and teachers,and puts forward specific suggestions for realizing the double-subjectivity of kindergarten homemade teaching aids to enrich the theoretical value and practical significance of homemade teaching aids,to provide theoretical references and support for the relevant staff.

Self-made wire loop snare successfully treats gastric persimmon stone under endoscopy

BACKGROUND Large gastric persimmon stones are generally resistant to standard endoscopic treatments.We applied an alternative endoscopic method using a hand-made snare for the treatment of large gastric phytobezoars.AIM To explore the clinical efficacy of a self-made wire loop snare to treat giant gastric persimmon stones.METHODS A retrospective study evaluated the clinical data of 38 patients with gastroliths admitted to Taihe Hospital in Shiyan City,Hubei Province,China,between March 2015 and October 2020.The patients were divided into observation(n=23)and control(n=15)groups.Patients in the observation group were treated with selfmade wire loop snares for lithotripsy,and patients in the control group were treated with traditional foreign body forceps,snares,injection needles,and other tools.Successful stone removal,treatment time,and hospital stay were compared.RESULTS The average operating time was significantly shorter(P<0.001)in the observation group(53.4 min)than that in the control group(172.8 min).The average hospital stay of the observation group(5.4 d)was significantly shorter(P<0.001)than that in the control group(10.3 d).Successful one-time treatment was significantly more frequent(P<0.001)in the observation group(87%)than in the control group(7%).CONCLUSION Self-made guidewire loop snares were successfully used to treat gastrolithiasis, and were significantly more effective than foreign body forceps, snares, and other traditionalmethods.

植物病原真菌及卵菌SNAREs基因功能研究进展

植物病原真菌和卵菌产生的效应蛋白在促进病原菌侵染、操纵寄主免疫方面有关键作用,这些效应蛋白在与寄主作用之前必须被分泌出去,SNARE蛋白家族作为真核细胞内囊泡转运及膜融合的关键组分,在分子转运中有核心调控作用。随着许多植物丝状病原菌基因组被破译,对SNAREs基因参与病原菌致病机制的研究取得了可喜进展。本研究简要概述了真核生物中SNARE蛋白的组成及分类和植物病原真菌及卵菌中SNARE蛋白基因的功能研究进展,并据此提出进一步开展SNARE蛋白基因功能分析的研究建议,以期为全面、深入研究植物病原真菌和卵菌中SNARE基因的功能、理解病原菌致病、效应蛋白分泌提供新的视野,为植物-病原物互作的分子机制研究提供参考。

杨树腐烂病菌SNARE蛋白CcNyv1的功能

【目的】解析SNARE蛋白Nyv1在杨树腐烂病菌中调控囊泡运输相关过程的功能,探究该病菌在生长发育和致病过程中的作用机制,为阐明SNARE蛋白在杨树腐烂病菌致病过程中的调控机制提供理论依据,并为该病害防控提供参考。【方法】1)利用酿酒酵母Nyv1的氨基酸序列进行Blastp分析,获得其同源的CcNyv1基因;2)利用生物信息学软件对CcNyv1编码的氨基酸序列和其他真菌中的Nyv1同源序列进行多序列比对,并构建系统发育树;3)采用Split-marker方法和PEG介导的遗传转化体系,构建CcNyv1基因缺失突变体及其回补菌株;4)通过PDA平板生长试验观察菌丝生长速率,分析CcNyv1基因及其Longin、SNARE结构域对菌丝的营养生长和盐胁迫响应的影响;5)通过对1年生杨树枝条烫伤接种观察病斑扩展面积,评价CcNyv1基因及其Longin、SNARE结构域对杨树腐烂病菌致病力的影响;6)利用FM4-64染剂染色,探究CcNyv1基因和Longin、SNARE结构域对该病菌的内吞作用产生的影响。【结果】1)通过酿酒酵母Nyv1的氨基酸序列blast比对,在杨树腐烂病菌中获得其同源基因CcNyv1,该基因全长780 bp,包含1个内含子,编码1个233 aa的囊泡运输相关R-SNARE蛋白,该蛋白含有1个N端的Longin结构域和1个C端的SNARE结构域;2)多序列对比和系统发育分析表明,CcNyv1和其他子囊菌中的Nyv1同源基因具有较高的序列相似度,且在进化上较为保守,与寄生隐丛赤壳中的同源基因的亲缘关系最为接近;3)成功构建CcNyv1基因缺失突变体、Longin结构域缺失突变体、SNARE结构域缺失突变体和CcNyv1基因回补菌株;4)菌丝生长表型和侵染杨树枝条致病表型分析表明,CcNyv1基因缺失突变体和Longin、SNARE结构域缺失突变体在菌丝营养生长、盐胁迫响应以及致病力等方面存在明显缺陷;5)比较FM4-64染色后野生型和缺失突变体菌株的囊泡分布情况,可见CcNyv1基因和Longin、SNARE结构域影响杨树腐烂病菌的内吞作用。【结论】杨树腐烂病菌SNARE蛋白CcNyv1在营养生长、胁迫应答、致病力及内吞作用等方面发挥重要调控作用。

Pyrimethamine upregulates BNIP3 to interfere SNARE-mediated autophagosome-lysosomal fusion in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumor types and remains a major clinical challenge. Increasing evidence has revealed that mitophagy inhibitors can enhance the effect of chemotherapy on HCC. However, few mitophagy inhibitors have been approved for clinical use in humans. Pyrimethamine (Pyr) is used to treat infections caused by protozoan parasites. Recent studies have reported that Pyr may be beneficial in the treatment of various tumors. However, its mechanism of action is still not clearly defined. Here, we found that blocking mitophagy sensitized cells to Pyr-induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, Pyr potently induced the accumulation of autophagosomes by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion in human HCC cells. In vitro and in vivo studies revealed that Pyr blocked autophagosome-lysosome fusion by upregulating BNIP3 to inhibit synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29)-vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) interaction. Moreover, Pyr acted synergistically with sorafenib (Sora) to induce apoptosis and inhibit HCC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Pyr enhances the sensitivity of HCC cells to Sora, a common chemotherapeutic, by inhibiting mitophagy. Thus, these results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of Pyr and imply that Pyr could potentially be further developed as a novel mitophagy inhibitor. Notably, Pyr and Sora combination therapy could be a promising treatment for malignant HCC.

胶质细胞内SNARE复合体功能及其与抑郁障碍发生的关系

抑郁障碍是现代人类致残和死亡的一个常见原因,部分患者对现有的抗抑郁障碍药物并不敏感,复发率极高。现有的抗抑郁障碍药物存在许多问题,迫切需要找到一种针对多个靶点的新型抗抑郁药。近年来的研究发现,可溶性N-乙基马来酰亚胺敏感因子附着蛋白受体(soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor,SNARE)复合体与抑郁障碍发生及进展密切相关。该文总结和归纳了胶质细胞内SNARE复合体在抑郁障碍发生过程中的潜在作用机制,并对相关研究进行综述,以期为临床上开发新型的抗抑郁障碍药物提供新的思路。

Observation on Curative Effect of Self-made Wubeizi Decoction Combined with rhaFGF in Promoting Postoperative Wound Healing in Patients with Anal Fistula

[Objectives]To explore the curative effect of Self-made Wubeizi Decoction combined with recombinant human acidic fibroblast growth factor(rhaFGF)in promoting postoperative wound healing in patients with anal fistula.[Methods]A total of 82 patients with anal fistula who underwent anal fistula resection+use of setons in Luodian Hospital during January and March of 2020 were randomly divided into observation group and control group with 41 cases in each group.The control group was given rhaFGF external application regimen,and the observation group was treated with Self-made Wubeizi Decoction on the basis of the control group.After 3 weeks of treatment,the differences in curative effects of TCM syndromes were compared between the two groups.Besides,the changes in TCM symptom scores,inflammatory mediators[interleukin-12(IL-12),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),interferon-γ(IFN-γ)],anorectal functions[anal resting pressure(ARP),maximal systolic pressure(MSP)and maximum tolerated volume(MTV)of the anal canal],quality of life[GQOLI-74 scores]were compared.[Results]After 3 weeks of treatment,the total effective rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);the levels of TCM symptom scores,IL-12,TNF-α,IFN-γ,ARP,MSP,and MTV in both groups were significantly lower than those before treatment,and these levels in the observation group was significantly lower than that in the control group at the same time(P<0.05).The GQOLI-74 scores of both groups were significantly higher than those before treatment,and the observation group was significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05).[Conclusions]The Self-made Wubeizi Decoction combined with rhaFGF therapy has a significant effect in promoting postoperative wound healing in patients with anal fistula.It can effectively inhibit the local inflammation of patients,facilitate the recovery of anorectal function and improve the quality of life,thus has high clinical application value.

Cold snare polypectomy:A closer look at the efficacy and limitations for polyps 10-20 mm in size

Current guidelines recommend cold snare polypectomy for polyps less than 10 mm in size.Conversely,endoscopic mucosal resection is still the preferred technique for larger polyps.Concerns regarding cold snare polypectomy for larger polyps revolve around the difficulty in conducting en-bloc resection(resulting in piecemeal removal),and the potential for local residual polyp tissue and a high rate of recurrence.On the other hand,cold snare technique has the advantages of shortening procedure time,reducing delayed bleeding risks and lowering cost of treatment.Numerous ongoing and recent studies are focused on evaluating the risks and benefits of this technique for polyps larger than 10 mm,with the goal of providing clear guidelines in the near future.The aim of this editorial is to provide our readers with an overview regarding this subject and the latest developments surrounding it.

Process Analysis of Mobile Fermentation of Spent White Hypsizygus marmoreus Substrate with Self-made Mobile Fermentation Bag

The self-made mobile fermentation bag for spent white Hypsizygus marmoreus substrate was developed, and the relevant fermentation process was studied. The results showed that under the condition of single addition of Lactobacillus,nitrogen-free extract was degraded into lactic acid, leading to decreased pH value.On day 10, the fermentation effect reached the best with Lactobacillus abundance of 5.12×10~7/ml, lactic acid content of 0.48% and strong acid flavor. At this time, the fermentation material was moist without mildew and agglomeration, and was suitable for livestock and poultry. However, after 10 days, undesirable acids and mildew generated, a large amount of lactic acid bacteria died, and the fermentation material turned black and agglomerated, and became unsuitable for feeding livestock and poultry. Throughout the fermentation process, the pH value first decreased continuously until to 4.0, and then remained stable. During the fermentation of spent white H. marmoreus substrate, the nitrogen-free extract and crude fiber contents decreased, the crude protein content increased, while other indicators remained unchanged.

Severe skeletal bimaxillary protrusion treated with micro-implants and a self-made four-curvature torquing auxiliary: A case report

BACKGROUND Bimaxillary protrusion is a clinically common dentofacial deformity,particularly among Chinese patients.This kind of malformation can severely affect facial esthetics and,even in mild cases,is difficult to correct without surgery.Unfortunately,many patients abandon treatment because of fear of surgery.Here,we describe a case of severe skeletal bimaxillary protrusion treated with nonsurgical orthodontic treatments,highlighting an alternative treatment option.CASE SUMMARY A 31-year-old woman wished to address a severe protrusion profile(approximately 8 mm overbite)and gummy smile.Cephalometric analysis and superimposition showed a severe skeletal class II pattern with a mandibular retrusion,and proclined and protrusive mandibular incisors.Panoramic radiograph showed a missing mandibular right third molar.A diagnosis of severe bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion was made.Taking into account the patient’s fear of orthognathic surgery,she accepted the proposed alternative treatment using micro-implants and a self-made four-curvature torquing auxiliary.The treatment allowed for maximal en masse anterior tooth retraction,proper relocation of incisors,and alleviation of the skeletal class II pattern.Esthetically,the patient’s lip protrusion was significantly decreased as was the overjet(from 10.5 mm to 1.8 mm),and the results remained stable throughout the 2-year followup.CONCLUSION Nonsurgical treatment using micro-implants and a four-curvature torquing auxiliary may benefit severe cases of skeletal bimaxillary protrusion in adults.

Protective Effects of Self-made Compound Taoren Danshen Decoction on Rats with Acute Liver Injury

[Objectives] To study the protective effects of self-made Compound Taoren Danshen Decoction( CTDD) on acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine in rats,and to explore its mechanism. [Methods]An acute liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 500 mg/kg of D-galactosamine. The ALT,AST,MDA,SOD and GSH-Px in serum,as well as serum TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 levels were measured,and liver tissue lesions were observed under microscope. [Results] CTDD can significantly reduce ALT,AST and MDA levels,increase SOD,GSH-Px activity,and significantly reduce serum TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 levels,and improve liver tissue lesions.[Conclusions]CTDD has a protective effect on D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats,and its mechanism may be related to inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction.

Observation on the Effect of Umbilical Therapy of Herbal Medicine Combined with Self-Made Dysmenorrhea Paste on Primary Dysmenorrhea

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of self-made dysmenorrhea paste combined with umbilical therapy of herbal medicine on primary dysmenorrhea.Methods:160 patients with primary dysmenorrhea were recruited from Changle People’s Hospital.Participants were randomly divided into control group and treatment group,with 80 cases in each group.The control group were administered the dysmenorrhea paste sold on the market for 5 days during three menstruation cycles,and the treatment group was given the umbilical therapy of herbal medicine combined with self-made dysmenorrhea paste.The outcome was the intensity of menstrual pain measured by using the visual analogue scale,TCM symptom score and dysmenorrhea symptom score of patients,responder rate.The clinical outcomes were measured on each menstrual cycle at baseline,treatment course(3 cycles),and follow-up period.Results:In this study,there was no significant difference in age and severity of disease between the two groups before treatment.After treatment,VAS score,TCM symptom score and dysmenorrhea symptom score of patients in both groups decreased.The total effective rate was 90.75%in the treatment group and 81.25%in the control group.Conclusion:The treatment of primary dysmenorrhea patients with self-made dysmenorrhea paste combined with application of drugs and moxibustion naval-button method has a significant clinical effect.This method can reduce the pain of patients,improve the quality of life of patients,and homemade dysmenorrhea paste has a good taste,long shelf life,easy to carry,and is worthy of promotion and application.

Effect of self-made exhaust plaster on patients with gastrointestinal dysfunction after gynecological operation

Objective:To explore the effect of self-made exhaust patch(SMEP)on gastrointestinal dysfunction after gynecological operation.Methods:A total of 200 patients with gynecological operation in the gynecological ward of Shandong Changle People's Hospital were randomly divided into the control group(n=100)and the treatment group(n=100).The recovery time of bowel sounds,the time of first anal exhaust,the duration of abdominal distention,the duration of abdominal pain,the incidence of abdominal distention and abdominal pain and linical efficacy of SMEP were observed.Results:Compared with the control group,the recovery time of gastrointestinal function and the first anal exhaust time in the treatment group were shorter;the duration of abdominal distention and abdominal pain in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group(P<0.05);Cure rate of abdominal distention in the treatment is 62.5%and cure rate of abdominal pain in the treatment is 60%within 72 hours after operation,which is higher than that in the control group(44.%,45.9%).Conclusion:The results showed that the self-made exhaust patch can improve the clinical symptoms of patients after gynecological abdominal surgery,and the self-made exhaust patch had a significant effect on gastrointestinal dysfunction after gynecological surgery,which was worthy of clinical promotion.

Clinical observation on TCM fumigation and washing for treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy by self-made water-washing footbath

the quality of life seriously,and even lead to more servere complications.On the base of the well-controlled blood glucose,improving the symptoms of both lower limbs timely will has positive significance for enhancing the life quality of patients and preventing complications of limbs.This article makes a comprehensive study on the application of self-made water-washing footbath in the treatment of DPN by Chinese medicine fumigation.From March 2018 to April 2018 in our hospital 20 cases of DPN patients were collected and they were divided into observation group(treated by self-made water-washing footbath with herbs)and control group(treated by conventional barrels),10 cases in each.The results showed that Chinese medicine fumigation on both lower limbs has clinical curative effect to improve the symptoms of arthromyodynia caused by diabetes.It provide an alternative method of external treatment for DPN patients with numbness in both lower limbs which could alleviate their suffering and improve the quality of life significantly.

冷圈套器在应用抗凝药老年患者结直肠小息肉切除中的效果分析

目的对比冷圈套器息肉切除术(cold snare polypectomy,CSP)、高频电刀息肉切除术(hot snare polypectomy,HSP)二种内镜治疗方法在口服抗凝药老年患者中切除结直肠小息肉的应用价值。方法选取2013年1月至2018年6月内镜中心行结直肠息肉内镜下治疗的老年患者90例,随机分为CSP组和HSP组,每组45例,其中,冷圈套切除息肉共58枚,高频电刀切除息肉共62枚。比较2组的单个息肉切除时间、一次完整切除率、术中术后出血情况及1年复发情况。结果2组息肉大小、完整切除率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。CSP组切除时间低于HSP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CSP组术中出血率为3.45%(2/58),HSP组为1.61%(1/62),2组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);CSP组迟发出血率为1.72%(1/58),HSP组为12.90%(8/62),CSP组低于HSP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组均无无迟发性穿孔病例。2组住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CSP组术后1年复发率为1.72%(1/58),HSP组为6.45%(4/62),HSP组高于CSP组(P<0.05)。CSP组治疗费用低于HSP组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。CSP组术后1年结肠息肉复发率低于HSP组(P<0.05)。术后1年随访过程中2组患者腹部症状腹痛、大便不成形比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论冷圈套器在应用抗凝药老年患者结直肠小息肉切除的过程中,有效果确切、安全快速、副损伤小的优势,值得临床推广。

结直肠息肉冷圈套切除术的临床疗效分析

目的对内镜下冷圈套器息肉切除术(CSP)的临床疗效进行对照研究,评估CSP在结直肠息肉切除中的实用性、有效性及安全性,探讨其应用价值。方法收集2019年1月至2021年12月银川市第一人民医院肠镜检查中检出的直径3~10 mm息肉共694枚,按照息肉直径分成微小息肉组及小息肉组,对于微小息肉组,对照分析CSP及冷活检钳夹术(CFP)两种处理术式的完全切除率;对于小息肉组,对照分析CSP及内镜下黏膜切除术(EMR)两种处理术式的迟发性出血率、穿孔率及钛夹利用率。结果微小息肉组中CFP与CSP两种处理术式,息肉直径差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),CFP组息肉完全切除率为72.6%,低于CSP组的98.6%(P<0.05)。小息肉组中CSP与EMR处理术式在息肉直径、息肉完全切除率间差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05);CSP处理术式的迟发性出血率、穿孔率及钛夹利用率均低于EMR(P均<0.05)。结论在切除微小息肉时,CSP的完全切除率比CFP更高;在切除小息肉时,CSP比EMR更加安全、经济。CSP在切除结直肠微小息肉及小息肉时,具备更多的优势,可在临床上推广应用。

针刺对抑郁症大鼠海马SNARE蛋白介导突触前谷氨酸释放的影响

目的探讨针刺对抑郁症的治疗作用及其可能的治疗靶点。方法采用长期不可预见的温和性刺激建立大鼠抑郁症模型。成功造模后,给予利鲁唑和针刺治疗,观察各组大鼠行为学的变化,测定海马组织谷氨酸的含量变化;应用Western印迹和荧光定量PCR检测突触小体相关蛋白(SNAP)-25、突触小泡膜相关蛋白(VAMP)1、VAMP2、VAMP7和syntaxin1蛋白及相应mRNA表达。结果与空白组相比,应激后大鼠的活动能力、体重和蔗糖消耗量明显下降(P<0.05);海马组织谷氨酸含量显著升高(P<0.01);而经利鲁唑和针刺治疗后,活动能力、体重和蔗糖消耗量升高;海马组织谷氨酸含量下降。Western印迹和RT-PCR结果显示:模型组大鼠的SNAP-25、VAMP1、VAMP2、VAMP7和syntaxin1表达量显著高于空白组(P<0.05);与模型组相比,利鲁唑和针刺组均能降低SNAP-25、VAMP1、VAMP2、VAMP7和syntaxin1表达水平,且利鲁唑组与针刺组对各检测指标的影响均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论针刺对谷氨酸释放有明显的调节作用,可溶性NSF附着蛋白受体(SNARE)介导的突触前谷氨酸释放在抑郁症的发病以及针刺抗抑郁过程中有重要作用,可能是针刺抗抑郁的靶点之一。

冷圈套切除术与热圈套切除术治疗结直肠小息肉的对比研究

目的比较冷圈套切除术(CSP)与热圈套切除术(HSP)治疗结直肠小息肉的效果。方法选择2021年6月至2022年8月广州市花都区人民医院门诊收治的217例行CSP的结直肠小息肉(直径4~10 mm)患者纳入CSP组,另选取同期门诊收治的223例行HSP的结直肠小息肉(直径4~10 mm)患者纳入HSP组。比较两组患者的息肉参数(息肉大小、部位)、单个息肉切除所用时间、费用,治疗情况(术中出血率、术后迟发性出血率、钛夹使用率、标本回收失败率、息肉完全切除率、息肉整块切除率)及手术医师满意度评分。结果两组患者单个息肉切除时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),HSP组单个息肉切除费用明显低于CSP组[(1008±97)元比(1160±79)元](P<0.01)。两组患者术后迟发性出血率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),HSP组术中出血率明显低于CSP组[0比9.22%(20/217)],钛夹使用率明显高于CSP组[49.33%(110/223)比34.10%(74/217)](P<0.01)。两组患者标本回收失败率及息肉完整切除率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),HSP组息肉整块切除率明显高于CSP组[98.21%(219/223)比94.47%(205/217)](P<0.05)。HSP组手术医师满意度评分高于CSP组[(3.6±0.5)分比(3.1±0.5)分](P<0.01)。结论HSP用于治疗直径4~10 mm的结直肠小息肉,术中出血率及手术费用较低,医师手术满意度较高,相较于CSP,其安全性及经济学效益更高。

植物SNARE蛋白的结构与功能

在真核生物细胞囊泡运输过程中的膜融合主要是由SNARE蛋白介导的,SNARE蛋白的结构高度保守。研究发现,植物中的SNARE蛋白促进植物细胞板形成,能与离子通道蛋白相互作用,有利于植物的正常生长发育,能提高植物的抗病性及参与植物的向重力性作用。应用基因组学和蛋白质组学技术结合细胞学水平上的分析方法有助于深入揭示植物SNARE蛋白家族成员的功能,明确SNARE蛋白在信号转导途径中的作用,阐明动植物免疫系统的区别和联系。

基于酵母产孢的syntaxin家族蛋白SNARE区域功能分析

真核细胞中大部分膜融合过程由SNARE蛋白介导,但其功能和调节机制尚未完全清楚。酵母孢子形成是研究囊泡融合机制包括SNARE蛋白的理想模型系统。在该过程中涉及t-SNARE蛋白Sso1,它是突触囊泡融合所需蛋白syntaxin 1A的同源物,两者SNARE区域有51%的同源性。尽管如此,将SSO1的SNARE区域完全替换成syntaxin 1A,而构建的嵌合体却无法回补sso1△突变的产孢缺陷。为了确定哪些残基为Sso1功能所必须,作者进行了嵌合体和突变分析,发现Sso1/syntaxin 1A嵌合体中syntaxin 1A的SNARE区域的220位丙氨酸换成谷氨酸后获得产孢功能。另外,Sso1发生相应的突变-218位谷氨酸突变成丙氨酸后失去其功能。因此,218位谷氨酸残基为Sso1产孢功能所必须。