Application of Self-pressure Sprinkler Irrigation Technology to Grassland Vegetation Restoration in Alpine Arid Areas

To study the application of self-pressure sprinkler irrigation technology to vegetation restoration of grassland in alpine arid areas,three treatments including fenced grassland(FG),fencedirrigated grassland(FA),and free grazing grassland(CK) were compared in respect of primary productivity.The results showed that the community coverage of FA was only 35.96% higher than that of FG and 152.69% higher than that of CK;the plant height of FA was only 76.71% higher than that of FG and 155.77% higher than that of CK;the productivity of the community in FA was only 24.10% higher than that of FG and 110.00% higher than that of CK.It indicates that the self-pressure sprinkler irrigation technology has certain demonstration and promotion potential in vegetation restoration of grassland in alpine regions and can provide a new way for the sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry in Tibet.

Irrigation and Thermal Buffering Using Mathematical Modeling

Two methods of irrigation,drip,and sprinkler were studied to determine the response of the Javits green roof to irrigation.The control study was dry unirrigated plots.Drip irrigation consisted of irrigation tubes running through the green roof that would water the soil throughout and sprinkler irrigation used a sprinkler system to irrigate the green roof from above.In all cases,the irrigated roofs had increased the soil moisture,reduced temperatures of both the upper and lower surfaces,reduced growing medium temperatures and reduced air temperatures above the green roof relative to the unirrigated roof.The buffered temperature fluctuations were also studied via air conditioner energy consumption.There was a 28%reduction in air conditioner energy consumption and a 33%reduction in overall energy consumption between dry and irrigated plots.Values of thermal resistance or S were determined for accuracy and for this study,there was little change which is ideal.A series of infra-red and thermal probe measurements were used to determine temperatures in the air and sedum.It was determined that the sprinkler irrigation did a better job than the drip irrigation in keeping cooler temperatures within the green roof.A Mann-Whitney U test was performed to verify the variation in moisture temperatures buffering energy consumption.By getting a p-value<0.05,it indicates that the model is accurate for prediction and medium temperatures were statistically different.

Tree-Temperature Monitoring for Frost Protection of Orchards in Semi-Arid Regions Using Sprinkler Irrigation

Automated over-tree sprinkler irrigation systems were developed and tested in two orchards located in two separate locations in southern Iran （a 0.17 ha peach orchard and a 0.24 ha orange orchard） to protect peach blossoms and orange trees leaves and fruits from low temperature damage. The experiment used a system that monitored the trees and air temperatures using two thermistors. The water application rate by the irrigation system was determined by an energy balance as implemented by the software FROSTPRO, In the peach orchard, the system was tested during three frost events during the spring of 2003 and three other events during the spring of 2004. The system successfully kept peach flowers above the critical temperature, i.e., -4.0℃ in spring 2004 （control block -4.12℃, and sprinkled block ＋0.5℃） during all events. Similar results were obtained in the orange orchard during three frost events in the winter of 2004, during which the tree temperatures were at least 2.5℃ above the critical temperature. Results from field tests show that the system can effectively protect the peach blossoms from damage. Determination done after the frost events showed a 12% blossom kill in the sprinkled blocks while in the unsprinkled control block a 41.5% blossom kill. Calculations indicated that when using variable application rates, the amount of water used can be reduced by 54.3%. Spatial distribution of minimum temperatures during the three frosts was also studied in Jahrom, Iran. Results showed a significant temperature control in the experimental block, especially in the central part of the orchard, but the block margins （about 3.6% of the total area） were at the risk of low temperature due to the wind drift effects.

Experimental Investigation of Soil Evaporation and Evapotranspiration of Winter Wheat Under Sprinkler Irrigation

Sprinkler irrigation is one of the typical irrigation technologies used for the winter wheat-summer maize double cropping system in the North China Plain. To evaluate the evapotranspiration （ET） of winter wheat under sprinkler irrigation in Beijing area, field experiments were conducted in growing seasons through 2005-2008, in the experimental station located in Tongzhou County, Beijing, China, with different irrigation depths. Results indicated that a relatively large variation of soil water content occurred within 0-40 cm soil layer. The seasonal ET of winter wheat generally increased with increasing irrigation amount, while the seasonal usage of soil water had a negative relationship with irrigation amount. Soil evaporation （Es） was about 25% of winter wheat ET during the period from reviving to maturity. Es increased while Es/ET decreased with increasing irrigation amount. Sprinkler irrigation scheduling with relatively large irrigation quota and low irrigation frequency can reduce Es and promote the irrigation water use efficiency.

Assessing Sprinkler Irrigation Performance Using Field Evaluations at the Medjerda Lower Valley of Tunisia

Irrigation uniformity and wind drift and evaporation losses (WDEL) are major concerns for the design and management of sprinkler irrigation systems under arid or semi-arid conditions. Field trials were carried out to assess irrigation uniformity and WDEL under various wind velocities, sprinkler spacings and operating pressure heads. Based on experimental data, a frequency analysis was performed to infer the occurrence probability of a given uniformity coefficient (UC). In addition, statistical regressions were used to model WDEL as a function of different climatic variables. Increasing the operating pressure head improved uniformity at low wind speeds. It was shown that UC has been severely impaired at wind speeds above 4 m/s. In the prevailing wind conditions, the frequency analysis showed that a sprinkler spacing of 12 m × 12 m provided the best uniformity. In the local conditions, it is recommended to stop irrigation when wind velocity exceeds 4 m/s. Moreover, it was shown that wind speed and relative humidity were the main significant variables influencing WDEL.

Using Automation Controller System and Simulation Program for Testing Closed Circuits of Mini-Sprinkler Irrigation System

The field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Faculty of agricultural, southern Illinois University SIUC, USA. The project makes the irrigation automated. With the use of low cost sensors and the simple circuitry makes currently project a low cost product, which can be bought even by a poor farmer. This research work is best suited for places where water is scares and has to be used in limited quantity and this proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries at a mass scale with optimum expenditure. In the field of agricultural engineering, use of sensor method of irrigation operation is important and it is well known that closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system are very economical and efficient. Closed circuits are considered one of the modifications of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, and added advantages to Mini-sprinkler irrigation system because it can relieve low operating pressures problem at the end of the lateral lines. In the conventional closed circuits of Mini-sprinkler irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for different crops. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and ultimately profit. The data could be summarized in following: Irrigation methods under study when using lateral length 60 mcould be ranked in the following ascending order according the values of the predicted and measured head losses CM1M-SIS CM2M-SIS.The correlation (Corr.) coefficients were used to compare the predicted and measured head losses along the lateral lines of all the closed circuits designs. Generally, the values of correlation analysis were (>0.90) were obtained with 0% field slope60 mlength (experimental conditions) for all closed circuits.The interaction between irrigation methods: at the start there are significant differences between CM2M-SIS and CM1M-SIS.

Assessment cultivated period and farm yard manure addition on some soil properties, nutrient content and wheat yield under sprinkler irrigation system

This study examined changes in some soil hydrophysical, chemical properties and wheat yield (grain;straw yield, N, P, K, Protein and carbohydrates contents) as trends under two cultivated period 10 and 25 year and Farm Yard manure (FYM) addition under sprinkler irrigation system on a newly reclaimed soils, Nubaria, Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Obtained results noticed that cultivation period has more pronounced effect than FYM addition on soil water content at field capacity, wilting point and available water with increase percent 15.1%, 9.3%;19.0% and 25.7%, 19.5% and 30.0% for FYM and cultivation period comparing with control one. Hydraulic conductivity values were strongly affected by cultivation period and FYM addition and significantly decreased values by about 18.9% and 12.1% in same sequences. Wheat straw content from protein had a superior effect under 25 than 10 years cultivated periods with values 61.9 and 6.7 comparing with control, respectively as affected by FYM addition, while FYM alone improved protein content in straw by about 31.9% comparing with untreated one. Slightly increase in straw protein content was attained relative to the increase of cultivated period by about 7.8%. Nutrients content in grain is more than FYM, where the increase percentage were 5.2%, 13.5%;3.8% and 26.5, 21.3;22.6 comparing cultivated periods 25 with 10 years and FYM addition with control, respectively. FYM individually under two studied cultivated periods is more effective under 10 years (28.0%, 25.2%;15.1%) than the 2nd one (25.1%, 25.2%;15.1%) comparing with untreated FYM plots. While N, P and K content in wheat straw had unclear trend and the increase were 6.8, 23.23;56.5% and 62.9, 6.0;29.8 as a result of FYM addition under 10 and 25 years cultivated periods, respectively. The highest values of protein and carbohydrates content in wheat grains as affected by studied factors were 12.86% and 67.43%) were obtained under cultivated period 25 years after FYM addition. Cultivated periods had a highly significant effect on the field water use efficiency values of grain more than the effect of FYM. The highest values of grain and straw yield were recorded at 10 years cultivated periods + treated FYM (2966.8 kg/fed) and 25 years cultivated periods treated with FYM (3835.6 kg/fed). Cultivated periods increased grain and straw yield of wheat crop by about 57.6% and 8.3%. Whereas, FYM increased grain and straw yield by about 39.8% and 58.8% relative to the control, respectively.

Improving Strawberry Irrigation with Micro-Sprinklers and Their Impact on Pest Management

Overhead aluminum sprinklers, which are used during the early stages of strawberry crop development to establish transplants and to leach out salts from the root zone, deliver significant volumes of water. Micro-sprinklers, which are typically used in orchard crops, were evaluated in a commercial strawberry field in California as an alternative to conventional aluminum sprinklers to conserve water without any negative impact on yields. In addition to the water consumption, data were collected from multiple plots within each treatment to determine the impact on plant growth, disease incidence, and seasonal yield. Micro-sprinklers used 32% less water than aluminum sprinklers during a three-week period without affecting fruit yield. They also appeared to lessen the severity of powdery mildew and botrytis fruit rot. This is the first study reporting the use of micro-sprinkler system, which can be a good alternative to the aluminum sprinklers to conserve irrigation water.

Effects of different irrigation methods on micro-environments and root distribution in winter wheat fields

The irrigation method used in winter wheat fields affects micro-environment factors, such as relative humidity（RH） within canopy, soil temperature, topsoil bulk density, soil matric potential, and soil nutrients, and these changes may affect plant root growth.An experiment was carried out to explore the effects of irrigation method on micro-environments and root distribution in a winter wheat field in the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons.The results showed that border irrigation（BI）, sprinkler irrigation（SI）, and surface drip irrigation（SDI） had no significant effects on soil temperature.Topsoil bulk density, RH within the canopy, soil available N distribution, and soil matric potential were significantly affected by the three treatments.The change in soil matric potential was the key reason for the altered root profile distribution patterns.Additionally, more fine roots were produced in the BI treatment when soil water content was low and topsoil bulk density was high.Root growth was most stimulated in the top soil layers and inhibited in the deep layers in the SDI treatment, followed by SI and BI, which was due to the different water application frequencies.As a result, the root profile distribution differed, depending on the irrigation method used.The root distribution pattern changes could be described by the power level variation in the exponential function.A good knowledge of root distribution patterns is important when attempting to model water and nutrient movements and when studying soil-plant interactions.

Irrigation Water Demand Model as a Comparative Tool for Assessing Effects of Land Use Changes for Agricultural Crops in Fraser Valley, Canada

Available water for human needs and agriculture is a growing global concern. Agriculture uses approximately 70% of global freshwater, mainly for irrigation. The Lower Fraser Valley (LFV), British Columbia, is one of the most productive agricultural regions in Canada, supporting livestock production and a wide variety of crops. Water scarcity is a growing concern that threatens the long-term productivity, sustainability, and economic viability of the LFV’s agriculture. We used the BC Agriculture Water Demand Model as a tool to determine how crop choice, irrigation system, and land-use changes can affect predicted water requirements under these different conditions, which can aid stakeholders to formulate better management decisions. We conducted a comparative assessment of the irrigation water demand of seven major commercial crops, by distinct soil management groups, at nineteen representative sites, that use both sprinkler vs drip irrigation. Drip irrigation was consistently more water-efficient than sprinkler irrigation for all crops. Of the major commercial crops assessed, raspberries were the most efficient in irrigation water demand, while forage and pasture had the highest calculated irrigation water demand. Significant reductions in total irrigation water demand (up to 57%) can be made by switching irrigation systems and/or crops. This assessment can aid LFV growers in their land-use choices and could contribute to the selection of water management decisions and agricultural policies.

The Optimization of Irrigation Networks Using Genetic Algorithms

Mathematical-computational optimisation models of irrigation networks with a distributed flow that are capable of providing hydraulic data are important for understanding the behaviour of a system in relation to the distribution of the hydraulic head (energy) and the pressure in the pipes of the network. The objective of this study was to examine the distribution of the parameters of hydraulic irrigation pipes, which were optimised using genetic algorithms. The degree of the optimisation was evaluated with the help of the genetic algorithms based on the diameters of stretch of the network: two for the lateral lines, four for the derivation lines, four for the secondary lines and one for the main line. A MatLab code was developed that considered all of the losses of energy, both distributed losses and those at specific locations between the beginning of the network and the pump system. The sensitivity analysis was based on the variations in the slope of the ground (0%, 2.5% and 5%). The results show that for pipes with a distributed flow, the influence of the behaviour of the kinetic energy in the pipe contributed to the distance between the energy lines and the piezometric lines at the beginning of each stretch after the decrease in the diameter of the pipes. At the end of the pipes, the values of the energy lines and the piezometric lines were very similar, and they were essentially the same for the final emitter.

基于变量灌溉动态分区管理的冬小麦产量与节水效果

喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统是动态监测农田作物水分亏缺状况、构建变量灌溉(variable rate irrigation,VRI)决策支持系统的重要工具。为了评估圆形喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统在变量灌溉动态分区管理中的应用效果,该研究以气象参数和土壤水分传感器网络构建的均一灌溉(uniform rate irrigation, URI)决策方法为对照,评估了基于气象参数、土壤水分传感器网络和作物冠层温度的变量灌溉决策方法对华北平原冬小麦灌溉制度、土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和节水增产效果的影响。在河北省邢台市大曹庄中国水利水电科学研究院智慧灌溉技术与装备创新示范推广基地开展试验,试验区为三跨加悬臂圆形喷灌机控制灌溉面积7.07 hm^(2),2021年试验区等分为2个子区,布置URI和VRI处理,2022年试验区等分为4个子区,布置URI处理、基于等间隔法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T1)处理、基于“Jenks”自然断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T2)处理和基于几何间隔断点法进行管理区聚类划分的VRI(T3)处理。结果表明,在冬小麦生育期内,URI和VRI处理灌水7~10次,2 a平均灌水量分别为201和173 mm。开展VRI管理后,冬小麦主根区的土壤含水率空间分布均匀性和产量均匀性提高。2021年URI和VRI处理的冬小麦产量分别为9 470和9 574 kg/hm^(2),2022年的冬小麦产量较2021年分别降低6.7%和6.0%。变量灌溉处理的管理区聚类划分方法未对灌溉制度和产量产生显著影响。与URI处理相比,VRI处理能够减少灌溉水量,且对产量和水分利用效率无显著影响。研究结果可为基于喷灌机机载式红外温度传感器系统的变量灌溉动态分区管理方法的建立提供指导,为变量灌溉决策支持系统的开发升级提供技术支持。

间歇和连续喷灌下土壤水分运动特征COMSOL数值模拟与验证

为探明间歇喷灌和连续喷灌条件下的土壤水分运动规律,建立喷灌随时间变化的非均匀灌水边界下的土壤水分二维运动模型,借助COMSOL数值模拟软件,实现模型的求解,并通过土箱试验对模型进行验证,分析不同喷灌模式下土壤水分运动特征,评估喷灌均匀性和喷灌模式对土壤含水率均匀性的影响。结果表明,土壤含水率和土壤湿润峰模拟值与实测值之间的一致性较好。喷灌模式对土壤水分运动过程和含水率均匀度影响不大。随着间歇次数和间歇时长的增加,喷灌结束时表层土壤含水率减小、水分入渗深度增加。喷灌条件下,土壤含水率均匀度高于地表测得的喷灌均匀度。当喷灌均匀度为39.77%~80.15%时,土壤含水率均匀度为88.57%~94.47%。当喷灌均匀度较低、点喷灌强度较高、总灌水量较大时,采用间歇喷灌、增加间隙次数和总间歇时长,可以一定程度降低地表径流和深层渗漏风险、改善土壤含水率均匀性。研究可为喷灌系统设计均匀度合理取值和高效运行提供理论基础。

茶树喷灌防霜中植株储水/冰量动态变化与影响因素研究

喷灌是园艺作物有效的防霜技术之一。为确定茶树喷灌防霜需水量和节约水资源,需研究喷灌过程中植株的储水/冰量动态变化及影响因素。本文设计了一种防滴落、茎杆水收集及称量组合装置,可直接精确获取整株茶树的储水/冰量;试验分析非冻结和冻结、微量和摇臂2类喷头条件下储水/冰量变化的异同;最后探究了冻结下微量喷头喷灌时长对储冰量和茎杆水量的影响。研究结果表明,非冻结条件下,茶树储水量变化经历积累、动平衡和干燥3个阶段;冻结条件下的储冰量随喷灌进行持续增加,并在停喷后较长时间内保持不变,即积累和保持阶段,随后依次经历融化流失和干燥阶段;相同喷灌压力和时长下,微量喷头的储水量和储冰量分别是摇臂喷头的1.2倍和2.0倍;微量喷头喷灌时长对最大储水量无明显影响,约为0.22 kg,最大储冰量则随喷灌时长的增加而显著增加,1.5 h的储冰量是0.5 h的2.9倍。微量喷头作用的茎杆水量,在非冻结和冻结条件下也较高,分别是摇臂喷头的3.0倍和2.7倍。本文研究了茶树植株表面储水/冰量变化及影响因素,改进了灌木类植物冠层截留量的测量方法,为提升防霜效果和实现精准喷灌奠定了基础。

折射式微喷头水力性能试验及工作参数优选

为探究折射式微喷头水力性能并确定其适宜的工作参数,开展微喷头水力性能测试,明晰不同工况下单个微喷头水量分布特征,分析其流量、射程、喷灌强度随工作压力和喷嘴直径的变化趋势。探究在正方形和正三角形组合方式下,工作压力和组合间距变化对喷灌均匀系数CU的影响,基于主成分分析方法,统一相关评价指标,建立折射式微喷头工作参数综合评价模型。结果表明:单喷头的流量、喷灌强度均与工作压力呈正相关,而射程随压力的变化并不明显;正方形和正三角形两种组合方式下,组合间距变化对CU产生的影响明显大于工作压力和组合方式;依据各工况评分高低,对微喷头最优工况做出合理选择,实例应用的结果表明:折射式微喷头最优工况为正三角形组合,工作压力0.25 MPa,组合间距0.4 m。

基于计算机网络控制的智能喷灌系统应用研究

为了实现植株根部含水率的精确控制,基于ZigBee技术建立了智能喷灌系统。计算表层含水率变化量、平均温度、日照长度与根部含水率变化量的相对关联系数,选定表层含水率变化量为自变量参数,采用线性拟合的方法,建立根部含水率变化量模型;探究喷灌阀控制信号和喷灌流量之间的关系,进而建立喷灌阀控制信号与表层含水率变化量之间的模型;设计系统工作流程,实现根部含水率精确控制。对网络系统监测表层含水率的精度和根部含水率恒定控制进行测试,表明系统具有良好的工作性能。

农田灌溉节水技术滴灌、喷灌与微喷灌的效果对比分析

农田灌溉节水技术是提高水资源利用效率、保障全球粮食安全的有效手段。该文对滴灌、喷灌和微喷灌技术进行综合分析,评价其节水效果、生产效益、经济效益和环境效益。研究结果表明,滴灌技术在节水方面具有显著优势,喷灌技术在生产效益方面表现突出,而微喷灌技术则具有一定的经济效益和环境效益。因此,在实际应用中,需要根据当地水资源状况、作物类型及生产需求等因素,合理选择和搭配灌溉技术,以实现可持续发展。

JP80/300型智能卷盘式喷灌机研究

节水灌溉装备是实现农业高效节水利用的有效保障,是解决农业节水灌溉规模化和集约化高效作业的根本途径。我国传统的节水灌溉设备存在装备技术水平低、灌溉效率及质量低、水资源利用率低、作业能耗高损失大以及影响作物生长等问题,严重制约我国农业灌溉技术装备的发展。该文针对上述问题在如何提高卷盘式喷灌机水涡轮工作效率、喷头车速度感知控制精度以及提升传动效率和灌溉质量等方面入手,设计一种适合大田灌溉使用具有高适应性、高效率、低损耗的新型智能卷盘式喷灌机,对于提高我国卷盘式灌溉设备的整机智能化技术水平起到积极的促进作用。

喷灌系统设计研究

喷灌是把由水泵加压或自然落差形成的有压水通过压力管道送到田间,再经喷头喷射到空中,形成细小水滴,均匀地洒落在农田,达到灌溉的目的。一般说来,其明显的优点是灌水均匀,少占耕地,节省人力,对地形的适应性强。