Three-year Variations of Water, Energy and CO_2 Fluxes of Cropland and Degraded Grassland Surfaces in a Semi-arid Area of Northeastern China

Based on 3 years （2003-05） of the eddy covariance （EC） observations on degraded grassland and cropland surfaces in a semi-arid area of Tongyu （44°25′N, 122°52′E, 184 m a.s.1.）, Northeast China, seasonal and annual variations of water, energy and CO2 fluxes have been investigated. The soil moisture in the thin soil layer （at 0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m） clearly indicates the pronounced annual wet-dry cycle; the annual cycle is divided into the wet （growing season） and dry seasons （non-growing season）. During the growing season （from May to September）, the sensible and latent heat fluxes showed a linear dependence on the global solar radiation. However, in the non-growing season, the latent heat flux was always less than 50 W m^-2, while the available energy was dissipated as sensible, rather than latent heat flux. During the growing season in 2003-05, the daily average sensible and latent heat fluxes were larger on the cropland surface than on the degraded grassland surface. The cropland ecosystem absorbed more CO2 than the degraded grassland ecosystem in the growing season in 2003-05. The total evapotranspiration on the cropland was more than the total precipitation, while the total evapotranspiration on the degraded grassland was almost the same as the total annual precipitation in the growing season. The soil moisture had a good correlation with the rainfall in the growing season. Precipitation in the growing season is an important factor on the water and carbon budget in the semi-arid area.

Land-Air Interaction over Arid/Semi-arid Areas in China and Its Impact on the East Asian Summer Monsoon. Part I:Calibration of the Land Surface Model (BATS)Using Multicriteria Methods

To improve the land surface simulation in the arid and semi-arid areas of northern China, the observational data from two field experiments in Dunhuang and Tongyu are used to optimize the parameters in the land surface model, BATS, through calibration with the multicriteria method. Sensitivity analysis to the parameters in Dunhuang and Tongyu indicates that different parameters need to be calibrated in two sites with different environmental and climate regimes. Comparison of observed sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and ground surface temperature with the simulated ones shows the simulations with the optimized parameters have been substantially improved. Especially, the holistic simulations with the calibration of the parameter values are much closer to the observations in the arid region （Dunhuang）, and the energy partition with the calibrated parameters can also be simulated well in the semi-arid region （Tongyu）. Whole results demonstrate that the parameter calibration of the land surface model is important when the model is to be used to investigate the land-air interaction.

The causes of land landscape changes in semi-arid area of Northwest China: a case study of Yulin city

Rapid land landscape change has taken place in many arid and semi-arid regions such as the vulnerable ecological area over the last decade. In this paper, we quantified land landscape change of Yulin in this area between 1985 and 2000 using remote sensing and GIS. It was found that fallow landscape decreased by 125,148 hm^2 while grassland and woodland increased by 107,975 hm^2 and 17,157 hm^2, respectively. The major factors responsible for these changes are identified as the change in the government policy on preserving the environment, continued growth in mining, and urbanization. The efforts in restoring the deteriorated ecosystem have reaped certain benefits in reducing the spatial extent of sandy land through replacement by non-irrigated farmland, woodland and grassland. On the other hand, continued expansion of mining industry and urbanization has exerted adverse impacts on the land landscape. At present regional economic development conflicts directly with the protection of the natural environment. Such a conflict has caused the destruction to the land resources and fragmentation of the landscape accompanied by land desertification, the case is even serious in some localities.

Remote Sensing Parameterization of Land Surface Heat Fluxes over Arid and Semi-arid Areas

Dealing with the regional land surfaces heat fluxes over inhomogeneous land surfaces in arid and semi-arid areas is an important but not an easy issue. In this study, one parameterization method based on satellite remote sensing and field observations is proposed and tested for deriving the regional land surface heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscapes. As a case study, the method is applied to the Dunhuang experimental area and the HEIFE (Heihe River Field Experiment, 1988-1994) area. The Dunhuang area is selected as a basic experimental area for the Chinese National Key Programme for Developing Basic Sciences: Research on the Formation Mechanism and Prediction Theory of Severe Climate Disaster in China (G1998040900, 1999-2003). The four scenes of Landsat TM data used in this study are 3 June 2000, 22 August 2000, and 29 January 2001 for the Dunhuang area and 9 July 1991 for the HEIFE area. The regional distributions of land surface variables, vegetation variables, and heat fluxes over inhomogeneous landscapes in arid and semi-arid areas are obtained in this study.

Emergy-based study on eco-economic system of arid and semi-arid region:a case of Gansu province,China

Taking Gansu province as a model case,this study provides an integrated analysis on the eco-economic system of arid and semi-arid region based on emergy synthesis theory. Through calculating the values of renewable emergy flow,non-renewable resources,imported emergy,exported emergy,waste emergy,and total emergy during the period of 1978-2007,the performance of Gansu eco-economic system was analyzed. The results indicated that the renewable emergy flow within the province basically remained steady state which was estimated at 2.99×1022 solar emjoules (sej) from 1978 to 2007. The imported emergy and exported emergy were estimated at 3.75×1017 sej and 2.99×1020 sej in 1978 and increased to 1.07×1022 sej and 1.44×1022 sej respectively in 2007. The nonrenewable emergy flow was estimated at 1.62×1022 sej and increased to 1.85×1023 sej,with annual growth rate of 8.7%,while the estimated total emergy was 4.58×1022 sej in 1978 and increased to 2.11×1023 sej in 2007,with annual growth rate of 5.41%. Our results indicate a deteriorate situation between economic development and environmental protection in the region. The rapid economic growth in the past thirty years was based on a great consumption of nonrenewable resource and caused continuous decrease in the capacity of sustainable development. The environmental loading ratio was 0.53 in 1978,increased to 6.06 in 2007,indicating a rapid degradation of the regional environment quality. We calculated that the actual population was 1.53 times the renewable resource population in 1978,increased to 7.06 times in 2007. During the period of 1978-2007,the emergy rose from 2.45×1015 sej/(capita·a) to 8.07×1015 sej/(capita·a). Our analysis revealed that the emergy density presented a trend of gradual increase,and then the emergy currency ratio in Gansu decreased from 7.08×1013 sej/Chinese Yuan to 7.82×1012 sej/Chinese Yuan.

Estimation of Small Reservoir Sedimentation in Semi-Arid Southern Zimbabwe

Small surface reservoirs play an important role of providing ready and convenient source of water for various uses in semi-arid areas which are characterized by erratic and low rainfall. Lack of current data on reservoir capacity loss due to sedimentation is one of the challenges to the sustainable management of surface reservoirs. The study investigated the capacity loss due to sedimentation from 2000-2012, and estimated the trap efficiency of the Mutangi reservoir which is located in semi-arid Chivi, Southern of Zimbabwe. Hydrographic surveys, grab sampling and water depth-capacity methods were used to determine the capacity of the dam as of 2012. To compute capacity loss from 2000 to 2012, the 2000 and 2012 dam capacities were compared whilst the trap efficiency of the reservoir was determined using a set of empirical models that relates trap efficiency to the capacity-watershed area ratio and capacity-inflow ratio. The results show that Mutangi reservoir has a trap efficiency of 95% - 98% (av = 96.4%) and has lost 37% of its capacity due to sedimentation in 12 years (2000 and 2012). Rates of sedimentation were 8539 t·yr-1, 9110?t·yr-1 and 8265 t·yr-1 for the hydrographic survey, grab sampling and water depth-capacity method respectively, and the little difference in these figures demonstrates that any method can be used to determine sedimentation rates. The area specific sediment yield (ASY) ranged from 14 - 15.5 t·ha-1·yr-1 (av = 14.956 t·ha-1·yr-1). At the current rate of sedimentation the projected dead level of the reservoir will be lost to sedimentation in 8 years while the useful life of the reservoir is estimated to be 30 years. Capacity loss due to sedimentation is further complicating the already strained water scarcity situation in semi-arid areas and management decisions should be made based on the current sedimentation rates estimated by different methods. These results imply that management practices that reduce erosion, hence sedimentation in these small reservoirs should be practiced in order to prolong their lifespan.

The Effect of Polyvinyl Acetate Polymer on Reducing Dust in Arid and Semiarid Areas

Because the large areas of Iran are on arid and semiarid belt of the world, it has many problems due to windstorms. Wind storms cause dust and haze due to a mass of fine sand or silt soil elevated in the atmosphere. It makes heart disease-cardiovascular and respiratory and so is detrimental for the children. These have plagued the residents and so lives of them are disrupted every so often. In this research, the subject soil stabilization using adherence of poly vinyl acetate polymer as a way to reduce the production of dust is defined for prone area. In this paper, the effect of poly vinyl acetate polymer on silt soil has been studied. In this study the samples were uncompacted particles of soil with different amount of water-solvated polymer (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 grams per meter squared) poured over them. These samples are kept in experimental environment for 7 days. After ensuring complete dryness, their stabilities are tested against wind flow with 20 m/s speed. Results showed that adding more polymers to soil would considerably increase its particles’ stabilities. This stability is due to positive reaction of polymer with soil particles. The effect of this stability is maintained during sample drying time in the lab and the soil maintains its characteristics during testing. The best results are obtained for 20 grams polymer per meter squared, where caused an increase in stability to about 15 times that of the soil without polymer.

LAND DEGRADATION AND ITS MANAGEMENT IN THE ARID AND SEMI ARID AREAS OF CHINA

hina is a large country with varied physical environments. Some of them are quite fragile and susceptible to land degradation, such as the arid and semiarid areas, as well as the slopeland of extensive mountain and hilly areas. Therefore, human actions play a significant role in desertification processes. It was estimated that there are 3,327,000 km 2 of desertified areas in China, in which 1,533,000 km 2 are desert, gobi and sandy desertified areas. Most of them are in arid, semiarid and dry sub humid areas in northern China. Soil salinization is another kind of land desertification. It was estimated that about one fifth of the 66,700 km 2 of farmlands have been affected by soil salinization to certain extent. Grassland degradation is also serious in China. The main problems are the reduction of bio mass, decline of preferred species and soil erosion induced by overgrazing. In Inner Mongolia the area of degraded grasslands occupies 43.8 percent of the total available area of the grasslands. The productivity of grasslands in Tibet has decreased by 20 - 50 percent [21]. Soil and water erosion is more serious in China. Based on remote sensing general survey initiated by Ministry of Water Resources in 1992, the total soil eroded area is 3,670,000 km 2, occupying 38.2 percent of the total territorial area, in which 1,790,000 km 2 is water eroded area and 1,880,000 km 2 is wind eroded area.

Foliar δ^13C Values and Water Use Efficiency ofSemi-arid Plants in Horqin Sandy Land, China

Water was a key factor restricting the plantation in sandy areas. Foliar δ^(13)C value regarded as an indicator of longterm water use efficiency(WUE) of plants was generally used to evaluate the adaptability of plants to arid and semi-arid environment. In Horqin sandy land of China, the foliar δ^(13)C values of 114 species in 35 families naturally growing in the area, and 15 species of sand-fixing trees and shrubs were measured and analyzed in 2012. The results showed that 97 species in all 114 species were C_3 plants and only 17 species were C_4 plants. Most C_4 plants belonged to Gramineae family. The foliar δ^(13)C value of C_3 plants was between -25.000 and -31.075‰ with an average of-28.226‰, while those of C_4 plants between -12.578 and -16.334‰, with an average of -13.678‰. The δ^(13)C values of mature leaves collected in August were averagely 0.85‰ less than that of juvenile leaves collected in June. The foliar δ^(13)C values and WUE of 15 sand-fixing tree species in Horqin sandy land ranked in the order as: S.vulgaris >H.rhamnoides >C.ovata >P.mongolica >T.chinensis >R.typhina >S.matsudana >E.angustifolia >U.pumila >S.gordejevii >X.sorbifolia >C.microphylla >H.fruticosum >C.korshinskii >E.bungeanus.

2005-2017年中国干旱半干旱区典型生态系统土壤储水量数据集

土壤水是地球水体的重要组成部分之一,陆地上植被和作物所利用的水分主要是从土壤中直接汲取的。因此土壤水的存贮、补给、消耗、更新和平衡对全国尤其是干旱半干旱区域的农业、牧业、林业、自然生态环境和水资源平衡,有着极其重要的意义。本数据集选取中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)位于中国西北干旱半干旱区的8个生态系统观测研究站,收集整理了各站2005–2017年的土壤含水量长期观测数据,通过质量控制、开展剖面-样地尺度上层次及时间归一化统计计算,生成了相应的土壤储水量数据集,以期为中国干旱半干旱区典型生态系统土壤储水量分布及变化状况提供长时序的数据刻画和支撑。

2005-2020年中国干旱半干旱区典型草地和荒漠生态系统植被地上生物量数据集

植被生物量是全球碳循环的重要组成部分,是陆地生态系统与大气之间碳交换的重要环节,是定量研究全球气候变化与草地、荒漠生态系统之间的反馈调节作用等的基础。中国干旱半干旱区的草地、荒漠生态系统是重要的碳库类型,本文选取中国生态系统研究网络(Chinese Ecosystem Research Network,CERN)中位于中国干旱半干旱区的2个草地生态系统观测研究站(海北站、内蒙古站)和5个荒漠生态系统类型观测研究站(鄂尔多斯站、阜康站、临泽站、奈曼站、沙坡头站)的典型生态系统,对其按照CERN生态系统长期观测规范开展长期观测获取的植被地上生物量的2005–2020年间生长季的月动态实测数据进行了收集整理与质量控制,并开展了样方原始调查数据到样地尺度观测数据的统计计算,生成了植被地上生物量数据集,可为中国干旱半干旱区草地和荒漠生态系统对全球气候变化响应及植被保育与可持续发展等研究提供地面观测数据支撑。

Revisit of event-based rainfall characteristics at Shapotou area in northern China

Distribution of rainfall event sizes and interval lengths between events are important characteristics of arid and semi-arid climates. Understanding their importance will contribute to our ability to understand ecosystem dynamics in these regions. Rainfall event timing and magnitude are important drivers of ecosystem processes and are instrumental in creating land-scape heterogeneity in arid and semi-arid regions. Rainfall event characteristics were analyzed using an automatic tip-ping-bucket rain-gauge record across the entire summer monsoon season from 2008 to 2015 at the arid desert area of Shapotou in the Tengger Desert, China. Changing the minimum inter-event time （MIT） from 30 min to 24 h alters the number of rainfall events from 64 to 25 for the event depth larger than 0.1 mm. The mean rainfall intensity declined from 0.95 mm/h to 0.53 mm/h, and the geometric mean event duration rose from 0.55 h to 4.4 h. The number of rainfall events, mean rainfall intensity, and geometric mean event duration differed under different criteria of individual rainfall depths, except that for an individual rainfall depth of 0.5, 1.0, and 5.0 mm. The aforementioned features differed only at the lowest range of the mean rainfall intensity and depth for MIT=3 and 6 h. These findings suggest that identification of event-based rainfall in this specific arid region can be better achieved by setting the MIT at six hours. The wide variation in rainfall event properties indicate the need for paying more attention to the proper selection and reporting of event criteria in studies that adopt event-based data analysis. This is especially true in quantifying effective rainfall for soil water replenishment in terms of rainfall depth and intensity with infrequent rainfall events.

半干旱地区公路岩质边坡植被恢复技术工程试验——以内蒙古赤峰-通辽高速公路为例

针对半干旱地区公路岩质边坡的生态恢复难题,以内蒙古赤峰-通辽高速公路某岩质边坡为例,采用保育块技术与客土喷播技术相结合的方法构建以木本(灌木)为主、草本植物为辅的坡面植物群落。试验结果表明,此方法可使木本植物成活率达到60%以上且长势良好;草本植物生长茂盛,地上部生物量达自然阴坡生物量水平;物种构成以木本植物和多年生草本植物为主,群落稳定且植被覆盖度高于70%;移植的保育块树苗的根系结构与天然树木相似,具有主根发达、侧根不多但较强壮、根系呈网络状深入土中等特征。

基于HJ-CCD数据和决策树法的干旱半干旱灌区土地利用分类

为了实现干旱半干旱灌区地表信息低成本、高效率的动态监测,利用HJ-CCD数据的多时相和多光谱信息,探讨了平罗县土地利用遥感分类方法。首先建立研究区内典型地物的NDVI时间序列曲线,提取反映该区物候模式的时序特征参数;然后对土壤信息丰富的3月份多光谱影像进行主成分变换,选取第1主成分(PC1)作为光谱特征参数,最后基于分类回归树(classification and regression tree,CART)算法进行决策树监督分类。总体分类精度达到92.26%,Kappa系数为0.91,比最大似然法分类结果精度提高了2.58%。研究表明:构建的NDVI时间序列曲线对研究区内的地类具有较强的代表性,提取的时间维和光谱维的分类参数对各地类均有很好地区分性,CART决策树算法分类结果清晰准确且精度较高。该方法为HJ小卫星在干旱半干旱区等区域的深入应用提供科学依据和实证基础。

干旱-半干旱地区地表特征探测的成像雷达干涉测量方法与模型

从估测干涉测量雷达数据相关性出发,通过利用欧洲资源卫星1号和2号获取的重轨干涉测量雷 达数据,开展新疆喀什试验区地表土地类型的识别与分类,区分和识别出裸土、盐碱地、灌丛、裸岩/戈壁、沼泽 和水体6类土地类型。并对不同土地类型的后向散射特性和相关性进行定量分析,探讨干涉测量数据相关性 与干旱-半干旱地区地表特征的关系,从而建立了干旱-半干旱地区地表变化的干涉测量时相去相关模型,为 干旱-半干旱地区利用干涉测量数据进行地表变化监测提供理论依据。

应用修订的Shuttleworth-Wallace模型对半干旱区覆膜玉米蒸散的研究

蒸散发(ET)包括植物蒸腾(T)和土壤蒸发(E),在维持全球能量平衡和气候调节中起关键作用。量化蒸散发及其组分在准确预报气候对生态系统碳水通量和能量的响应中至关重要。基于兰州大学半干旱区农业生态系统试验站2014年玉米生长季涡度相关仪的观测结果,利用修订后的Shuttleworth-Wallace模型(S-W模型)对覆膜玉米田的蒸散发进行模拟,利用实测值对模拟结果进行验证,对蒸散发及其组分的影响因素和敏感性进行分析。结果表明:S-W模型对覆膜玉米农田蒸散发的模拟结果在日蒸散量大于2 mm·d^(-1)的晴天和时晴时云天气较好,阴雨天气模拟结果较差,且模型模拟结果较涡度相关的实测值偏高。E/ET在一天内的变化为单峰曲线,在生长季尺度上,在玉米快速生长期呈下降趋势,在之后的时间基本保持不变。覆膜玉米农田的E/ET在日时间尺度的变化主要受气孔导度影响,在生长季尺度主要受叶面积指数和土壤含水量的共同影响。敏感性分析表明,蒸散发及其组分对作物冠层高度与参考高度间的空气动力阻力(raa)和冠层内边界层阻力(rac)均较敏感,对作物冠层阻力(rsc)敏感性适中,对地面与冠层间的空气动力阻力(ras)和下垫面裸土表面阻力(rss)不敏感,在应用S-W模型模拟覆膜玉米农田蒸散量时,要特别注意阻力参数raa、rac和rsc的合理确定。

基于GIS与Geo-CA模型的半干旱区土壤盐碱化动态模拟研究

土壤盐碱化是半干旱地区土壤退化的重要表现形式之一,其发生发展是一个复杂的非线性动力学过程.利用地理元胞自动机对复杂系统时空动态演化过程具有较强的计算与模拟能力的特点,以吉林省西部盐碱化土地为研究区,在GIS的支持下系统分析了土壤盐碱化的特征及其影响因子,建立了基于Geo-CA的土壤盐碱化动态模型,模拟了吉林省西部土地盐碱化发生发展的时空动态规律.

应用BIOME-BGC模型研究典型生态系统的潜热通量——半干旱地区吉林通榆的模拟

年降雨量和年蒸发量在某种程度上反映了区域内水资源的丰富程度。随着社会和经济的发展，我国东北西部半干旱区的水资源供需矛盾日益突出。作者应用BIOME-BGC模型模拟了国际协调强化观测计划（CEOP）亚洲季风比较研究（CAMP）的一个地面观测基准站半干旱地区吉林通榆2002年10月-2003年9月草地和农田生态系统的潜热通量，并将模拟结果与通榆“干旱化和有序人类活动”长期观测站涡度相关法测定的观测值进行了比较，结果表明两者基本一致。此外，CEOP的观测数据对模型的验证和改进具有重要意义，半干旱区水资源的合理利用须引起当地政府和群众的重视。

半干旱区湿地芦苇种群生态特征动态变化研究--以莫莫格湿地为例

为了研究自然状态下半干旱地区湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群生态特征的季节性动态变化以及水分变化对芦苇种群生态特征的影响,基于2007年5～10月莫莫格国家级自然保护区湿地芦苇种群特征以及地表淹水情况的监测资料,分析了该区芦苇种群的盖度、高度、密度和地上生物量等生态特征的季节变化。在此基础上,进一步分析了水位变化对芦苇种群生态特征的影响。结果表明:芦苇种群的生态特征具有明显的季节性变化规律,芦苇种群的盖度随着季节的变化逐渐增高,最高值出现在9月;芦苇种群的高度则随着季节变化逐渐升高;芦苇种群的密度随着季节的变化先升高,然后下降,9月中旬以后又略有回升;芦苇种群的地上生物量随着季节的变化呈现波动状态,但单株芦苇地上生物量则随着季节变化逐渐增加,其峰值出现在9月,随后受自身生长规律的影响,地上部分生物量减少。部分淹水状态下,芦苇种群高度、密度以及地上部分生物量的相对增长速率均与淹水深度变化速率显著正相关(n=5,p<0.05);而盖度主要受芦苇自身生长规律的影响,与地表淹水深度变化速率关系不明显。

围栏封育对农牧交错区沙化草地植物群落影响--以宁夏盐池为例

封育措施是一种主要的草场恢复和重建的措施。通过对半干旱沙地老封育、新封育和对照区的比较分析,量化了不同封育措施下植被变化。对三种封育措施群落组成和生物多样性的分析结果表明:封育改变了群落的组成成分并增加了生物多样性;同时对群落植物的生活型、饲用价值分析及样方相似性指数计算结果则显示,老封育(>10a)的群落植物逐渐向多年生发展,各植物种分布的空间异质性显著提高,放牧价值开始降低,而对照区则明显处于一种非平衡的稳定状态。从3种措施植被的盖度、高度、生物量和饲用价值来看,老封育区均低于新封育区和对照区,表明长期封育不利于促进并提高草场的放牧利用价值。