Health Risk Assessment of Employees Exposed to Chlorination By-products of Recreational Water in Large Amusement Parks in Shanghai

Objective Chlorination is often used to disinfect recreational water in large amusement parks;however,the health hazards of chlorination disinfection by-products(DBPs)to occupational populations are unknown.This study aimed to assess the exposure status of chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and the health risks to employees of large amusement parks.Methods Exposure parameters of employees of three large amusement parks in Shanghai were investigated using a questionnaire.Seven typical chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and spray samples were quantified by gas chromatography,and the health risks to amusement park employees exposed to chlorinated DBPs were evaluated according to the WHO's risk assessment framework.Results Trichloroacetic acid,dibromochloromethane,bromodichloromethane,and dichloroacetic acid were detected predominantly in recreational water.The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the five DBPs did not exceed the risk thresholds.In addition,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of mixed exposure to DBPs were within the acceptable risk limits.Conclusion Typical DBPs were widely detected in recreational water collected from three large amusement parks in Shanghai;however,the health risks of DBPs and their mixtures were within acceptable limits.

Research Progress in Occupational Health Risk Assessment Methods in China

Traditional occupational disease control and prevention has remained prevalent in China over recent decades. There are appropriately 30,000 new case reports of occupational diseases annually. Although China has already established a series of occupational disease prevention programs, occupational health risk assessment （OHRA） strategies continue to be a limitation.

Occupational Health Risk Assessment of Benzene,Toluene,and Xylene in Shanghai

Objective This study was designed to conduct a retrospective and systematic occupational health risk assessment(OHRA)of enterprises that used benzene,toluene,and xylene(BTX)in Shanghai,China.Methods All data for the study were obtained from 1,705 occupational health examination and evaluation reports from 2013 to 2017,and a semiquantitative model following Chinese OHRA guidelines(GBZ/T 298-2017)was applied for the assessment.Results The selected enterprises using BTX were mainly involved in manufacturing of products.Using the exposure level method,health risk levels associated with exposure to BTX were classified as medium,negligible,or low.However,the risk levels associated with benzene and toluene were significantly different according to job types,with gluers and inkers exhibiting greater health risks.For the same job type,the health risk levels assessed using the comprehensive index method were higher than those using the exposure level method.Conclusion Our OHRA reveals that workers who are exposed to BTX still face excessive health risk.Additionally,the risk level varied depending on job categories and exposure to specific chemicals.Therefore,additional control measures recommended by OHRA guidelines are essential to reduce worker exposure levels.

Research on Fast Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for High Temperature and High Pressure Gas Wells

Aiming at the problem that the existing risk assessment methods in China cannot simply and accurately assess the safety risk of gas wells, a rapid semi-quantitative risk assessment method for gas wells under high temperature and pressure is studied. Based on the rapid risk assessment method of annulus well with pressure in Chevron Company and the existing risk assessment methods, the well barrier and annulus pressure of high temperature and high pressure gas wells are fully considered. A rapid semi-quantitative risk assessment method for high temperature and high pressure gas wells is established, which takes the annulus pressure value, well service life, annulus pressure recovery after pressure relief, reservoir conditions (formation pressure, production) and well CO2 and H2S content as the key risk indexes. The method is applied in a gas field, and the risk value and risk grade of a practical well are semi-quantitatively evaluated. The overall risk situation of the well is obtained. The research results provide important technical guidance for the safe production of gas well.

Study of occupation health risk assessment on Chinese coal mine

Factors of occupation health hazard were identified and analyzed, and indexes system of occupation health risk assessment were established by applying fuzzy theory and system safety technique, the weights of index system were obtained by AHP, finally a reasonable mathematics model of occupation health risk assessment was accomplished by an example.

Risk of Waterborne Parasitic Infection among Vegetables Producers in the City of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: An Attempt to Quantify Them Using the Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment Method

The use of wastewater in urban agriculture has been promoted as an alternative to water scarcity and as a means to increase soil fertilizer. However, the use of wastewater in urban agriculture raises major public health concerns, mainly due to the often high concentration of pathogenic micro-organisms. Waterborne parasites are a major health concern in this regard, especially in endemic areas, mainly due to the high environmental resistance of eggs/cysts combined with a low infectious dose. In this study, the parasitological risk to vegetables producers in Ouagadougou using polluted water was evaluated through the quantitative microbiological risk analysis method. For this purpose, the search for and quantification of viable parasite eggs and cysts in irrigation water was coupled with epidemiological surveillance of vegetables producers in Ouagadougou. Protozoa and helminths belonging to 9 species were recorded and samples analyzed. These include Ancylostoma sp., Ascaris lumbricoides, tapeworm’s sp, Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia. Despite the variability of isolated parasitic species, Ancylostoma sp. eggs were common and severe to all types of water. Moreover, epidemiological approach showed that there were more parasitic species found in irrigation water and also other parasitic species circulating among vegetable farmers. In addition, there is no statistical significant association between the type of water used for irrigation and the carried parasites by vegetable gardeners. However, contamination of the groups using the raw wastewater is once higher than those using well water. When one is interested in the groups using treated wastewater as a source of irrigation, these risks of contaminations are halved. These contaminations are halved when one looks at groups using treated wastewater as a source of irrigation water. Still, whatever the type of water used by the gardeners, they have a probability of infection with Ancylostoma sp. of around 9.83 × 10−1 pppy.

Prevalence and Risk Assessment of Campylobacter jejuni in Chicken in China

Objective To understand the occurrence and distribution of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken in China, assess its health risk to the Chinese population, and provide recommendations for effective risk control. Methods Data from the National Food Safety Risk Surveillance Network on Campylobacter jejuni between 2007 and 2010 and from published articles were analyzed. Eleven parameters were used based on the whole chicken preparation process and prevalence of Campylobocter jejuni for risk assessment by using the Ross-Sumner Method. Results The detection rates of Campylobacterjejuni in raw chicken were between 0.29% and 2.28% during 2007-2010 in China （more than 20 provinces）. The probability of illness caused by Campylobacter jejuni due to chicken consumption was around six out of one million consumers per day in urban areas and around one out of one million consumers per day in rural areas. Total predicted illnesses per year was about 736 000, accounting for 1.6‰ of the general population in urban areas and about 301 000, accounting for 0.37‰ of the total population in rural areas. The risk rankings of Campylobocterjejuni in chicken were 52 and 49 in urban and rural areas, respectively. Conclusion A high risk score for Campylobacterjejuni in chicken was obtained in China. This result may contribute to development of food safety management strategies. Key efforts should be made to control the risk of Campylobacterjejuni in chicken in China, especially in chick breeding and chicken preparation processes.

上海市某区生菜中阪崎克罗诺杆菌的半定量风险评估

为了评估上海市某区居民通过生菜暴露阪崎克罗诺杆菌(Cronobacter sakazakii)的健康风险,本文按照微生物风险评估的程序,应用半定量风险评估工具Risk Ranger和sQMRA软件,结合居民膳食消费量数据进行评估。预计上海市某区健康成人每人每天因进食污染了阪崎克罗诺杆菌的生菜而患病的概率为1.66×10^(-9),每年发病7.63×10^(-3)例,风险系数为9,健康成人的发病概率很低。说明上海市某区即食生菜中阪崎克罗诺杆菌危害为低风险,可维持现有风险控制措施,但需严格执行生产过程风险监测,制定安全事件发生应急预案,并加强对消费者家庭食品安全的科普宣传。本研究为生菜中致病微生物风险评估补充数据,可供定量风险评估和食源性疾病的防控提供科学参考。

警察职业安全与健康风险因素分析评估及对策研究——基于风险管理标准建设

警察①是高风险职业,因公伤亡高发或罹患重大疾病源于警察职业特殊性,预防警察职业伤害发生,保证警察健康从警是公安工作高质量发展前提和基础。在明确危险源、危险和有害因素及其与风险因素本质联系基础上,对可能导致警察职业伤害的风险因素分类辨析,依据国家标准,从人、物、环境、管理不同维度,对警察职业安全与健康风险因素进行评估,基于LEC法结合警务特点,将警察职业伤害类型分为心理健康问题、生理性疾病和人身安全危险,确立取值标准并形成风险清单,提出风险管理流程和对策,为建立警察职业安全与健康风险管理标准提供理论支撑和实践指导。

基于5种风险评估方法评估汽车制造业喷漆和焊接岗位中化学有害因素的职业健康风险

目的:采用5种风险评估方法对汽车制造业重点岗位的化学有害因素进行职业健康风险评估,优化汽车制造业职业健康风险评估方案。方法:选取2022年河南省某3家汽车制造企业喷漆岗位(产生苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯)和焊接岗位(产生锰及其无机化合物)为研究对象,运用接触比值法、半定量综合指数法、国际采矿与金属委员会(ICMM)赋值定量法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数评估法进行喷漆和焊接等岗位的健康风险评估,并比较风险评估的结果。结果:企业2喷漆岗位二甲苯时间加权平均浓度最大值超过职业接触限值(OEL)时间加权平均容许浓度,企业3喷漆岗位乙苯和二甲苯的短时间接触浓度(C STEL)最大值超过OEL短时间接触容许浓度。3家企业的苯和甲苯浓度均低于OEL。接触比值法评估的有害因素风险等级为1~5级,半定量综合指数法评估的为2~3级,ICMM赋值定量法评估的为1~3级,定量非致癌风险评估法评估的为1~5级,风险指数评估法评估的为1~5级。半定量综合指数法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数法评估的风险等级高于或等于接触比值法和ICMM赋值定量法。对于二甲苯超标的岗位,5种方法进行风险评估的风险等级均高于或等于不超标的岗位,且接触比值法和定量非致癌风险评估法评估的风险等级高于其他方法。定量非致癌风险评估法评估3家企业的锰及其无机化合物的风险等级均为5级,高于其他4种方法。结论:接触比值法、半定量综合指数法、ICMM赋值定量法、定量非致癌风险评估法和风险指数评估法各有优缺点,必要时多种方法联合应用更能客观评估汽车制造业化学有害因素的职业健康风险。

Evolution and health risk of indicator microorganisms in landscape water replenished by reclaimed water

As an important means to solve water shortage,reclaimed water has been widely used for landscape water supply.However,with the emergence of large-scale epidemic diseases such as SARS,avian influenza and COVID-19 in recent years,people are increasingly concerned about the public health safety of reclaimed water discharged into landscape water,especially the pathogenic microorganisms in it.In this study,the water quality and microorganisms of the Old Summer Palace,a landscape water body with reclaimed water as the only replenishment water source,were tracked through long-term dynamic monitoring.And the health risks of indicator microorganisms were analyzed using Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment(QMRA).It was found that the concentration of indicator microorganisms Enterococcus(ENT),Escherichia coli(EC)and Fecal coliform(FC)generally showed an upward trend along the direction of water flow and increased by more than 0.6 log at the end of the flow.The concentrations of indicator microorganisms were higher in summer and autumn than those in spring.And there was a positive correlation between the concentration of indicator microorganisms and COD.Further research suggested that increased concentration of indicator microorganisms also led to increased health risks,which were more than 30%higher in other areas of the park than the water inlet area and required special attention.In addition,(water)surface operation exposure pathway had much higher health risks than other pathways and people in related occupations were advised to take precautions to reduce the risks.

粉末静电喷涂车间颗粒物暴露检测与职业健康风险评估

为探究静电喷涂作业颗粒物职业暴露程度,选取2家汽配企业(A企业和R企业),实时检测作业场所颗粒物暴露水平,进行颗粒物形态学分析,模拟计算在人体呼吸道的沉积率,使用控制分级策略Stoffenmanager Nano模型评价风险等级。研究结果表明:喷涂车间收集到的颗粒物多呈不规则的晶体状;以碳(C)、氧(O)元素为主,含有多种金属元素,包括铝(Al)、镍(Ni)、锌(Zn)等;A,R企业个体平均数量浓度为29565,88337个/cm_(3)。A企业、R企业以及环境背景的PM 1.0的平均质量浓度为0.123,0.335和0.063 mg/m^(3),企业颗粒物质量浓度均高于大气背景值,且具有统计学差异。经Stoffenmanager Nano模型评估,A,R企业风险等级均为高风险等级。研究结果可为静电喷涂作业场所颗粒物暴露检测与职业健康风险评估提供具体数据支持及方法参考。

泰安城区地下水中挥发性和半挥发性有机物特征与健康风险评价

为查清泰安城区地下水有机污染现状,对《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)中规定的26项挥发性和半挥发性有机物组分进行检测,并利用健康风险评价模型对饮水摄入、皮肤接触、洗浴呼吸吸入3种暴露途径产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险进行评价。研究结果表明:地下水样品中挥发性和半挥发性有机物检出率为35.34%,15项被检出的组分中,1,1,2-三氯乙烷检出率最高,为16.38%,其次为四氯乙烯(12.07%)和三氯乙烯(6.90%)。与GB/T 14848—2017的Ⅲ类水标准限值相比,挥发性和半挥发性有机物总超标率为5.17%,出现超标的组分为1,1,2-三氯乙烷、三氯乙烯、苯并(a)芘,最大检出质量浓度分别为26.90、149.00、0.024μg/L,为标准值的5.38、2.13、2.40倍,表明研究区地下水已受到一定程度的有机污染。挥发性和半挥发性有机物非致癌风险指数介于1.52×10^(-6)~1.48,均值为4.33×10^(-2),超限率仅为0.86%,非致癌风险较低,对人体的健康危害程度小;致癌风险值介于2.04×10^(-9)~3.37×10^(-5),均值为1.77×10^(-6),超限率为6.90%,风险点呈点状分布,引起致癌风险的组分为1,1,2-三氯乙烷、三氯甲烷、三氯乙烯,需重点关注和控制。非致癌风险和致癌风险的主要暴露途径均为饮水摄入,皮肤接触和洗浴呼吸吸入产生的风险可以忽略。研究成果对泰安城区地下水供水安全和有机污染防治具有指导意义。

Health risks of pest control and disinfection workers after the COVID-19 outbreak in South Korea

The exposure patterns of pest control and disinfection workers have changed after the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)outbreak,but the health risks of chemical exposure have not been assessed.We identified these workers’chemical exposure patterns and risks before and after the COVID-19 outbreak.We used data conducted between 2018(pre-pandemic)and 2021(post-pandemic)from three-year cross-sectional surveys on pest control and disinfection workers.Inhalation and dermal exposure concentrations were estimated using equations based on a biocidal product risk assessment model from the Korean National Institute of Environmental Research.The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of chemicals were calculated using the United States Environmental Protection Agency risk assessment model.We found that the annual work frequency(50^(th)percentile)of foggers using disinfectants increased the most among all the work types,from 140 uses/year to 176 uses/year after the COVID-19 outbreak.Moreover,all chemicals’non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks increased regardless of exposure routes.In the worst scenario(95^(th)percentile),the margin of exposure for citric acid,benzethonium chloride,benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides,and sodium chlorite of inhalation exposure,and isopropyl alcohol and benzyl-C12-16-alkyldimethyl chlorides of dermal exposure were acceptable(>100)before the COVID-19outbreak but became unacceptable(<100)after the COVID-19 outbreak.Carcinogenic risks of dichlorvos from inhalation and dermal exposure were above acceptable levels(>10^(-6))before and after the COVID-19 outbreak but comparatively high after the COVID-19 outbreak.Additionally,significantly more workers experienced health symptoms after the COVID-19outbreak(p<0.05),with the most common being muscle lethargy(31%),skin/face stinging(28.7%),and breath shortness/neck pain(24.1%).

基于LOPA策略的本质职业健康评估方法应用探索

为指导化工装置工艺路线选择及职业危害防护设施设置,基于LOPA策略提出一种可应用于化工装置的本质职业健康评估方法。首先,对工艺模式、物理危害、健康危害及职业危害控制措施进行赋值;然后,基于LOPA策略计算本质职业健康风险指数及残余风险值,确定风险等级;最后,将以上方法应用于烷基化装置的3种工艺路线选择及职业病防护设施设置,得出氢氟酸法和硫酸法工艺路线存在较大职业危害(R_(2)),而离子液法工艺路线职业危害低(R_(0))。因此可通过离子液替代氢氟酸和硫酸作为催化剂,或是采取更为严格的职业危害控制措施来降低氢氟酸法和硫酸法工艺路线的职业危害。研究结果表明:基于LOPA策略的本质职业健康评估方法可以指导化工装置选择符合本质职业健康的生产工艺,为企业采取更为合理的职业病防护措施提供依据。

GIS技术的半定量层次分析法在岩溶塌陷危险性评价中的应用

为了研究朱庄岩溶塌陷情况,利用层次分析法与Arcgis空间分析相结合,从研究区基岩岩性、岩溶发育条件、地下水位埋深、地下水动力条件、覆盖层厚度及渗透性六个主要因素来分析岩溶塌陷影响主要因素及塌陷危险性评价得出危险性分区。研究得出,区内岩溶发育程度分为岩溶强发育区与岩溶中等发育区。利用层次分析法构建AHP模型,基于Arcgis空间分析模块绘制各个影响因子的评价图,对岩溶塌陷各危险性等级进行分析,高危险区域面积0.115 km^(2),占比11.34%,中危险区域面积0.19 km^(2),占比18.74%,低危险区面积0.599 km^(2),占比59.07%,安全区域面积0.11 km^(2),占比10.85%。研究为后期岩溶塌陷的防御提供技术支持。

基于区间分析的电站锅炉承压部件风险评估

为确保电站锅炉承压部件风险评估的准确性,在遵循《GB/T 30581-2014电站锅炉承压系统风险管理方法》等标准的基础上,引入了先进的区间分析方法,以降低技术人员主观因素及测试数据不确定性对评估结果的影响.此方法采用区间数来精准描述现场检验数据的不确定性,构建了一个电站锅炉承压部件风险区间的半定量分析模型.这一模型不仅提供了定量数据,还结合了定性分析结果,使得风险评估更加全面和准确,成功提高了电站锅炉的服役性能.为了验证其可行性及可靠性,以福州市某单位的一台电站锅炉承压部分的风险评估为例进行了实证研究.结果表明,该方法能够有效降低评估中的不确定性,为电站锅炉的安全运行提供了坚实的技术支撑.

某化工企业坎利酮生产项目职业病危害现状定量风险分析

文章对某化工企业坎利酮生产项目产生的职业病危害因素进行分析和检测。结果表明,该项目产生的主要化学有害为甲醇、四氢呋喃、二氯甲烷和DMF,其检测浓度符合职业接触限值。采用定量风险评估法进行评估,结果为风险等级可接受,工人职业健康监护结果良好,和评估结果一致。

农药职业健康风险评估方法

农药职业健康风险评估是评价农药对使用者和再进入施药区域劳动者健康危害的方法体系。根据国际风险评估的原理和流程,主要介绍了农药职业健康风险评估的方法,即采用安全剂量与不同场景农药暴露量的比值来评估非遗传毒性农药的健康风险。并阐述了暴露模型、出发点和不确定因子等概念及其运用。最后,从建立符合中国国情的风险评估方法、基础数据库及加快农药毒理学良好实验室(GLP实验室)建设等几方面,就我国应该如何开展农药职业健康风险评估工作提出了可行性建议。

即食食品中单增李斯特菌的半定量风险评估

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