SEMI-DEFINITE RELAXATION ALGORITHM OF MULTIPLE KNAPSACK PROBLEM

The multiple knapsack problem denoted by MKP (B,S,m,n) can be defined as fol- lows.A set B of n items and a set Sof m knapsacks are given such thateach item j has a profit pjand weightwj,and each knapsack i has a capacity Ci.The goal is to find a subset of items of maximum profit such that they have a feasible packing in the knapsacks.MKP(B,S,m,n) is strongly NP- Complete and no polynomial- time approximation algorithm can have an approxima- tion ratio better than0 .5 .In the last ten years,semi- definite programming has been empolyed to solve some combinatorial problems successfully.This paper firstly presents a semi- definite re- laxation algorithm (MKPS) for MKP (B,S,m,n) .It is proved that MKPS have a approxima- tion ratio better than 0 .5 for a subclass of MKP (B,S,m,n) with n≤ 1 0 0 ,m≤ 5 and maxnj=1{ wj} minmi=1{ Ci} ≤ 2 3 .

A Comparison Between English and Chinese Affixation

English and Chinese have their respective word formations,as they are from different language families.A comparison between the two different languages show the similarities in the forms and meanings of their affixes while their differences are obvious.

Affixation and English Study

English language study involves the study of speech sounds,grammar and vocabulary,among which the study of vocabulary is the most important and difficult one.A successful English learner should know how to master English words quickly and stably.This thesis makes some research in affixation rules and skills in order to help English learners learn English better.

A Feature Percolation Convention of Affixation Processes in Urhobo

This paper seeks to examine headedness in affixation processes in Urhobo using a feature percolation approach.Affixation is a rich source of word formation process in the Urhobo language.The specific objectives are to identify affixation processes in Urhobo,investigate how they are used to derive words and determine headedness in the Urhobo language using a feature percolation theory as a framework.This paper reveals three affixation processes in Urhobo,which are prefixes,circumfixes and suffixes.Affixation is a derivational aspect of morphology and it brings about change in the grammatical class of the word or rather,provides additional semantic information to a word.The paper discovers that new words are derived in the language by attaching an affix either at the beginning(prefix),or to the end(suffix)of a word.This process is very productive in the language.The paper reveals that the head of a word using prefix is left-right branching while for suffixes,it is right-left branching.The prefix and suffix attached to a root to form the circumfix project to be the head of a word.The study observes circumfixes to have two heads.Feature percolation theory is also used to determine the head of a word in Urhobo.The paper concludes by recommending further researches on the use of theories especially morphological theories in analysing morphological processes in Urhobo.

A Corpus-based Study on the Use of Affixal Negation in Chinese EFL Learners' Writing

This paper reports a comparative study on the use of affixal negation in the writing of Chinese EFL learners based on data collected from a learner corpus,WECCL and a native-speaker corpus,LOCNESS.The findings revealed that the overall frequency of affixal negation used by Chinese students was nearly the same as that of native speakers.And the top three most frequently used negative affixes of the two groups were the same in terms of their rankings and proportion.However,when it comes to individual negative affixes,some were underused while others overused.The reasons behind were explored in the analysis of un-,dis-and in-,the top three most frequently used negative affixes by Chinese EFL learners and native speakers.Pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research were presented at the end of the paper.

I-semi-π-regular Rings

Let R be a ring and I an ideal of R. A ring R is called I-semi-π--regular if R/I is π-regular and idempotents of R can be strongly lifted modulo I. Characterizations of I-semi-π-regular rings are given and relations between semi-π-regular rings and semiregular rings are explored.

On English Affixes and Vocabulary Learning

Affix is an important category in linguistics.Affixation is the word formation of adding an affix.It analyzes English affixes from the following aspects:the category and the functions of affixes,the characteristics of affixes and the functions of affixes in vocabulary learning.And it is also the way to memorize the words with the analysis of affixation,which helps one to enlarge the words logically and systematically.

网络新词族“X替”探微——以“嘴替”为例

以“嘴替”为代表的网络新词族“X替”主要是由单音节的身体部位词或少量不及物动词与类词缀“替”构成的附加式合成词。“X替”的语义由“替代某人做某事的人”隐喻“某种表现引起共鸣的人”义,还可进一步转喻“对某行为深切认同”义,其中“替”有成为词缀的趋势。“X替”作句法成分受到语体的制约,在口语中作宾语,在书面语中除作宾语外,还可作主语与定语。“X替”在语言环境中具有鲜明的褒义色彩,其形成与流行受到了语言内部因素及外部因素的共同影响。

湖南浏阳沙市方言的“哒”及“哒”缀词

在湖南浏阳沙市方言中,“哒”的词性丰富,可以单独作动态助词、语气词、介词,还可以当词缀。单音节的“哒”可作介词,不过,双音节的“A哒”充当介词的情况更常见。“跍哒”一词极具特色,能够作动词、副词、介词,与浏阳客家话中的“跍”相比,“跍哒”语义更丰富。双音节介词“A哒”与“跍哒”中的“哒”均为词缀,二者均属于“哒”缀词。此外,长沙方言也使用“哒”,与浏阳沙市方言的“哒”有相似之处。

晋南方言词缀“圪”的读音

晋南方言中,词缀“圪”的读音存在着较大的差异。根据韵母的不同,可以将晋南方言“圪”的读音分为五种类型:??读型、?读型、?读型、?读型和i读型。??读型的分布范围与晋南的晋语区重合。?读型和i读型的关系比较密切,i读型是?读型进一步发展的结果。?读型和?读型则是走了另外的发展路读型则是走了另外的发展路径,可能和普通话的影响有一定的关系。同一种读音类型的方言,“圪”的单字调类也比较一致。从调类归派的角度来看,?读型和i读型方言的“圪”往往与全浊入声字一起演变,而?读型和(山东大学文学院,山东济南250100)提要晋南方言中,词缀“圪”的读音存在着较大的差异。根据韵母的不同,可以将晋南方言“圪”读音分为五种类型:??读型、?读型、?读型、?读型和i读型。??读型的分布范围与晋南的晋语区重合。读型方言则是与清入、次浊入的字保持同步。

足尺拼接式方形高强钢管混凝土柱轴压承载力数值分析

对两种不同的新型拼接式方形高强钢管混凝土足尺柱的轴压承载性能进行了数值模拟,分析了混凝土强度、钢材强度、缀材间距和宽厚比对该类组合柱轴压承载力及荷载–位移曲线的影响规律,研究表明:同种参数影响下两种形式的组合柱荷载–位移曲线及承载力变化规律相似;材料强度和宽厚比对承载力影较为显著,如钢材屈服强度从345 MPa提升至460 MPa时,两种组合柱承载力分别提高了9.13%和9.42%,宽厚比从83.3增大至100时,两类柱子承载力分别降低了5.08%和5.00%;可初步采用GB 50936—2014《钢管混凝土结构技术规范》计算该类新型柱的轴压承载力。

网络流行语“X媛”及“媛”的类词缀化现象

随着社会的发展,出现了“X媛”式的网络流行语,其中的语素“媛”出现了语义贬降和类词缀化的趋势。通过检索与“X媛”族词汇相关的网络新闻并借助百度指数,对“X媛”族词汇的形成过程进行了全面考察。词义的变迁和新词族的产生是社会的、认知的等因素综合作用的结果。通过对“X媛”式的网络流行语构建过程的概念隐喻、概念融合进行研究,可以解释词义变化和新词族产生的动态过程和认知推理机制。

现代汉语中后缀“家”的用法及来源

“家”在现代汉语中可以充当后缀。根据其虚化程度,后缀“家”可分为类词缀和典型词缀两类。类词缀的“家”多附于名词和谓词后,表示某类人。典型词缀的“家”则多附于指人名词和人称代词后,起到增加感情色彩或凑足音节的作用。其中类词缀“家”的语义演变路径为:“家庭”义→“学术流派”义→“掌握某种专业知识或从事专门事业的人”之义;典型词缀“家”的语义演变路径为:“家庭”义→“人的身份或职业”之义→名词词尾或代词词尾。其语义演变动因主要有转喻、隐喻、主观性以及特殊文体要求。

网络流行语“电子n”结构的认知研究

“电子n”结构的网络新词是对网络空间中事物或活动的指称,“n”的成分可由具体名词和抽象名词充当,“电子”一词呈现类词缀化特征。在句法功能方面,整个结构可以担任句子的主语、宾语,也可以作为定语修饰另一个名词。该结构具有主观性、随意性以及娱乐性的语义特征,其意义的建构可通过物性结构和概念整合的糅合模式进行说明。传播动因主要与语言的经济性和创新型以及网络娱乐产业的发展与人们的交际需求相关。

从形态学和词源学角度探析医学英语词汇特征

随着人类认识的深入、新型疾病的出现和诊疗技术的革新,掌握医学英语对于了解医学文化、阅读医药文献和强化技术交流有着至关重要的作用。近年来,医学英语词汇的研究不断深入,主要集中在医学词汇的来源和发展、分类和组织、教学和应用及语义分析几方面。该文从形态学和词源学角度入手,探析医学英语词汇特征,目的在于帮助语言学习者、翻译工作者及医务工作者更好地掌握医学英语词汇构词及词源特点,了解西方医学现状及其历史演变过程,提高专业素养和职业竞争力,促进医学领域的知识交流和传播,为医疗保健事业的发展做出更大的贡献。

汉语哈萨克语派生词构成方式对比探析

随着事物的发展、科技的进步及时代的变迁,词汇作为语言中对环境改变反映最敏锐的成员也在随之发生变化,关于词汇的分析研究始终是一个热点问题。派生词又称附加词,属于合成词的一种,在词汇中占有一定比例,也是人们日常交流生活中常用的一类词。该文采用对比语言学理论方法,对汉语派生词的构成方式和哈萨克语派生词的构成方式进行对比,综合目前学界较为认可的构词方式,将派生词的构成方式分为前加式和后加式来分析两种语言中派生词的构成特点,总结两种语言中派生词的相同点和不同点,希望能为哈萨克语学习者提供帮助。

试论现代汉语的类词缀*

本文旨在从句法音系接面的角度、根据大规模语料库的统计材料论证类词缀是现代汉语的一个独立的、重要的单位类别。作者发现,与词根相比,类词缀与词缀、助字一样具有单向高搭配性、结构类型个别化和类化作用的特点,意义也较词根明显泛化。与词缀、助字相比,类词缀主要与双音词和多音节类词相配,而词缀只能与单音字和部分双音词相配,助字则是自由地与包括自由短语在内的所有单位层级相配。另外,类词缀新生类推潜能极强,可根据接收向周遍性组配规则大量新创语义透明的类词字组,与词缀明显不同。

怀远方言指人名词里的“鬼、精、货、包、种、蛋”

在怀远方言里,"鬼、精、货、包、种、蛋"等成分常用来构成带有贬义色彩的指人名词。这些成分在构词时结合面宽、位置固定,标示词性,组成的结构类型模糊,具备了词缀的部分语法特征,但在语义上还未彻底地脱离理性意义,虚实介于汉语实词素和词缀之间。笔者认为怀远方言指人名词里的"鬼、精、货、包、种、蛋"应属于类词缀。

基于词缀库的非监督维吾尔语词切分方法

在维吾尔语中,词缀的数量有限且构词具有一定的规律性。为了提高维吾尔语词切分算法的性能,在一个词缀库的基础上,通过分析维吾尔语的基本构词规则,提出了一种改进的非监督维吾尔语词切分方法。该方法对词进行规则切分,采用MAP切分评价模型对规则切分打分,选取得分最高的规则切分作为该词的最终切分形式。在一个5000词的测试语料上进行了实验,实验结果表明,使用该方法进行维吾尔语词切分具有更高的准确率。