Retrotransposon-mediated DELLA transcriptional reprograming underlies semi-dominant dwarfism in foxtail millet

Retrotransposons account for a large proportion of the genome and genomic variation, and play key roles in creating novel genes and diversifying the genome in many eukaryotic species. Although retrotransposons are abundant in plants, their roles had been underestimated because of a lack of research. Here, we characterized a gibberellin Acid (GA)-insensitive dwarf mutant, 84133, in foxtail millet. Map-based cloning revealed a 5.5-kb Copia-like retrotransposon insertion in DWARF1 (D1), which encodes a DELLA protein. Transcriptional analysis showed that the Copia retrotransposon mediated the transcriptional reprogramming of D1 leading to a novel N-terminal-deleted truncated DELLA transcript that was putatively driven by Copia's LTR, namely D1-TT, and another chimeric transcript. The presence of D1-TT was confirmed by protein immunodetection analysis. Furthermore, D1-TT protein was resistant to GA3 treatment compared with the intact DELLA protein due to its inability to interact with the GA receptor, SiGID1. Overexpression of D1-TT in foxtail millet resulted in dwarf plants, confirming that it determines the dwarfism of 84133. Thus, our study documents a rare instance of long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposon-mediated transcriptional reprograming in the plant kingdom. These results shed light on the function of LTR retrotransposons in generating new gene functions and genetic diversity.

Effect of Dominant Semi-Dwarf Gene on Plant Height and Its Related Traits and Sensitivity to Gibberellic Acid in Rice

Six pairs of tall and dwarf near-isogenic lines derived from a dominant semi-dwarf mutant （Y98149） were selected to study height expression and sensitivity to gibberellic acid （GA3）. The lengths of the 4-5th internode, the 3rd, 2nd, 1st internodes from the top and the panicle length in the six dwarf near isogenic lines were 97.2%, 53.3%, 65.1%, 61.9% and 94.7% of those in the six tall ones, respectively, indicating that the dominant semi-dwarfing gene significantly inhibited the internode elongation. Moreover, Y98149 （mutant type） was more sensitive to GA3 than Y98148 （wild type）, and had a lower GA3 concentration in plant, about 78% of Y98148.

Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Tillering Dwarf Semi-Sterile Mutant <i>tdr</i>1 in Rice

Tillering and plant height are important components of plant architecture and grain production in rice. We identified a novel high tillering, dwarf and semi-sterile mutant, as named tdr1 in a rice maintainer line E20 derived from the cross between between IR68888B and Luxiang 90. The investigation of tiller dynamic in the tdr1 line displayed 3 different phases: rapid increasing of tillers in the vegetative growth stage, producing no new tillers in the transition stage from the vegetative growth to reproductive growth, and regeneration of new tillers after heading. The assay of hormones showed the significant reduction of brassinolide level and no change of the levels of gibberellic acid, cytokinin and strigolactone in the tdr1 line. Genetic analysis indicated the phenotype of high tillering, dwarfism and semi-sterility is controlled by a recessive gene in several different segregation populations. The TDR1 gene was mapped in the 105 kb interval between RM3288 and RM6590 on chromosome 4. Cloning of TDR1 gene would provide a new opportunity to uncover the molecular mechanism of the development of plant height and tiller in rice.

Dark Matter Search in Dwarf Irregular Galaxies with Ten Years of Data from the Ice Cube Neutrino Observatory

Dwarf irregular galaxies(dIrrs),as rotationally supported systems,have more reliable J-factor measurements than dwarf spheroidal galaxies and have received attention as targets for dark matter detection in recent years.In this paper,we use 10 yr of IceCube muon-track data and an unbinned maximum-likelihood-ratio method to search for neutrino signals beyond the background from the directions of seven dIrrs,aiming to detect neutrinos produced by heavy annihilation dark matter.We do not detect any significant signal.Based on such null results,we calculate the upper limits on the velocity-averaged annihilation cross section for 1 TeV–10 PeV dark matter.Our limits,although weaker than the strictest constraints in the literature in this mass range,are also a good complement to the existing results considering the more reliable J-factor measurements of dIrrs.

Insights into the dwarfing mechanism of pear(Pyrus betulaefolia) based on anatomical and structural analysis using X-ray scanning

The lack of a suitable rootstock to control scion growth has limited the development of high-density plantations in pear production, which is partly attributed to poor understanding of the dwarfing mechanism. In the present study, the rootstock of the dwarf-type pear (Pyrus betulaefolia)PY-9’ was identified and used as the material for anatomical analysis.PY-9’ grew to half the tree height of the normal cultivar Zhengdu’, along with fewer internodes and shorter length. Significant differences in growth rate betweenPY-9’ andZhengdu’ were detected at approximately 30 days after full bloom, which corresponded with the time of the greatest difference in water potential between the dwarf and normal cultivar.PY-9’ showed a higher photosynthetic rate thanZhengdu’. Anatomical analysis showed thatPY-9’ had higher area ratios of both phloem and xylem and more developed vascular tissues thanZhengdu’. The three-dimensional reconstructed skeleton of the xylem from X-ray computed tomography scanning revealed greater intervessel connectivity inZhengdu’ than inPY-9’, which could contribute to the more vigorous growth ofZhengdu’. This study thus provides the first comparison of the microstructural properties of xylem elements between a dwarfing-type and vigorous-type pear rootstock, providing new insights into the dwarfing mechanism in pear and facilitating breeding of dwarf pear rootstocks to increase crop productivity.

The Infiuence of Velocity-dependent Correction Factor on Proton Decay Reactions in Massive White Dwarfs

Twenty-five typical massive white dwarfs(WDs)are selected and the proton decay reaction catalyzed by magnetic monopoles(MMs)for these WDs is discussed.A velocity-dependent correction factor strongly affects the cross-section.We find that a strong suppression controls the monopole catalysis of nucleon decay by the correction factor.The maximum number of MMs is captured and the luminosity can be 2.235×10^(21)and 1.7859×10^(32)erg s^(-1)(e.g.,for the O+Ne core mass WD J055631.17+130639.78).The luminosities of most massive WDs agree well with the observations at relatively low temperatures(e.g.,T_(6)=0.1),but can be three and two orders of magnitude higher than those of the observations for model(Ⅰ)and(Ⅱ)at relatively high temperatures(e.g.,T_(6)=10),respectively.The luminosities of model(Ⅰ)are about one order of magnitude higher than those of model(Ⅱ).Since we consider the effect of the number of MMs captured on the mass–radius relation and the suppression of the proton decay by the correction factor,the study by model(Ⅱ)may be an improved estimation.

Proton Decay Reaction in Massive White Dwarfs

Two magnetic monopole models (i.e., model (I, II)) are presented to discuss the energy resources problem based on magnetic monopole catalytic nuclear decay in massive white dwarfs. We find that the luminosities for most of massive white dwarfs increase as the temperature increases. The luminosities of model (II) are agreed well with those of the observations at relativistic high temperature (e.g., T6=1,10), However, the luminosities of the observations can be five orders of magnitude larger than those of model (I).

Stellar Populations of AGN-host Dwarf Galaxies Selected with Different Methods

In this paper we investigate the stellar populations and star formation histories of 235 active galactic nucleus(AGN)-host dwarf galaxies,consisting of four samples identified separately with different methods(i.e.,radio,X-ray,mid-IR and variability),utilizing the synthesis code STARLIGHT and spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 8.Our results show that the variability sample is the oldest,while the mid-IR sample is the youngest,for which the luminosity at 4020?is dominated(>50%)by the young population(t<10~8yr).The light-weighted mean stellar age of the whole sample is in general about 0.7 dex younger than the optical sample studied in Cai et al.We compare the population results between fitting models with and without a power-law(PL)component and find that the neglect of a PL component would lead to an under-and over-estimation by 0.2 and0.1 dex for the light-and mass-weighted mean stellar age,respectively,for our sample of dwarf galaxies,which has a mean fractional contribution of~16%from the AGN.In addition,we obtain further evidence for a possible suppression of star formation in the host galaxy by the central AGN.We also find that there exists an anticorrelation between the extinction-corrected[O III]luminosity and light-weighted mean stellar age,confirming our previous finding that there is a physical connection between AGN and star-forming activities in AGN-host dwarfs.

Investigating the Genetic Bases of Growth Regulation by E2F3 in Dwarf Surf Clams Mulinia lateralis

Bivalve aquaculture plays a crucial role in the aquaculture industry due to the economic value of many bivalve species.Understanding the underlying genetic basis of bivalve growth regulation is essential for enhancing germplasm innovation and ensuring sustainable development of the industry.Though numerous candidate genes have been identified,their functional validation remains challenging.Fortunately,the dwarf surf clam(Mulinia lateralis)serves as a promising model organism for investigating genetic mechanisms underlying growth regulation in bivalves.The GWAS study in the Yesso scallop(Patinopecten yessoensis)has pinpointed the E2F3 gene as a key regulator of growth-related traits.However,the specific role of E2F3 in bivalve growth remains unclear.This study aimed to further confirm the regulatory function of the E2F3 gene in the dwarf surf clam through RNA interference experiments.Our results revealed several genes are associated with individual growth and development,including CTS7,HSP70B2,and PGLYRP3,as well as genes involved in lipid metabolism such as FABP2 and FASN.Functional enrichment analysis indicated that E2F3 primarily modulates critical processes like amino acid and lipid metabolism.These findings suggest that E2F3 likely regulates growth in the dwarf surf clam by influencing amino acid and lipid metabolism.Overall,this study advances our understanding on the function of E2F3 gene in growth regulation in bivalves,providing valuable insights for future research in this field.

HI in High Gas-phase Metallicity Dwarf Galaxy WISEA J230615.06+143927.9

We present resolved Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope H I observations of the high gas-phase metallicity dwarf galaxy WISEA J230615.06+143927.9(z = 0.005)(hereafter J2306) and investigate whether it could be a Tidal Dwarf Galaxy(TDG) candidate. TDGs are observed to have higher metallicities than normal dwarfs. J2306 has an unusual combination of a blue g-r color of 0.23 mag, irregular optical morphology and high-metallicity(12 +log(O/H) = 8.68 ± 0.14), making it an interesting galaxy to study in more detail. We find J2306 to be an H I rich galaxy with a large extended, unperturbed rotating H I disk. Using our H I data we estimated its dynamical mass and found the galaxy to be dark matter(DM) dominated within its H I radius. The quantity of DM, inferred from its dynamical mass, appears to rule out J2306 as an evolved TDG. A wide area environment search reveals J2306 to be isolated from any larger galaxies which could have been the source of its high gas metallicity. Additionally, the H I morphology and kinematics of the galaxy show no indication of a recent merger to explain the high-metallicity.Further detailed optical spectroscopic observations of J2306 might provide an answer to how a seemingly ordinary irregular dwarf galaxy achieved such a high level of metal enrichment.

Investigation of WZ Sge-type Dwarf Nova ASASSN-19oc:Optical Spectroscopy and Multicolor Light Curve Analysis

In this study,we present an investigation of the newly discovered dwarf nova ASASSN-19oc during its superoutburst on 2019 June 2.We carried out detailed UBVRcIc-photometric observations and also obtained a spectrum on day 7 of the outburst,which shows the presence of hydrogen absorption lines commonly found in dwarf nova outbursts.Analysis of photometric data reveals the occurrence of early superhumps in the initial days of observations,followed by ordinary and late superhumps.We have accurately calculated the period of the ordinary superhumps as Pord=0.05681(10)days and determined the periods at different stages,as well as the rate of change of the superhump period(P_(dot)=(5)P/P=8.1×10^(-5)).Additionally,we have derived the mass ratio of the components(q=0.09),and estimated the color temperature during the outburst as~11,000 K,the distance to the system(d=560 pc)and absolute magnitude of the system in outburst(MV=5.3).We have shown that outbursts of this star are very rare:based on brightness measurements on 600 archival photographic plates,we found only one outburst that occurred in 1984.This fact,as well as the properties listed above,convincingly shows that the variable ASASSN-19oc is a dwarf nova of WZ Sge type.

水稻矮化并花发育异常突变体dwarf and deformed flower 2(ddf2)的基因定位与候选基因分析

【目的】对一个同时导致营养和生殖器官发育异常的水稻突变体进行表型鉴定、基因定位和候选基因分析,为下一步的基因克隆与功能分析奠定基础。【方法】在水稻籼型恢复系602组织培养后代中,发现一个矮化并花发育异常突变体dwarf and deformed flower 2(ddf2)。抽穗期,以野生型为对照,对ddf2株高、主穗长、节间和功能叶的长宽等性状进行统计分析;同时利用冷冻切片等技术对茎、叶和花器官进行详细的形态和组织学分析。分别以西农1A和中花11为母本,以DDF2/ddf2杂合株系为父本构建2个F2群体进行遗传分析和基因定位,并对候选基因进行实时荧光定量PCR(real-time PCR)分析。【结果】相较于野生型,突变体各节间的长和茎粗均极显著降低,叶片极显著变短、变窄,同时花序也极显著变短。组织细胞学分析发现,突变体大叶脉数目和相邻2个大叶脉之间的小叶脉数都没有明显的变化,但相邻2个大叶脉之间的宽度明显减小,进一步比较2个小叶脉之间的叶肉细胞,发现在突变体中细胞数目和尺寸均显著降低;突变体茎秆维管束的数目与野生型相比没有明显的变化,但统计发现2个大维管束之间基本组织细胞的数量和细胞的大小都显著小于野生型,表明ddf2突变体茎、叶细胞分裂和膨胀都受到了抑制;此外,ddf2突变体的花器官特征发育受到了严重干扰:第一轮外稃顶部弯曲、内稃不同程度退化,第三轮雄蕊器官严重退化,部分甚至转化为雌蕊状器官,另外部分ddf2小穗的护颖过度发育,转变成稃片状,一些小穗还表现分生组织确定性的丢失,发育出2个以上的小花。遗传分析表明该突变性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用中花11/ddf2的1 024株F2分离群体,最终将DDF2精细定位在第11染色体短臂近着丝粒位置处,位于insertion/deletion(in/del)标记S-11和S-14之间,遗传距离分别为0.049和0.098c M,物理距离为90.295 kb,并与标记S-24共分离。分析定位区间的基因,发现共有MSU注释基因12个,其中一个编码Sec3_C蛋白的LOC_Os11g17600内部包含共分离标记S-24,进一步对该基因进行表达分析,发现该基因在突变体的叶、茎和穗中都表现出明显的下调,初步将LOC_Os11g17600作为DDF2候选基因。【结论】DDF2是一个同时控制水稻茎/叶和花器官发育的新基因。

两个新水稻 Dwarf18 基因强等位突变体的表型分析及分子鉴定

通过EMS诱变日本晴获得了s2-9和s1-146a两个矮秆突变体,其植株矮小,成熟期株高分别为日本晴的26.3%和19.2%;苗期叶片较宽,叶色深绿;穗型仍为散穗但穗长变短,粒型未发生改变。对水稻胚乳的α-淀粉酶诱导实验表明,这2个矮秆突变体与GA的信号传导途径无关,外源活性GA3对水稻幼苗株高的促进实验显示它们应与赤霉素的生物合成有关。利用突变体与籼稻品种Dular分别杂交构建了F2群体,精细定位表明这2个突变体的表型与水稻Dwarf18(D18)基因紧密连锁。序列分析发现这2个矮秆突变体的D18基因均发生了突变,在s2-9突变体中D18基因的内含子3'拼接点发生单碱基突变,s1-146a中D18基因编码区的单碱基突变导致提前终止密码子的出现。RT-PCR结果显示,在s1-146a中D18基因表达明显增强,但在s2-9中未检测到D18基因的表达。

MapReduce环境下的并行Dwarf立方构建

针对数据密集型应用,提出了一种基于MapReduce框架的并行Dwarf数据立方构建算法。算法将传统Dwarf立方等价分割为多个独立的子Dwarf立方,采用MapReduce架构,实现了Dwarf立方的并行构建、查询和更新。实验证明,并行Dwarf算法一方面结合了MapReduce框架的并行性和高可扩展性,另一方面结合了Dwarf立方结构的数据高压缩性及数据自索引性。并行Dwarf立方既实现了数据立方的高压缩存储,提供了快速的构造和增量更新操作,又克服了MapReduce机制没有索引的劣势,实现了数据立方上的快速查询操作。

基于DWARF的Bootloader远程交叉调试模型

研究了嵌入式系统在Bootloader单支撑环境下的远程交叉调试问题,设计并实现了Bootloader远程交叉调试模型,并达到源码级别的调试。主机端采用DWARF调试规范,负责分析目标文件的调试信息,向目标机上的Bootloader发送机器级的调试命令;Booloader接收并处理调试命令。该模型为嵌入式系统的应用程序开发提供了良好的调试手段。

Molecular Tagging of a New Resistance Gene to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus Using Microsatellite Markers

With joint analysis based on the parents, F 1, F 2 and backcrosses, the authors found that the resistance of the maize inbred line Huangzaosi to the maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B was conditioned by a major gene and polygene, and identified a new major gene. Bulked segregate and microsatellite analysis of a F 2 progeny from the combination of Huangzaosi×Mo17 were used to identify the resistance gene, mdm1(t), on the long arm of chromosome 6. This new resistance gene is tightly linked to and located between the microsatellite markers loci, phi077 and bnlg391. The linkage distances between phi077-mdm1(t) and mdm1(t)-bnlg391 are 4.74 centiMorgan (cM) and 6.72 cM respectively.

Dwarf尺寸的进一步缩减

Dwarf不仅降低了数据立方的存储开销,而且具有结构简单、易于实现、查询和维护等优点,是一种比较理想的数据立方组织方法。为了进一步缩减Dwarf的存储尺寸,本文通过研究Dwarf结构,分别提出了浓缩Dwarf和冰山Dwarf:前者从Dwarf结构中删除了对于查询来说冗余的内容,而后者从Dwarf结构中去掉了对于用户来说琐碎的内容。实验和分析表明,浓缩Dwarf有效地减小了Dwarf的存储尺寸,而冰山Dwarf适合于忽略细节的应用场合,极大地降低了Dwarf的存储开销。

Molecular Tagging and Effect Analysis of a New Small Grain Dwarf Gene in Rice

Plant height is one of the important agronomic traits of rice. Over higher plant would easily result in plant lodging and output reducing. On the other hand, the dwarf varieties with proper plant height had higher lodging resistance and a greater harvest index, allowing for the increased use of nitrogen fertilizer. Dwarf breeding had made a great breakthrough in the rice breeding. The breeding and extension of excellent dwarf varieties remarkably improved the yield potential of rice. Therefore, the plant height is still one of the focuses in rice genetic research.

Construction of Mutant Population and Analysis of Dwarf Mutants in "6421"(Capsicum annuum L.)through EMS Mutagenesis

[Objective] The aim was to improve the genetic property of peppers, the mutant population of Capsicum annuum L cultivar ＂6421＂ was constructed. [Method] The seeds of ＂6421＂ were treated with 0.2% to 1.2% ethyl methane sulfonate to identified LD50, and then 10 000 LD^o of treated seeds were sowed to construct mutant population. The agronomic characters and genetic regularity of dwarf mutants in M4 generation were analyzed. [Result] Our results showed that GR and SSR were 45.2% and 40.2% respectively at 1.0% EMS, close to LD50, with GI （17.6） and seed Ⅵ （19.7） being half of that of control; 562 M4 mutants were identified in 2015, and the mutation could be characterized according 11 major categories and 32 subcategories; Simultaneously, we found that plant height, plant width, diameter of mainstem, length of main-stem, the number of main-stem nodes and branch of lines E29, E58, E142 and E312 were all significantly different from that of the control. The mutation of lines E29, E58 and E312 was all controlled by a single recessive gene. [Conclusionl The study first created a pepper mutant population, which provides not only the germplasm resources for further breeding but also direct and effective materials for genomic study of the pepper.

一种基于Dwarf的快速有效增量更新算法

数据立方计算是代价非常大的操作,并且被广泛研究。受空间的限制,存储一个完全实例化的数据立方是不可行的。最近提出的一种语义压缩数据立方—Dwarf,通过消除前缀冗余和后缀冗余把一个完全实例化的数据立方压缩存储到一个很小的空间。然而,当数据源发生变化时,它的更新过程是很复杂的。本文通过研究Dwarf在更新过程中汇总结点的变化特性,提出了一种基于Dwarf的新的增量更新算法,既能完全实例化数据立方又不需要重新计算,大大提高了数据立方的更新效率。实验进一步证明了该算法的效率和有效性,尤其适合数据仓库中的高维数据集。