Isoenergetic-practical and semi-purified diets for protein requirement determination in Hermetia illucens larvae:consequences on life history traits

Background:Black soldier fly(BSF)is one of the most promising species for the intensive breeding of insects given its adaptability and its efficiency in the conversion of waste.To maximize the production and use waste as substrates,it is essential to determine the larvae nutritional requirements.The study aims to evaluate the effects of5 practical,semi-purified and isoenergetic diets(PSPID)with increasing protein levels(10%,CP10;14%,CP14;16%,CP16;19%,CP19)on BSF life history traits.A total of 2000 six-day-old larvae were weighed and divided into groups of 100(4 replicates/treatment[PSPID and Gainesville diet(GA)used as environmental control]).In larva-prepupa stage,sampling was carried out on 30 individuals/replicate,while in prepupa-adult stage on 35.Results:In the whole larval stage,the CP16 treatment performed better when compared to the other groups.At18 days old,the CP14 treatment showed a higher weight than the CP19(P<0.01),while the CP10 and CP16weights were intermediate.On the contrary,the CP10 prepupae weight was higher than the CP19(P<0.01).The CP10 and CP14 pupae performed better in terms of weight when compared to the others(P<0.01).The dietary treatments did not affect the adult parameters.The sex significantly influenced both the exuvia weight,which was the greatest in females(P<0.001),and the fly lifespan,longest in males(P<0.05).Fly lifespan was also influenced by the interaction between treatment and sex,with the CP19 females showing a longer life than the others(P<0.05).Conclusions:In conclusion,the optimal protein level considering the whole larval stage is 16%on dry matter(DM).At 18 days old,looking at the size intended for the meal production,it can be considered 14%on DM.The result obtained on adult emergence in PSPID may not be attributable to the protein content.Further researches on macronutrients requirements determination have to be conducted to evaluate the substrates composition effects on BSF life history traits.

Combination treatment of bisphosphonate(pamidronate) and Quercus infectoria semipurified fraction promotes proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cell via expression of Osterix and Runx2 marker

Objective:To understand the effects of combination treatment of pamidronate with isolated Quercus infectoria semi-purified fraction(Qlsm-F)on human foetal osteoblast cell model(hFOB1.19 cell line)through assessment of Runt related transcription fraction-2(Runx2)and Osterix(Osx).Methods:The isolation and purification of QIsm-F were conducted by chromatographic technique.In order to assess relative efficacy of QIsm-F to the osteoblast model,the determination of half maximal effective concentration(EC_(50))was performed by MTT assay.hFOB 1.19 cells were cultured in DMEM F-12 and supplemented with 10%fetal bovine serum along with 1%penicillin-streptomycin incubated in 5%CO_2 at 37℃.Expression of Runx2 and Osx was assessed through western blotting and confirmed with immunofluorescence staining.Results:Results of western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that compared to hFOB 1.19 cells treated with single individual treatment of QIsm-F and control groups,levels of Runx2 and Osx were elevated with higher fluorescence intensity and more rapid proliferation in hFOB 1.19 cells treated with combined treatment of QIsm-F and pamidronate.Conclusions:The finding demonstrates the synergistic effect between osteoporotic drug pamidronate and established QIsm-F.The combination treatment helps increase the efficiency of pamidronate acting on osteoblast cells by stimulating osteoblast proliferation and differentiation via expression of Runx2 and Osx.

Phosphorus Balance in Rats with Hypophosphatemia Induced by Lanthanum Carbonate

To examine whether lanthanum carbonate can induce a low phosphorus status in experimental animals, we examined phosphorus balance in rats administered lanthanum carbonate. Male 8-week-old Wistar rats were fed a basal case-in-based semi-purified diet or the basal diet supplemented with 0.45% or 0.90% lanthanum as lanthanum carbonate for 4 weeks. Lanthanum administration did not influence body or several organ weights and liver function. In rats administered lanthanum, a very small quantity of lanthanum was detected in several organs although the apparent absorption was almost zero. The highest lanthanum concentration was observed in the liver followed by the femur and kidney. Lanthanum was not clearly detected in the brain. Differences in organ lanthanum between 0.45% and 0.90% administration groups were not significant;lanthanum accumulation in the body is very low and may reach a plateau in a certain range of intake. Serum phosphorus was decreased and fecal phosphorus was increased by lanthanum administration dose-dependently. Urinary phosphorus excretion was significantly decreased by lanthanum. Since urinary phosphorus of rats fed 0.45% lanthanum diet decreased to near zero, the highest phosphorus balance was observed in rats fed 0.45% lanthanum diet. This high balance is considered to be adaptation to the low phosphorus status induced by lanthanum carbonate. These results indicate that lanthanum carbonate can induce hypophosphatemia without any direct side effects and be used to examine the effect of removing phosphorus from the diet in animal nutritional studies.