The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the e...The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies,namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels.It uses a computable general equilibrium model,which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory,to simulate the effects of policy scenarios(with 2007 as the reference year).This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods-the traditional approach to regulation in China-is applied.In order to achieve a similar reduction,an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed.It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy.Other policies,such as subsidies,should be used as supplements.展开更多
It has become general for surface waters being polluted by micro organic compounds. In order to know the current pollution situation and the properties of micro organic compounds in the Changjiang River, a test was pe...It has become general for surface waters being polluted by micro organic compounds. In order to know the current pollution situation and the properties of micro organic compounds in the Changjiang River, a test was performed on micro organic compounds in the water, bottom material and fish bodies which were sampled from major city river reaches of the Changjiang River. Based on the test result, researchers described and analyzed the sorts, concentration level and distribution features of micro organic compounds. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted by adopting the method of MEG (Multimedia Environmental Goals). The study indicated that ① the water body of major city river reaches of the Changjiang River has been generally polluted. In the test, totally 12 types with 308 kinds of organic compounds were detected. The main pollutants were paraffins, PAHs and lipids; and ② micro organic pollutant content in fish bodies was generally higher than that in bottom material which is in turn higher than that in water; and ③ pollution is relatively severe in the river reaches of mid-to-large comprehensive industrial cities with fairly great TAS (Total Ambient Severity) of public health and ecological system.展开更多
Non-targeted analysis(NTA)was conducted to identify semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)in a museum in China using the gas chromatography(GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer(MS).Approximately 160 SVOCs were detected,of w...Non-targeted analysis(NTA)was conducted to identify semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)in a museum in China using the gas chromatography(GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer(MS).Approximately 160 SVOCs were detected,of which 93 had not been reported in previous studies of museum environments.Many of the detected SVOCs were found to be associated with the chemical agents applied in conservation treatment and the materials used in furnishings.The results of hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated a spatial variation of SVOCs in the indoor air in the museum,but there were no obvious temporal differences of SVOCs observed in indoor dust.Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several classes of SVOCs were well correlated,suggesting their common sources.Fragrances and plasticizers were found to be the primary sources of SVOC pollution detected in the museum.Compared with compounds in outdoor air,indoor SVOCs had a lower level of unsaturation and more portions of chemically reduced compounds.This study is the first of its kind to comprehensively characterize SVOCs in a museum using an automated NTA approach with GC-Orbitrap-MS.The SVOCs identified in the current study are likely to be present in other similar museums;therefore,further examination of their potential impacts on cultural heritage artifacts,museum personnel,and visitors may be warranted.展开更多
Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use...Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use of activated carbons as adsorbents and oxide-supported metals as catalysts. Notably, activated carbons easily adsorb water, which strongly hinders the adsorption of VOCs; conventional oxides typically possess relatively low surface areas and random pores, which effectively influence the catalytic conversion of VOCs. Zeolites, in contrast with activated carbons and oxides, can be designed to have very uniform and controllable micropores, in addition to tailored wettability properties, which can favor the selective adsorption of VOCs. In particular, zeolites with selective adsorptive properties when combined with catalytically active metals result in zeolite-supported metals exhibiting significantly improved performance in the catalytic combustion of VOCs compared with conventional oxide-supported catalysts. In this review, recent developments on VOC abatement by adsorptive and catalytic techniques over zeolite-based materials have been briefly summarized.展开更多
Information on the organic compounds in water of Mochou Lake and Heart Lake, Antarctica is given in this paper. 93 organic compounds were identified from 121 chemical constituents in lake water, including n alkanes,...Information on the organic compounds in water of Mochou Lake and Heart Lake, Antarctica is given in this paper. 93 organic compounds were identified from 121 chemical constituents in lake water, including n alkanes, lipidal isopentadienes, aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatics, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, monocarboxylic acids and phthalic esters in the range of 0.0274.79 μg/L. Organic compounds of global occurrence like BHC, DDT and PCBs were detected in the water, at the concentration of 0.0120.356 μg/L.展开更多
Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xyle...Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas;2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas;3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site impacts from surface coating facilities. The database was developed using 286 TCEQ permit files authorizing surface coating facilities in Texas during 2006 and 2007. The database was designed to include information important for estimating emission rates, and for using as inputs to the dispersion model. Hourly and annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and exempt solvents (ES) were calculated for each permitted entity/ company in the database, according to equations given by TCEQ. Dispersion modeling was then conducted for 3 facility configurations (worst-case stack height, good practice stack height, and fugitive emissions), for urban and rural dispersion parameters, for 8-hour and 24-hour operating scenarios, and for 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual averaging times, for a total of 36 scenarios. The highest modeled concentrations were for the worst-case stack height, rural dispersion parameters, 24-hour operation scenario, and 1-hour averaging time. 108 specific chemical species, which are components of surface coatings, were identified as candidates for further health impacts review.展开更多
Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from naturally emitted volatileorganic compounds(BVOCs).We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthro...Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from naturally emitted volatileorganic compounds(BVOCs).We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthropogenicpollutants(NO_(x),anthropogenic aerosols,SO_(2),NH_(3))on biogenic SOA formation.NO_(x) participate in BVOC oxidationthrough changing the radical chemistry and oxidation capacity,leading to a complex SOA composition and yield sensitivitytowards NO_(x) level for different or even specific hydrocarbon precursors.Anthropogenic aerosols act as an importantintermedium for gas-particle partitioning and particle-phase reactions,processes of which are influenced by the particlephase state,acidity,water content and thus associated with biogenic SOA mass accumulation.SO_(2)modifies biogenic SOAformation mainly through sulfuric acid formation and accompanies new particle formation and acid-catalyzedheterogeneous reactions.Some new SO_(2)-involved mechanisms for organosulfate formation have also been proposed.NH_(3)/amines,as the most prevalent base species in the atmosphere,influence biogenic SOA composition and modify theoptical properties of SOA.The response of SOA formation behavior to these anthropogenic pollutants varies amongdifferent BVOCs precursors.Investigations on anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in some areas of China that aresimultaneously influenced by anthropogenic and biogenic emissions are summarized.Based on this review,somerecommendations are made for a more accurate assessment of controllable biogenic SOA formation and its contribution tothe total SOA budget.This study also highlights the importance of controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions witheffective pollutant mitigation policies to reduce regional and global biogenic SOA formation.展开更多
Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored a...Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1‰ of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.展开更多
A rapid,sensitive,and cost-effective analyticalmethod was developed for the analysis of selected semivolatileorganic compounds in water.The method used anautomated online solid-phase extraction technique coupledwith p...A rapid,sensitive,and cost-effective analyticalmethod was developed for the analysis of selected semivolatileorganic compounds in water.The method used anautomated online solid-phase extraction technique coupledwith programmed-temperature vaporization large-volumeinjection gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Thewater samples were extracted by using a fully automatedmobile rack system based on x-y-z robotic techniquesusing syringes and disposable 96-well extraction plates.The method was validated for the analysis of 30 semivolatileanalytes in drinking water,groundwater,andsurface water.For a sample volume of 10 mL,the linearcalibrations ranged from 0.01 or 0.05 to 2.5μg·L^(-1),and themethod detection limits were less than 0.1μg·L^(-1).For thereagent water samples fortified at 1.0μg·L^(-1)and2.0μg·L^(-1),the obtained mean absolute recoveries were70%-130%with relative standard deviations of less than20%for most analytes.For the drinking water,groundwater,and surface water samples fortified at 1.0μg·L^(-1),theobtained mean absolute recoveries were 50%-130%withrelative standard deviations of less than 20%for mostanalytes.The new method demonstrated three advantages:1)no manipulation except the fortification of surrogatestandards prior to extraction;2)significant cost reductionassociated with sample collection,shipping,storage,andpreparation;and 3)reduced exposure to hazardous solventsand other chemicals.As a result,this new automatedmethod can be used as an effective approach for screeningand/or compliance monitoring of selected semi-volatileorganic compounds in water.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program(973 Program)of China:[Grant Number2012CB955800]the National Natural Science Foundation(863 Program)of China:[Grant Number 2012 AA063101]the "Strategic Priority Research Program" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences[Grant Number XDB05050200]
文摘The public health and ecological impacts of volatile organic compound(VOCs) pollution have become a serious problem in China,arousing increasing attention to emissions control.In this context,this paper analyses the effectiveness of VOC reduction policies,namely pollution charges and environmental taxes at the national and industrial sector levels.It uses a computable general equilibrium model,which connects macroeconomic variables with VOC emissions inventory,to simulate the effects of policy scenarios(with 2007 as the reference year).This paper shows that VOC emissions are reduced by 2.2% when a pollution charge equal to the average cost of engineering reduction methods-the traditional approach to regulation in China-is applied.In order to achieve a similar reduction,an 8.9% indirect tax would have to be imposed.It concludes that an environmental tax should be the preferred method of VOC regulation due to its smaller footprint on the macroeconomy.Other policies,such as subsidies,should be used as supplements.
文摘It has become general for surface waters being polluted by micro organic compounds. In order to know the current pollution situation and the properties of micro organic compounds in the Changjiang River, a test was performed on micro organic compounds in the water, bottom material and fish bodies which were sampled from major city river reaches of the Changjiang River. Based on the test result, researchers described and analyzed the sorts, concentration level and distribution features of micro organic compounds. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted by adopting the method of MEG (Multimedia Environmental Goals). The study indicated that ① the water body of major city river reaches of the Changjiang River has been generally polluted. In the test, totally 12 types with 308 kinds of organic compounds were detected. The main pollutants were paraffins, PAHs and lipids; and ② micro organic pollutant content in fish bodies was generally higher than that in bottom material which is in turn higher than that in water; and ③ pollution is relatively severe in the river reaches of mid-to-large comprehensive industrial cities with fairly great TAS (Total Ambient Severity) of public health and ecological system.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFF0606201,2023YFC3806100)。
文摘Non-targeted analysis(NTA)was conducted to identify semi-volatile organic compounds(SVOCs)in a museum in China using the gas chromatography(GC)-Orbitrap-mass spectrometer(MS).Approximately 160 SVOCs were detected,of which 93 had not been reported in previous studies of museum environments.Many of the detected SVOCs were found to be associated with the chemical agents applied in conservation treatment and the materials used in furnishings.The results of hierarchical cluster analysis(HCA)indicated a spatial variation of SVOCs in the indoor air in the museum,but there were no obvious temporal differences of SVOCs observed in indoor dust.Spearman's correlation analysis showed that several classes of SVOCs were well correlated,suggesting their common sources.Fragrances and plasticizers were found to be the primary sources of SVOC pollution detected in the museum.Compared with compounds in outdoor air,indoor SVOCs had a lower level of unsaturation and more portions of chemically reduced compounds.This study is the first of its kind to comprehensively characterize SVOCs in a museum using an automated NTA approach with GC-Orbitrap-MS.The SVOCs identified in the current study are likely to be present in other similar museums;therefore,further examination of their potential impacts on cultural heritage artifacts,museum personnel,and visitors may be warranted.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2015XZZX004-04)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(LR15B030001)~~
文摘Volatile organic compounds（VOCs） are a major component in air pollutants and pose great risks to both human health and environmental protection. Currently, VOC abatement in industrial applications is through the use of activated carbons as adsorbents and oxide-supported metals as catalysts. Notably, activated carbons easily adsorb water, which strongly hinders the adsorption of VOCs; conventional oxides typically possess relatively low surface areas and random pores, which effectively influence the catalytic conversion of VOCs. Zeolites, in contrast with activated carbons and oxides, can be designed to have very uniform and controllable micropores, in addition to tailored wettability properties, which can favor the selective adsorption of VOCs. In particular, zeolites with selective adsorptive properties when combined with catalytically active metals result in zeolite-supported metals exhibiting significantly improved performance in the catalytic combustion of VOCs compared with conventional oxide-supported catalysts. In this review, recent developments on VOC abatement by adsorptive and catalytic techniques over zeolite-based materials have been briefly summarized.
文摘Information on the organic compounds in water of Mochou Lake and Heart Lake, Antarctica is given in this paper. 93 organic compounds were identified from 121 chemical constituents in lake water, including n alkanes, lipidal isopentadienes, aromatic hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatics, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, monocarboxylic acids and phthalic esters in the range of 0.0274.79 μg/L. Organic compounds of global occurrence like BHC, DDT and PCBs were detected in the water, at the concentration of 0.0120.356 μg/L.
文摘Surface coating facilities are major sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban areas. These VOCs can contribute to ground-level ozone formation, and many are hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), including xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. This project was conducted in order to provide information for updating the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), USA, permit by rule for Surface Coating Facilities. Project objectives were: 1) To develop a database of information regarding surface coating facilities in Texas;2) To estimate maximum emission rates for various VOC species from surface coating facilities in Texas;3) To conduct dispersion modeling to estimate off-site impacts from surface coating facilities. The database was developed using 286 TCEQ permit files authorizing surface coating facilities in Texas during 2006 and 2007. The database was designed to include information important for estimating emission rates, and for using as inputs to the dispersion model. Hourly and annual emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and exempt solvents (ES) were calculated for each permitted entity/ company in the database, according to equations given by TCEQ. Dispersion modeling was then conducted for 3 facility configurations (worst-case stack height, good practice stack height, and fugitive emissions), for urban and rural dispersion parameters, for 8-hour and 24-hour operating scenarios, and for 1-hour, 24-hour, and annual averaging times, for a total of 36 scenarios. The highest modeled concentrations were for the worst-case stack height, rural dispersion parameters, 24-hour operation scenario, and 1-hour averaging time. 108 specific chemical species, which are components of surface coatings, were identified as candidates for further health impacts review.
基金This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91644214)Youth Innovation Program of Universities in Shandong Province(Grant No.2019KJD007)Fundamental Research Fund of Shandong University(Grant No.2020QNQT012).
文摘Anthropogenic emissions alter biogenic secondary organic aerosol(SOA)formation from naturally emitted volatileorganic compounds(BVOCs).We review the major laboratory and field findings with regard to effects of anthropogenicpollutants(NO_(x),anthropogenic aerosols,SO_(2),NH_(3))on biogenic SOA formation.NO_(x) participate in BVOC oxidationthrough changing the radical chemistry and oxidation capacity,leading to a complex SOA composition and yield sensitivitytowards NO_(x) level for different or even specific hydrocarbon precursors.Anthropogenic aerosols act as an importantintermedium for gas-particle partitioning and particle-phase reactions,processes of which are influenced by the particlephase state,acidity,water content and thus associated with biogenic SOA mass accumulation.SO_(2)modifies biogenic SOAformation mainly through sulfuric acid formation and accompanies new particle formation and acid-catalyzedheterogeneous reactions.Some new SO_(2)-involved mechanisms for organosulfate formation have also been proposed.NH_(3)/amines,as the most prevalent base species in the atmosphere,influence biogenic SOA composition and modify theoptical properties of SOA.The response of SOA formation behavior to these anthropogenic pollutants varies amongdifferent BVOCs precursors.Investigations on anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in some areas of China that aresimultaneously influenced by anthropogenic and biogenic emissions are summarized.Based on this review,somerecommendations are made for a more accurate assessment of controllable biogenic SOA formation and its contribution tothe total SOA budget.This study also highlights the importance of controlling anthropogenic pollutant emissions witheffective pollutant mitigation policies to reduce regional and global biogenic SOA formation.
文摘Objective The study was designed to compare the combustion products of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas in relation to indoor air pollution. Methods Regular pollutants including B(a)P were monitored and 1-hydroxy pyrene were tested in urine of the enrolled subjects. Radon concentrations and their changes in four seasons were also monitored in the city natural gas from its source plant and transfer stations to final users. To analyze organic components of coal gas, liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas, a high-flow sampling device specially designed was used to collect their combustion products, and semi-volatile organic compounds contained in the particles were detected by gas chromatograph-mass spectrograph (GC/MS). Results Findings in the study showed that the regular indoor air pollutants particles and CO were all above the standard in winter when heating facilities were operated in the city, but they were lowest in kitchens using natural gas; furthermore, although NO2 and CO2 were slightly higher in natural gas, B(a)P concentration was lower in this group and 1-hydroxy pyrene was lowest in urine of the subjects exposed to natural gas. Organic compounds were more complicated in coal gas and liquefied petroleum gas than in natural gas. The concentration of radon in natural gas accounted for less than 1‰ of its effective dose contributing to indoor air pollution in Beijing households. Conclusion Compared to traditional fuels, gases are deemed as clean ones, and natural gas is shown to be cleaner than the other two gases.
基金The authors thank LEAP Technologies(Carrboro,NC,USA)for providing the technical support of the automated solid-phase extraction system.
文摘A rapid,sensitive,and cost-effective analyticalmethod was developed for the analysis of selected semivolatileorganic compounds in water.The method used anautomated online solid-phase extraction technique coupledwith programmed-temperature vaporization large-volumeinjection gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.Thewater samples were extracted by using a fully automatedmobile rack system based on x-y-z robotic techniquesusing syringes and disposable 96-well extraction plates.The method was validated for the analysis of 30 semivolatileanalytes in drinking water,groundwater,andsurface water.For a sample volume of 10 mL,the linearcalibrations ranged from 0.01 or 0.05 to 2.5μg·L^(-1),and themethod detection limits were less than 0.1μg·L^(-1).For thereagent water samples fortified at 1.0μg·L^(-1)and2.0μg·L^(-1),the obtained mean absolute recoveries were70%-130%with relative standard deviations of less than20%for most analytes.For the drinking water,groundwater,and surface water samples fortified at 1.0μg·L^(-1),theobtained mean absolute recoveries were 50%-130%withrelative standard deviations of less than 20%for mostanalytes.The new method demonstrated three advantages:1)no manipulation except the fortification of surrogatestandards prior to extraction;2)significant cost reductionassociated with sample collection,shipping,storage,andpreparation;and 3)reduced exposure to hazardous solventsand other chemicals.As a result,this new automatedmethod can be used as an effective approach for screeningand/or compliance monitoring of selected semi-volatileorganic compounds in water.
