Occurrence Regularity of Tobacco Cutworm Moth (Spodoptera Litura) in Low-Altitude Tobacco Cultivation Areas in Lincang

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the occurrence and damage regularity of tobacco cutworm moth （Spodoptera Litura Fabricius） in low-altitude area in Lincang city. [ Method] The adult sex attractant monitoring, field investigation of occurrence and damage, and observation of continuous generation development of natural populations were carried out in natural flue-cured tobacco fields. [ Result] In field growth period of flue-cured tobacco under low-altitude of 1 000 - 1300 m, tobacco cutworm moth occurred for 4 generations, the duration of each generation was about 33 d, and the main injurious generation was the third generation. [ Conclusion] The paper provided reference for comprehensive control of tobacco cutworm moth in the low altitude areas.

Study on the Sustainable Development of the Tobacco-growing Area in South Anhui

Based on the actual situation of tobacco production in South Anhui tobacco-growing area,the paper analyzes several major constraints,and discusses several aspects such as tobacco production human resources,production of large-scale cultivation,science and technology service providers,the standardized production management and production security system. The countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable development are also put forward to provide a reference for the sustainable development of tobacco-growing area in South Anhui.

Recommendations for Sustainable Development of Ankang Tobacco Growing Area

Sustainable development of high quality characteristic tobacco is the only path for future development of China's tobacco industry.In combination with realities of tobacco development in Ankang tobacco growing area,this paper made analysis on factors restricting sustainable development of Ankang tobacco growing area.On the basis of actual situations,it came up with recommendations including establishing scientific basic tobacco field protection system,gradually cultivating professional tobacco farmers and strengthening tobacco technician team construction,improving scientific and technological innovation,implementing standardized technologies,improving tobacco production organization mode,and improving tobacco production security mechanism.

A Neighborhood Analysis of Underage Tobacco Sales within the Serving Area of a Canadian Public Health Unit

Despite the fact that the sale of tobacco to minors is illegal in Ontario, youth are still able to purchase tobacco. This study aims to determine the geographic variations of underage tobacco sales at the neighborhood level within the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were collected on all inspections of tobacco retail stores from 2007 to 2011 in the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were split into season 1 (September-February) and season 2 (March-August) to assess a possible seasonal effect. Relative risks were calculated for each dissemination area (DA) by modeling the risks in a hierarchical Bayesian fashion, incorporating appropriate random effects terms for both spatially correlated and uncorrelated random errors with adjustments for neighborhood income. The association between violation rate and proximity to a school was assessed through a buffer analysis. Elliptical analysis detected a significant cluster of high risk DAs in season 1 in Windsor (p-value = 0.022) but no significant cluster in season 2. Some DAs exhibited higher relative risks of tobacco sales to minors, however after adjusting the model for neighborhood income no excess risk was observed. The results of the buffer analysis showed that in season 1 there was a significantly higher probability (p-value = 0.045) of tobacco vendors located closer to schools to sell tobacco to minors. This analysis demonstrates the utility of a systematic approach to identifying neighborhoods with higher risks of tobacco sales to minors. The insights provided by this exploratory, ecologic study are valuable for program planning and directing tobacco enforcement efforts to high risk areas.

Risk Regionalization of Low-temperature Disasters for Flue-cured Tobacco Planting in Qujing Area Based on GIS

There is a prominent,complex and diverse three-dimensional climate and a variety of meteorological disasters in Qujing area. The risk zoning of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in Qujing area was studied to provide reference for drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages in flue-cured tobacco planting,disaster reduction,and disaster relief services. According to the production practice of fluecured tobacco and local climate analysis,it was determined that flue-cured tobacco in Qujing area was very vulnerable to low temperature during the seedling stage（ from early February to middle April） and in the mature period（ from early July to early September）. Based on the quantitative analysis and evaluation of risk of disaster-causing factors,sensitivity of disaster-breeding environment,vulnerability of carriers,and disaster prevention and reduction capability,a risk assessment model of meteorological disasters was established to precisely evaluate and zone the risk of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in allusion to the seedling and mature stage in Qujing area by using GIS technology. The risk of lowtemperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting during the two periods was divided into four grades,namely low,medium,high and very high risk.

Impact of Village-based Health Education of Tobacco Control on the Current Smoking Rate in Chinese Rural Areas

The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group（3 villages in each group）. Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups（P〉0.05）. After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group（51.2%） was significantly lower than that in the control group（62.8%）（P〈0.001）. Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.

Stability Analysis and Measure Study of Tobacco Farmers in the Mountainous Area of Western Hubei

Through the investigation,this paper analyzes the important restricting factors for the tobacco farmers in Enshi Badong mountainous area from 2018 to 2021,including the age structure,the loss situation,the number of years of planting tobacco,the scale of planting tobacco and the benefit of planting tobacco.This paper puts forward some corresponding measures and suggestions,such as cultivating the team of professional tobacco farmers,establishing the team of young tobacco farmers,expanding professional services,developing"tobacco plus"diversified industries,and popularizing suitable agricultural machinery in mountainous areas in order to effectively improve the stability of the team of tobacco farmers.

Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment in BAT Cooperative Tobacco-growing Areas

Using the method in Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment Handbook of British American Tobacco Biodiversity Partnership,we assess biodiversity risks and opportunities in BAT and China's cooperative tobacco-growing areas. The assessment results indicate that there are 8 risks and 1 opportunity. Action and monitoring plans have been made for medium and high risks as well as opportunity,to reduce impact on biodiversity.

The Tobacco Farmers’Mutual Assistance and Cooperation Pattern in Modern Tobacco Agriculture in Mountainous Areas

This article introduces the basic situation of Yanziqian Tobacco Farmers' Mutual Assistance and Cooperation Association in Jiamachi Town of Xianfeng County.It analyzes the operating mode of tobacco farmers' mutual assistance and cooperation association,and conducts a comparative analysis of tobacco farmers' costs and benefits before and after participating in mutual assistance and cooperation.Studies show that the mode of tobacco farmers' mutual assistance and cooperation,is conducive to reducing labor in curing link,promoting the quality of tobacco,increasing tobacco farmers' income,which is worthy of promotion.

重庆市丰都县植烟土壤肥力综合评价

土壤是烟草健康生长的基础,对丰都植烟区的土壤肥力进行检测和评价,为丰都植烟区科学施肥和土壤改良提供理论依据。采用模糊数学法和主成分分析法对丰都主要植烟区太平坝乡的土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量进行综合评价。重庆丰都植烟土壤的碱解氮含量较为适宜,有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量极为丰富,适宜烟草生长。相比2020年,2021年土壤酸化程度得到改善,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量有所提高。适宜烟草生长的土壤pH值和碱解氮含量的土壤所占比例分别增加至53.66%和78.05%,有机质含量较高的土壤比例增加到80.49%,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量均较高。土壤肥力综合评价显示丰都植烟土壤肥力状况较好,无Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级。其中,2021年土壤肥力综合评价为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,且Ⅰ级土壤肥力区域占比从2020年的74.29%上升至2021年的84.80%。重庆市丰都县植烟土壤适宜烟草生长,土壤养分含量较高,但部分地块酸化。在实际生产中需要注意合理施用有机肥,提高肥料的利用率,因地制宜调节土壤pH值。

主成分分析法在山东上部烟质量评价中的应用

本研究旨在运用主成分分析法对山东地区上部烟叶的质量进行综合评价,以便为该地区烤烟质量的准确评估提供科学依据。研究以山东10个主要植烟县2020年和2021年间105份B2F等级烟叶样品为材料,通过应用标准化法和主成分分析法对这些烟叶样品的物理特性和化学成分指标进行归类处理,并对各植烟县样品的上部烟叶质量进行分类。研究发现,单叶重与叶长和叶宽、叶片密度与叶片厚度、总糖与还原糖、烟碱与氮间极显著正相关,且主成分特征向量一致,可分别归为一类指标。根据物理特性评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为三类,根据化学成分评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为两类。综合考虑物理特性和化学成分评价结果,山东产区上部烟叶可分为四类。其中沂源、五莲、临朐为一类,兰陵、沂水、莒县、莱芜为一类,淄川、黄岛为一类,诸城则单独构成一类。

毕节烟区烤烟的质量及其空间分布特征

【目的】探明贵州毕节烟区不同植烟地烤烟的质量及其空间分布特征,为毕节烟区烤烟的总体生产布局规划与工业企业合理利用产区不同质量特征烟叶原料提供参考。【方法】选择毕节烟区各县域42个烟叶点126份烤烟样品,运用隶属函数法和聚类分析法分析不同质量烟叶的空间分布特征。【结果】毕节烟区不同产地烤烟的烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总氮和钾含量分别为2.40%~3.76%、30.90%~36.33%、23.80%~27.48%、3.49%~5.75%、1.78%~2.50%和2.00%~3.07%。化学成分指标、外观质量指标与感官评价指标间存在相关或极显著相关性。感官质量、外观质量、化学成分和综合得分分别为64.26~77.01分、74.08~84.75分、55.33~86.66分和0.748~1.213分。在平方欧氏距离为5处可将毕节烟区分为4类,综合得分依次为Ⅰ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅲ类>Ⅳ类,其中,Ⅰ类烤烟的感官和外观质量总体表现最好,Ⅱ类烤烟次之,Ⅲ类烤烟差,Ⅳ类烤烟整体较差。Ⅰ类烟区基本分布在毕节中部,大部分集中在大方县和纳雍县域内;Ⅱ类烟区分布在毕节中部和西北;Ⅲ类烟区在毕节占比最大,涵盖毕节的大部分地区;Ⅳ类烟区零散分布在毕节偏北部和偏南部的边缘地区。【结论】毕节烟区在平方欧氏距离为5处分为4类,综合得分依次为Ⅰ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅲ类>Ⅳ类;海拔1300~1800 m区域烟叶综合质量最优,海拔1800~2200 m区域烟叶较优;海拔800~1300 m区域烟叶最差。

广东湛江烟区不同雪茄品种综合性状评价

【目的】综合评价不同雪茄品种的生态适应性,筛选适宜广东湛江烟区种植的雪茄品种。【方法】对8个新引进雪茄品种进行田间试验,分析比较其大田生育期、农艺性状、田间自然发病率、常规化学成分和感官质量评吸的差异,利用综合指数法对其进行综合性状评价。【结果】8个雪茄品种的大田生育期均较长、平均为141.63 d,且品种间差异较大。其中,‘海研108’和‘海研201’大田生育期最短(均为133 d)、‘云雪8号’最长(155 d)。农艺性状以‘云雪8号’和‘海研200’综合表现最好,2个品种的株高、最大叶宽、节距和有效叶数均优于8个品种的平均水平,表明这2个品种的田间生长势强。‘海研200’‘海研101’和‘云雪2号’的烟草普通花叶病发生率均较低,介于5.09%~6.85%,且均无烟草气候斑点病发生,表明这3个品种的抗病性较强;常规化学成分协调性以‘海研200’和‘海研101’较好,综合得分均高于平均水平,但2个品种的钾氯比均低于优质烟叶适宜范围(4~10)。感官质量评吸以‘海研101’得分最高(46.07),特点是香气量稍足、余味尚干净、回甜感较强和燃烧性较好。综合指数计算结果显示,8个雪茄品种的得分排序为:‘海研200’>‘海研101’>‘云雪8号’>‘云雪2号’>‘海研108’>‘海研201’>‘云雪3号’>‘Havana’。【结论】8个新引进雪茄品种中,‘海研200’和‘海研101’的综合性状较好,适宜在湛江烟区引进种植,建议通过优化施肥方案、晾制与发酵工艺进一步提高烟叶质量。

8个雪茄烟品种比较试验的主成分分析

对陕西汉中烟区引种的8个雪茄烟品种进行堆积发酵试验,综合测定和比较分析8个供试品种发酵后烟叶的感官质量、化学成分、物理特性和中性致香物质,初步筛选出适宜在陕西汉中种植的优良雪茄烟品种。结果表明:不同品种雪茄烟叶发酵后品质差异显著;QX103、海研103的感官质量得分排名较高,烟气细腻,有回甘且余味较干净;QX103、海研101和海研103的常规化学成分综合得分排名较高,化学成分总体相对协调;川雪3号、QX103和海研204的物理特性综合得分排名较高,其单叶重较重,叶片较厚;川雪3号、QX206、QX204的中性致香物质综合得分排名较高,其中性致香物质种类较多且含量较高。综合各项品质指标,QX103、QX206、海研101和海研103的整体品质表现较优,其中海研101可作为茄衣种植,QX103、QX206和海研103可作为茄芯烟叶种植;QX201、QX204、海研204和川雪3号的整体品质表现较差。

山东省烟草发展型产区土壤种植适宜性评价

为均衡提升山东省烟叶质量整体水平,进一步优化山东省烟草种植布局,本研究采集了济南、青岛和淄博烟区耕层土壤样品共198份,采用模糊数学隶属度函数对土壤理化指标(pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、氯离子、有效硫和水溶性盐总量)进行评价,并通过主成分分析法确定权重,计算烟草种植适宜性综合评价指数并进行了评价。结果表明,3个市土壤烟草种植适宜性指数范围为0.33~0.87,平均值为0.59。烟草种植较适宜及高适宜样品占比为51.5%,尚适宜性样品占比为36.9%,说明3个市烟草种植具有较大发展潜力。区域间土壤理化指标和烟草种植适宜性存在差异,存在的问题也不同,可针对性采用改良措施,以提升土壤植烟适宜性和烟叶质量。

盘州主要烟区土壤肥力特征分析

为准确了解盘州市主要烤烟种植区土壤养分现状,在8个常年种烟乡镇采集171个土壤样品,从pH、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、水溶性氯和CEC 7个方面进行分析。结果表明,土壤pH总体达适宜水平;土壤有机质含量较高,平均为(37.95±8.79)g/kg(CV为23.16%),总体处于丰富水平(30~50 g/kg);碱解氮含量总体过高,平均为(192.69±38.35)mg/kg(CV为19.90%),91.23%达到很丰水平(>150 mg/kg);速效磷含量总体处于适中至丰富范围,平均为(24.82±20.46)mg/kg(CV为86.28%),竹海镇、民主镇速效磷含量较高,鸡场坪镇、普田乡、丹霞镇含量偏低;速效钾含量总体处于丰富范围,平均值为(297.66±139.07)mg/kg(CV为46.72%),大于220 mg/kg的样本占比达70.17%;氯含量总体偏少,平均为(19.16±19.63)mg/kg(CV为102.45%),丹霞镇(6.51 mg/kg)、民主镇(11.64 mg/kg)、新民镇(10.95 mg/kg)、保田镇(10.98 mg/kg)宜增施氯肥,鸡场坪镇、大山镇水溶性氯含量偏高,平均为47.63、34.55 mg/kg;土壤CEC以10~20 cmol/kg为主,土壤肥力适宜烤烟种植。

烟秆生物炭及其改性对铅锌矿区污染土壤修复研究

生物炭(BC)在修复重金属污染土壤时,其修复效果与制备条件及原材料密切相关。以不同碳化温度(300、500和700℃)的烟秆生物炭BC及其纳米羟基磷灰石(nHAP)改性生物炭(HBC)为研究对象,采用微宇宙培养实验探究不同时段(7、14和30 d)烟秆BC及HBC对矿区Pb、Zn污染土壤的钝化修复效果。结果表明:不同温度的BC和HBC均能增加土壤pH值(7.81~8.56),并分别使土壤Pb毒性浸出浓度显著降低了30.02%~34.75%和28.23%~34.02%,使有效态Pb降低了37.95%~51.71%和22.56%~26.52%,有效态Zn降低了31.90%~55.52%和19.31%~41.70%;Pb、Zn生物有效性在培养7 d时降低最明显,不同BC使土壤Pb、Zn酸溶态降低了8%~11%和6%~14%,同时增加了可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态;而HBC则促使Pb、Zn酸溶态和可还原态向可氧化态和残渣态转化。BC对土壤Pb、Zn修复效果与HBC相当,因此,烟秆BC和HBC在钝化矿区Pb、Zn污染土壤方面具有显著效果,可为矿区土壤污染修复提供科学依据。

烟草黑胫病和青枯病抗药性检测

【目的】长期连续施用化学农药防治烟草根茎病害导致病原菌产生不同程度的抗药性。为明确病原菌的抗药性水平,根据烟草K326品种黑胫病和青枯病发生和流行的关键要素筛选对其有高效低毒低残留杀菌剂,建立精准施药技术。【方法】采集广西壮族自治区主要烟区烟草黑胫病和青枯病病株,采用组织分离法分离得到黑胫病和青枯病的病原菌,通过生长速率法测得不同杀菌剂对病原菌的EC50,进而计算得到抗性指数。【结果】在广西烟区一共分离得到185株烟草黑胫病菌和79株烟草青枯病菌。其中,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制效果最好,EC50仅为1.96μg/m L。而66.5%霜霉威盐酸盐水剂的抑制效果最差,EC50为8 863.03μg/m L。烟草黑胫病菌已对甲霜·锰锌、噁霉·稻瘟灵、甲基硫菌灵、多菌灵和霜霉威产生了高度抗性。52%氯尿硫酸铜可溶性粉剂对烟草青枯病菌的抑制效果最好,EC50达到了97.55μg/m L。而20%噻菌铜悬浮剂的抑制效果最差,EC50达到了198.25μg/mL。90%以上烟草青枯病原菌对6种药剂均敏感,没有产生明显的抗药性。【结论】广西烟区烯酰吗啉和氟吗·乙铝在生产防治上仍可选用。对其余5种药剂来说,所有分离出的烟草黑胫病菌均为高抗菌株,抗性频率达到了100%,这5种药剂在广西烟区烟草黑胫病的防控中已经失效,没有实用价值。对于烟草青枯病菌来说,噻森铜、氯尿硫酸铜、中生菌素、噻唑锌、溴菌壬菌铜和噻菌铜都以敏感菌株为优势群体,占比94.94%。靖西2株表现出高抗性,富川2株表现出中抗性,仅占总菌株数的5.06%,上述6种药剂仍可用于百色和贺州主要烟区防治烟草青枯病。

丘陵山区电动井窖式烟草移栽机设计与试验

结合烟草小苗移栽农艺要求,设计了一种适用于丘陵山区的电动井窖式烟草移栽机,整机具备机械化井窖成穴、投苗和浇水等小苗移栽作业功能。在完成移栽机挖穴装置、投苗装置和浇水装置等关键零部件模块化设计和组装后进行田间试验。试验结果表明,井窖式烟草移栽机作业效率0.402 hm2/d,井窖成穴合格率>90.8%,移栽作业合格率>87.7%,满足丘陵山区烟草井窖式移栽作业要求,为丘陵山区烟草小苗井窖式移栽技术的推广应用提供装备支撑。

不同烘烤工艺对多雨烟区烟叶烘烤质量的影响

根据变黄期和定色期关键温度点的不同升温、稳温程序设置4个烘烤工艺处理,在气流下降式密集烤房对云烟87不同部位的烟叶开展了烘烤对比试验,结果表明:与处理1(对照)相比,处理2(在变黄中后期按38℃→40℃→42℃的程序升温、稳温,在定色前中期按42℃→45℃→48℃→50℃分步升温、稳温)提高了云烟87各部位初烤烟叶的内在质量、外观质量、等级结构和感官质量,其上中等烟比例平均提高了1.40个百分点,桔黄烟比例平均提高了3.37个百分点,青筋烟比例平均下降了1.50个百分点,中、上部烟叶的感官质量得分分别提高了1.67和2.17分。此外,变黄期不同升温速率会影响云烟87下部烟叶的叶耳是否烤青,但对中部烟叶和上部烟叶无明显影响。定色期不同升温速率对烟叶颜色、光滑僵硬烟叶的产生影响较大。