Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-he...Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-hemisphere-damaged(RHD) patients.Drawing on data collected from clinical interviews between psychotherapists and RHD patients,this study examined the functions of na in response to RHD topical divergence,focusing on the topic and attitudinal aspects.It was found that na was mainly employed by psychotherapists to mark a reproffer of interview topics(i.e.,an attempt to return to earlier topics),and a display of disalignment and disaffiliation with RHD topical divergence.These functions of na reflect the psychotherapists’ attempts to overcome communicative problems arising from RHD topical divergence,so as to ensure the achievement of the communicative goal.Thus,na can be interpreted as a compensatory strategy for dealing with RHD topical divergence on an interpersonal level.These findings not only expand our knowledge about the function spectrum of na,but also offer insights for RHD patients’ interlocutors to enhance conversational communication with RHD patients via the compensatory strategy.展开更多
Background: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focusing on correcting dental irregularities and malocclusion. Knowledge and attitudes towards orthodontic treatment are crucial for promoting oral health and overall wel...Background: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focusing on correcting dental irregularities and malocclusion. Knowledge and attitudes towards orthodontic treatment are crucial for promoting oral health and overall well-being. Education and awareness play a vital role in ensuring optimal treatment outcomes and improving quality of life. Aim: This study aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) pre-clinical dentistry students concerning orthodontic therapy. Methodology: This research is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The research used a non-random convenience sampling method to form the desired sample. For data collection, an interview-administered questionnaire was used over one month. The study set its sights on pre-clinical dental students in KNUST. A total of 150 questionnaires were printed to meet the sample size. Results: The results of the research showed that the knowledge level of KNUST pre-clinical students on orthodontic treatment and its nuances is quite limited. They however had a fair level of knowledge on the disease or ailment that orthodontic treatments solved (especially malocclusion). Their interest in orthodontic treatments on the other hand was quite significant, with a large number having interest in it. Conclusion: To conclude, KNUST pre-clinical students in Ghana although having a limited level of knowledge on orthodontic treatments have a keen interest in undergoing them regardless of the discomforts or the length of time.展开更多
The objective of the present study was to qualitatively assess the obstructive and facilitative factors affecting adolescent girls and their caregivers when the adolescent had received or was considering receiving the...The objective of the present study was to qualitatively assess the obstructive and facilitative factors affecting adolescent girls and their caregivers when the adolescent had received or was considering receiving the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination. Using these data, we propose recommendations for medical and nursing staff concerned with HPV vaccination. Participants were 20 adolescent girls (aged 10 - 19 years) and their caregivers, who had visited any of the 3 pediatric clinics in the Tokyo metropolitan area during a specified period since HPV vaccination began in Japan. The girls and their caregivers were separately interviewed by 2 child and/or family nursing care specialists with a semi-structured interview. The responses were qualitatively analyzed by 2 specialists, and the obstructive and facilitative factors affecting participants’ decision to receive HPV vaccination were extracted from the responses. Among the 20 sets of participants, 7 adolescents had completed HPV vaccination, 9 were going to receive vaccination, and 4 had not received any vaccination. The obstructive/facilitative factors related to considering or receiving HPV vaccination and actual vaccination were extracted and 4 main categories of factors were identified. Facilitators toward HPV-vaccination of daughters included clear future self-image and visions, fear Cervical Cancer (CC) and desire to escape from CC, having discussion with mothers about HPV-vaccination and CC, and to have a boyfriend. Barriers toward vaccination included the mothers’ reluctance to explain the sexual matters about HPV-vaccination to their daughters and difficulty with find the appropriate clinic or hospital to HPV-vaccination. Relevant factors about vaccination included positive family attitudes toward vaccination, having family system allowing consultation and having a public financial support for vaccination for daughters. Our conceptual model adapted from the Katz, et al. conceptual framework integrated the key barriers and facilitators as factors within each of four domains. These four domains have an important link. Especially, the environmental factors and the structural and sociocultural factors domain affect the individual adolescent and the caregiver factors domain, respectively. The results of present study suggest that medical/nursing activities centered on promoting HPV vaccination in Japan should comprehensively cover CC/vaccination/sex education in an integrated fashion, while schools and public health centers should provide opportunities for caregivers and adolescents to jointly participate in awareness education on HPV vaccination.展开更多
BACKGROUND Recent reports of both heightened prevalence rates and limited clinical relevance of clinical high-risk(CHR)criteria and their relevant symptoms in children and adolescents indicate an important role of neu...BACKGROUND Recent reports of both heightened prevalence rates and limited clinical relevance of clinical high-risk(CHR)criteria and their relevant symptoms in children and adolescents indicate an important role of neurodevelopment in the early detection of psychoses.Furthermore,sex effects in CHR symptoms have been reported,though studies were inconclusive.As sex also impacts on neurodevelopment,we expected that sex might have an additional contribution to age in the prevalence and clinical relevance of CHR symptoms and criteria.AIM To investigate age and sex effects on CHR criteria and symptoms and their association with psychosocial impairment and mental disorder.METHODS In this cross-sectional cohort study,n=29168-to 40-year-olds,randomly drawn from the population register of the Swiss canton Bern,were assessed in semistructured interviews by phone or face-to-face for CHR symptoms and criteria using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument in its child and youth,and adult version,respectively.Furthermore,social and occupational functioning and DSM-IV axis I disorders were assessed.Simple and interaction effects of age and sex on CHR symptoms and criteria,and interaction effects of age,sex,and CHR symptoms and criteria on presentation of functional impairment and of non-psychotic disorder were investigated using logistic regression analyses.RESULTS Altogether,542(18.6%)participants reported any CHR symptom;of these,261(9.0%)participants reported any one of the 11 criteria relevant cognitive and perceptual basic symptoms,and 381(13.1%)any one of the five attenuated or transient psychotic symptoms(attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms).Fewer participants met any one of the CHR criteria(n=82,2.8%)or any one of the three recently recommended CHR criteria(n=38,1.3%).Both age and sex were significantly(P<0.05)associated with CHR symptoms and criteria,mostly by younger age and female sex.Though slightly differing between symptom groups,age thresholds were detected around the turn from adolescence to adulthood;they were highest for cognitive basic symptoms and CHR criteria.With the exception of the infrequent speech disorganization attenuated psychotic symptom,the interaction of age with CHR symptoms and criteria predicted functional impairment;whereas,independent of each other,sex and CHR symptoms mostly predicted mental disorders.CONCLUSION Age and sex differentially impact on CHR symptoms and criteria;these differences may support better understanding of causal pathways.Thus,future CHR studies should consider effects of sex and age.展开更多
To facilitate gathering information during a psychiatric interview, some psychiatrists advocate augmenting the interview using drugs. Rather than barbiturates, benzodiazepines have been used for drug-assisted intervie...To facilitate gathering information during a psychiatric interview, some psychiatrists advocate augmenting the interview using drugs. Rather than barbiturates, benzodiazepines have been used for drug-assisted interviews. Dissociative amnesia is one of the indications for these interviews. Herein, we present the case of a 15-year-old female who was diagnosed as having dissociative amnesia because of conflicts with her friends. She was administered a Iorazepam-assisted interview to aid recovery of her memories. In this case, a small dose of Iorazepam was sufficient to recover her memories without any adverse effects.展开更多
目的在自杀相关研究中对不同方法识别抑郁症状的情况进行比较。方法纳入自杀死亡案例(自杀组)151例和自杀未遂案例(未遂组)120例,每个案例的同吃住家属和其他亲友各1名及自杀未遂者本人接受访谈,均采用抑郁症诊断筛查量表(筛查表)和定...目的在自杀相关研究中对不同方法识别抑郁症状的情况进行比较。方法纳入自杀死亡案例(自杀组)151例和自杀未遂案例(未遂组)120例,每个案例的同吃住家属和其他亲友各1名及自杀未遂者本人接受访谈,均采用抑郁症诊断筛查量表(筛查表)和定式临床精神科检查(structured clinical interview for DSM-ⅣaxisⅠdisorders,SCID-Ⅰ)识别案例对象的抑郁症状,并以认可任一来源阳性信息为原则将每个案例的家属和其他亲友的报告合并成知情人信息。比较两种工具在相同信息来源情况下抑郁症状阳性率,以及各自在不同信息来源的情况下抑郁症状阳性率。结果自杀组中,知情人信息筛查表和SCID-Ⅰ符合"重性抑郁发作"的阳性率为41.1%(62例)和41.7%(63例),Kappa值0.77。未遂组中,本人受访时两工具的"重性抑郁发作"阳性率分别为23.7%(27例)和22.0%(24例),Kappa值0.74;而依据知情人信息,相应的阳性率分别为13.3%(16例)和12.5%(15例),Kappa值0.89。相对于家属和亲友单独提供信息,合并知情人信息后,两工具各症状阳性率以及符合症状学标准的比例均有所提高(均P<0.05)。未遂者本人受访时两工具检出"重性抑郁发作"的阳性率均高于知情人信息(均P<0.05)。结论相同信息来源下,SCID-Ⅰ对抑郁症状的识别能力不弱于筛查表;增加信息来源可提高识别抑郁症状的阳性率。自杀未遂者本人受访时抑郁症状的阳性率高于其知情人信息。展开更多
基金This study is supported by the following projects:the Chinese Ministry of Education(MOE)Humanities and Social Science Research Funding(18YJC740042)the Research Project of Guangdong Planning Office of Philosophy and Social Science(GD16CWW05)+1 种基金the MOE Key Research Project of Humanities and Social Science(16JJD740006)conducted by the Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics(CLAL),Guangdong University of Foreign Studies(GDUFS)supported by both the Department of Education of Guangdong Province and the Center for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics at Guangdong University of Foreign Studies,P.R.China for the frontier research and its theoretical innovations in interpersonal pragmatics(“人际语用学前沿研究与理论创新”项目)(2018WZDXM006).
文摘Discourse markers(DMs) are characterized by multifunctionality in different contexts.This study addressed the use of the Chinese DM,na(那),as a solution to topical divergence,during clinical interactions with right-hemisphere-damaged(RHD) patients.Drawing on data collected from clinical interviews between psychotherapists and RHD patients,this study examined the functions of na in response to RHD topical divergence,focusing on the topic and attitudinal aspects.It was found that na was mainly employed by psychotherapists to mark a reproffer of interview topics(i.e.,an attempt to return to earlier topics),and a display of disalignment and disaffiliation with RHD topical divergence.These functions of na reflect the psychotherapists’ attempts to overcome communicative problems arising from RHD topical divergence,so as to ensure the achievement of the communicative goal.Thus,na can be interpreted as a compensatory strategy for dealing with RHD topical divergence on an interpersonal level.These findings not only expand our knowledge about the function spectrum of na,but also offer insights for RHD patients’ interlocutors to enhance conversational communication with RHD patients via the compensatory strategy.
文摘Background: Orthodontics is a dental specialty focusing on correcting dental irregularities and malocclusion. Knowledge and attitudes towards orthodontic treatment are crucial for promoting oral health and overall well-being. Education and awareness play a vital role in ensuring optimal treatment outcomes and improving quality of life. Aim: This study aims to determine the knowledge and attitudes of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) pre-clinical dentistry students concerning orthodontic therapy. Methodology: This research is a quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study. The research used a non-random convenience sampling method to form the desired sample. For data collection, an interview-administered questionnaire was used over one month. The study set its sights on pre-clinical dental students in KNUST. A total of 150 questionnaires were printed to meet the sample size. Results: The results of the research showed that the knowledge level of KNUST pre-clinical students on orthodontic treatment and its nuances is quite limited. They however had a fair level of knowledge on the disease or ailment that orthodontic treatments solved (especially malocclusion). Their interest in orthodontic treatments on the other hand was quite significant, with a large number having interest in it. Conclusion: To conclude, KNUST pre-clinical students in Ghana although having a limited level of knowledge on orthodontic treatments have a keen interest in undergoing them regardless of the discomforts or the length of time.
文摘The objective of the present study was to qualitatively assess the obstructive and facilitative factors affecting adolescent girls and their caregivers when the adolescent had received or was considering receiving the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination. Using these data, we propose recommendations for medical and nursing staff concerned with HPV vaccination. Participants were 20 adolescent girls (aged 10 - 19 years) and their caregivers, who had visited any of the 3 pediatric clinics in the Tokyo metropolitan area during a specified period since HPV vaccination began in Japan. The girls and their caregivers were separately interviewed by 2 child and/or family nursing care specialists with a semi-structured interview. The responses were qualitatively analyzed by 2 specialists, and the obstructive and facilitative factors affecting participants’ decision to receive HPV vaccination were extracted from the responses. Among the 20 sets of participants, 7 adolescents had completed HPV vaccination, 9 were going to receive vaccination, and 4 had not received any vaccination. The obstructive/facilitative factors related to considering or receiving HPV vaccination and actual vaccination were extracted and 4 main categories of factors were identified. Facilitators toward HPV-vaccination of daughters included clear future self-image and visions, fear Cervical Cancer (CC) and desire to escape from CC, having discussion with mothers about HPV-vaccination and CC, and to have a boyfriend. Barriers toward vaccination included the mothers’ reluctance to explain the sexual matters about HPV-vaccination to their daughters and difficulty with find the appropriate clinic or hospital to HPV-vaccination. Relevant factors about vaccination included positive family attitudes toward vaccination, having family system allowing consultation and having a public financial support for vaccination for daughters. Our conceptual model adapted from the Katz, et al. conceptual framework integrated the key barriers and facilitators as factors within each of four domains. These four domains have an important link. Especially, the environmental factors and the structural and sociocultural factors domain affect the individual adolescent and the caregiver factors domain, respectively. The results of present study suggest that medical/nursing activities centered on promoting HPV vaccination in Japan should comprehensively cover CC/vaccination/sex education in an integrated fashion, while schools and public health centers should provide opportunities for caregivers and adolescents to jointly participate in awareness education on HPV vaccination.
基金Supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation,No.135381 and No.144100.
文摘BACKGROUND Recent reports of both heightened prevalence rates and limited clinical relevance of clinical high-risk(CHR)criteria and their relevant symptoms in children and adolescents indicate an important role of neurodevelopment in the early detection of psychoses.Furthermore,sex effects in CHR symptoms have been reported,though studies were inconclusive.As sex also impacts on neurodevelopment,we expected that sex might have an additional contribution to age in the prevalence and clinical relevance of CHR symptoms and criteria.AIM To investigate age and sex effects on CHR criteria and symptoms and their association with psychosocial impairment and mental disorder.METHODS In this cross-sectional cohort study,n=29168-to 40-year-olds,randomly drawn from the population register of the Swiss canton Bern,were assessed in semistructured interviews by phone or face-to-face for CHR symptoms and criteria using the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes and the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument in its child and youth,and adult version,respectively.Furthermore,social and occupational functioning and DSM-IV axis I disorders were assessed.Simple and interaction effects of age and sex on CHR symptoms and criteria,and interaction effects of age,sex,and CHR symptoms and criteria on presentation of functional impairment and of non-psychotic disorder were investigated using logistic regression analyses.RESULTS Altogether,542(18.6%)participants reported any CHR symptom;of these,261(9.0%)participants reported any one of the 11 criteria relevant cognitive and perceptual basic symptoms,and 381(13.1%)any one of the five attenuated or transient psychotic symptoms(attenuated psychotic symptoms/brief intermittent psychotic symptoms).Fewer participants met any one of the CHR criteria(n=82,2.8%)or any one of the three recently recommended CHR criteria(n=38,1.3%).Both age and sex were significantly(P<0.05)associated with CHR symptoms and criteria,mostly by younger age and female sex.Though slightly differing between symptom groups,age thresholds were detected around the turn from adolescence to adulthood;they were highest for cognitive basic symptoms and CHR criteria.With the exception of the infrequent speech disorganization attenuated psychotic symptom,the interaction of age with CHR symptoms and criteria predicted functional impairment;whereas,independent of each other,sex and CHR symptoms mostly predicted mental disorders.CONCLUSION Age and sex differentially impact on CHR symptoms and criteria;these differences may support better understanding of causal pathways.Thus,future CHR studies should consider effects of sex and age.
文摘To facilitate gathering information during a psychiatric interview, some psychiatrists advocate augmenting the interview using drugs. Rather than barbiturates, benzodiazepines have been used for drug-assisted interviews. Dissociative amnesia is one of the indications for these interviews. Herein, we present the case of a 15-year-old female who was diagnosed as having dissociative amnesia because of conflicts with her friends. She was administered a Iorazepam-assisted interview to aid recovery of her memories. In this case, a small dose of Iorazepam was sufficient to recover her memories without any adverse effects.
文摘目的在自杀相关研究中对不同方法识别抑郁症状的情况进行比较。方法纳入自杀死亡案例(自杀组)151例和自杀未遂案例(未遂组)120例,每个案例的同吃住家属和其他亲友各1名及自杀未遂者本人接受访谈,均采用抑郁症诊断筛查量表(筛查表)和定式临床精神科检查(structured clinical interview for DSM-ⅣaxisⅠdisorders,SCID-Ⅰ)识别案例对象的抑郁症状,并以认可任一来源阳性信息为原则将每个案例的家属和其他亲友的报告合并成知情人信息。比较两种工具在相同信息来源情况下抑郁症状阳性率,以及各自在不同信息来源的情况下抑郁症状阳性率。结果自杀组中,知情人信息筛查表和SCID-Ⅰ符合"重性抑郁发作"的阳性率为41.1%(62例)和41.7%(63例),Kappa值0.77。未遂组中,本人受访时两工具的"重性抑郁发作"阳性率分别为23.7%(27例)和22.0%(24例),Kappa值0.74;而依据知情人信息,相应的阳性率分别为13.3%(16例)和12.5%(15例),Kappa值0.89。相对于家属和亲友单独提供信息,合并知情人信息后,两工具各症状阳性率以及符合症状学标准的比例均有所提高(均P<0.05)。未遂者本人受访时两工具检出"重性抑郁发作"的阳性率均高于知情人信息(均P<0.05)。结论相同信息来源下,SCID-Ⅰ对抑郁症状的识别能力不弱于筛查表;增加信息来源可提高识别抑郁症状的阳性率。自杀未遂者本人受访时抑郁症状的阳性率高于其知情人信息。
