Inactivated Sendai Virus Induces ROS-dependent Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Prostate Cancer Cells

Objective The current study aims to investigate the effect of Hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope（HVJ-E） on induction of apoptosis and autophagy in human prostate cancer PC3 cells, and the underlying mechanisms. Methods PC3 cells were treated with HVJ-E at various multiplicity of infection（MOI）, and the generated reactive oxygen species（ROS）, cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy were detected, respectively. Next, the role of ROS played in the regulation of HVJ-E-induced apoptosis and autuphagy in PC3 cells were analysed. In the end, the relationship between HVJ-E-induced apoptosis and autuophagy was investigated by using rapamycin and chloroquine. Results Flow cytometry assay revealed that HVJ-E treatment induced dose-dependent apoptosis and that the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were involved in HVJ-E-induced apoptosis in PC3 cells. In addition, HVJ-E was able to induce autophagy in PC3 cells via the class III PI3 K/beclin-1 pathway. The data also implyed that HVJ-E-triggered autophagy and apoptosis were ROS dependent. When ROS was blocked with N-acetylcysteine（NAC）, HVJ-E-induced LC3-II conversion and apoptosis were reversed. Interestingly, HVJ-E-induced apoptosis was significantly increased by an inducer of autophagy, rapamycin pretreatment, both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion HVJ-E exerts anticancer effects via autophagic cell death in prostate cancer cells.

Non-transmissible Sendai virus vector encoding c-myc suppressor FBP-interacting repressor for cancer therapy

AIM: To investigate a novel therapeutic strategy to target and suppress c-myc in human cancers using far up stream element (FUSE)-binding protein-interacting repressor (FIR).

Inactivated Sendai Virus Induces Apoptosis in Murine Melanoma Cells by IGF-1R Down-regulation

The mortality of cancer patients has considerably improved due to progress in surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, some types of cancers, such as melanoma, remain refractory to conventional strategies. Although melanoma accounts for only 4% of all dermatological malignancies, it is responsible for 80% of mortalities from skin tumors[11. The reported survival rate of melanoma over 5 years is not yet encouraging due to its chemo-resistance and rapid metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new drugs with potent activity and weak side-effect against melanoma.

Immunogenicity of DNA and Recombinant Sendai Virus Vaccines Expressing the HIV-1 gag Gene

Combinations of DNA and recombinant-viral-vector based vaccines are promising AIDS vaccine methods because of their potential for inducing cellular immune responses. It was found that Gag-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) responses were associated with lowering viremia in an untreated HIV-1 infected cohort. The main objectives of our studies were the construction of DNA and recombinant Sendai virus vector (rSeV) vaccines containing a gag gene from the prevalent Thailand subtype B strain in China and trying to use these vaccines for therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines. The candidate plasmid DNA vaccine pcDNA3.1(+)-gag and recombinant Sendai virus vaccine (rSeV-gag) were constructed separately. It was verified by Western blotting analysis that both DNA and rSeV-gag vaccines expressed the HIV-1 Gag protein correctly and efficiently. Balb/c mice were immunized with these two vaccines in different administration schemes. HIV-1 Gag-specific CTL responses and antibody levels were detected by intracellular cytokine staining assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) respectively. Combined vaccines in a DNA prime/rSeV-gag boost vaccination regimen induced the strongest and most long-lasting Gag-specific CTL and antibody responses. It maintained relatively high levels even 9 weeks post immunization. This data indicated that the prime-boost regimen with DNA and rSeV-gag vaccines may offer promising HIV vaccine regimens.

Inactivated Sendai Virus Induces Apoptosis Mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species in Murine Melanoma Cells

Objective This paper aims to investigate the apoptotic effect of inactivated Sendai virus （hemagglutinating virus of Japan-enveloped, HVJ-E） on routine melanoma cells （B16FlO） and the possible mechanisms involved in the putative apoptotic reactions. Methods B16F10 cells were treated with HVJ-E at various multiplicities of infection （MOI）, and the reactive oxygen species （ROS）, cell viability, and apoptosis were measured. Next, the roles of ROS in the regulation of Bcl-2/Bax and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK） pathways in HVJ-E-treated B16F10 cells were analyzed. To further evaluate the cytotoxic effect of HVJ-E-generated ROS on B16FlO cells, HVJ-E was intratumorally injected, both with and without N-acetyI-L-cysteine （NAC）, into melanoma tumors on BALB/c mice. Tumor volume was then monitored for 3 weeks, and the tumor proteins were separated for immunoblot assay. Results Treatment of B16F10 cells with HVJ-E resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of cell-viability and an induction of apoptosis. The latter effect was associated with the generation of ROS. Inhibition of ROS generation by NAC resulted in a significant reduction of HVJ-E-induced Erkl/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK activation. Additionally, ROS inhibition caused a decrease in the Bcl-2/Bax ratio as well as promoting activation of apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion These results suggest that HVJ-E possesses potential anticancer activity in B16F10 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction involving the MAPK pathway.

Induction of Apoptosis in Hormone-resistant Human Prostate Cancer PC3 Cells by Inactivated Sendai Virus

Objective Inactivated Sendai virus particle [hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope （HVJ-E）] has a potential oncolytic effect due to its ability to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induction in cancer cells mediated by HVJ-E has not been fully elucidated. This paper aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of apoptosis induction by HVJ-E in prostate cancer cells （PC3）. Methods PC3 cells were treated with HVJ-E at various MOI, and then interferon-β（IFN-β） production, and the cell viability and apoptosis were detected by ELISA, MTl--based assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Next, the roles of Jak-Stat, MAPK and Akt pathways played in HVJ-E-induced apoptosis in PC3 cells were analyzed by immunoblot assay. To further evaluate the cytotoxic effect of HVJ-E on PC3 cells, HVJ-E was intratumorally injected into prostate cancers on BALB/c-nude mice, and the tumor volume was monitored for 36 days. Results HVJ-E induced iFN-β production and activated Jak-Stat signaling pathway, which resulted in the activation of caspase-8, caspase-3, and PARP in PC3 prostate cancer cells post HVJ-E treatment. Furthermore, we observed for the first time that p38 and Jnk MAPKs in PC3 cells contributed to HVJ-E-induced apoptosis. In addition, intratumoral HVJ-E treatment displayed a direct inhibitory effect in an in vivo BALB/c nude mouse prostate cancer model. Conclusion Our findings have provided novel insights into the underlying mechanisms by which HVJ-E induces apoptosis in tumor cells.

The Global Impact of the Zika Virus Pandemic: The Importance of Emergency Preparedness

The 2015 outbreak of Zika virus in Brazil led to a significant increase of neonatal microcephaly. While Zika virus was identified in Africa in the 1940s and was noted to be present in Asia, it was not until 2007 that there was a significant shift in the behavior of the virus. Reasons for this change in Zika virus behavior and pathogenesis could be due to a change in the virulence of the virus, and a new ability to infect the human host. Additionally, the changing habitat of mosquitoes along with increasing urbanization and changes of human habitats has increased the risk of Zika virus exposure. This review summarizes the response to the Zika pandemic and recommendations for interventions through the lens of the Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction. Emergency preparedness focuses on lessening the likelihood and the impact of disasters. Preparedness encompasses the actions of mitigation, prevention, response, and recovery.

小细胞外囊泡(sEVs)介导HBV感染及相关机制的研究进展

小细胞外囊泡(sEVs)是由大多数细胞分泌的具有脂质双分子层的纳米级别的膜性囊泡,因其是物质交换和信号传递的重要媒介,而被研究者广泛关注。治愈乙型肝炎的基础在于充分掌握HBV复制调控分子机制,HBV主要通过与膜表面受体结合进行复制传代,但其并不是唯一传染途径,除受体途径外,sEVs可将游离的HBV传播给未感染的肝细胞。但sEVs介导HBV感染的机制并不十分明确,因此,本文主要对HBV感染后肝细胞分泌的sEVs与HBV病毒传递的关系和感染机制进行探讨,为临床上治疗HBV感染疾病提供科学的理论指导。

Antigenicity and Hemaglutination Activity of a Recombinant Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase of Paramyxovirus Tianjin Strain

Paramyxovirus Tianjin strain, a new genotype of Sendai virus, was isolated from the lungs of common cotton-eared marmoset that died of severe respiratory infection in the marmoset colonies. The 19.28% IgM positive rate in the young children with acute respiratory tract infection suggested a close relationship between Tianjin strain and humans. Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) is its major transmembrane glycoprotein responsible for viral attachment, penetration and release. To clear the relationship between HN structure and function of paramyxovirus Tianjin strain, rHN1, rHN2 and rHN3 overlapping the ectodomain of HN protein were expressed. Their antigenicity and hemaglutination activity, as well as cross reactivity to standard antisera against influenza virus type A, type B were analyzed. The results indicated expressed rHNs have the natural antigenicity. The segment rHN2 possesses more linear epitopes exposed on the surface of the native HN protein than found in segments rHN3 and rHN1. The hemagglutination activity of segment rHN3 is higher than that of segments rHN2 and rHN1, and partially dependent on the three-dimensional conformation of HN3 protein. Cross-reactivity between rHNs and standard antisera against influenza virus type A, type B suggested that rHNs might not be the best alternative as specific antigens to detect virus in clinical serum specimens.

Bioinformatic Analysis of Structural Proteins of Paramyxovirus Tianjin Strain

The amino acid sequences of the NP, P, M, F, HN and L proteins of the paramyxovirus Tianjin strain were analyzed by using the bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on 6 structural proteins among the Tianjin strain and 25 paramyxoviruses showed that the Tianjin strain belonged to the genus Respirovirus, in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae, and was most closely related to Sendai virus (SeV). Phylogenetic analysis with 14 known SeVs showed that Tianjin strain represented a new evolutionary lineage. Similarities comparisons indicated that Tianjin strain P protein was poorly conserved, sharing only 78.7% - 91.9% amino acid identity with the known SeVs, while the L protein was the most conserved, having 96.0% - 98.0% amino acid identity with the known SeVs. Alignments of amino acid sequences of 6 structural proteins clearly showed that Tianjin strain possessed many unique amino acid substitutions in their protein sequences, 15 in NP, 29 in P, 6 in M, 13 in F, 18 in HN, and 29 in L. These results revealed that Tianjin strain was most likely a new genotype of SeV. The presence of unique amino acid substitutions suggests that Tianjin strain maybe has a significant difference in biological, pathological, immunological, or epidemiological characteristics from the known SeVs.

实验小鼠Sendai病毒抗体ELISA方法标准化的研究

在建立Sendai病毒抗体ELISA检测方法的基础上,我们开展了对其敏感性、特异性、重复性等方面的研究,并应用于对不同等级实验小鼠群Sendai病毒抗体的检测中。通过对ELISA系统的测试和改进,使之达到标准化,提高了实验结果的准确性。

长爪沙鼠仙台病毒(SeV)抗体ELISA检测方法的建立与应用

目的建立长爪沙鼠仙台病毒(Se V)抗体ELISA检测方法,用于长爪沙鼠体内仙台病毒抗体的检测。方法孵育鸡胚,接种Se V,制备鸡胚尿囊液正常抗原和Se V特异抗原,滴定酶结合物和抗原最佳工作浓度,并进行特异性、敏感性、精密性、稳定性实验。结果正常抗原、特异抗原和酶结合物最佳工作浓度分别为0.1μg/m L、2μg/m L和1∶5 000;正常抗原、特异抗原批内变异系数分别为9.6%和8.4%,批间平均变异系数分别为9.0%和5.9%;检测灵敏度为1∶10 240;与沙鼠小鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)、小鼠肺炎(PVM)、呼肠孤病毒3型(Reo3)均无交叉反应。稳定性试验相对偏差小于25%。结论建立的ELISA方法特异性、敏感性强,重复性、稳定性好,检测结果,准确、可靠。可用于长爪沙鼠体内Se V抗体的检测。

Sendai virus-based immunoadjuvant in hydrogel vaccine intensity-modulated dendritic cells activation for suppressing tumorigenesis

The conventional immunoadjuvants in vaccine have weak effect on stimulating antigen presentation and activating anti-tumor immunity.Unexpectedly,we discovered that non-pathogenic Sendai virus(SeV)could activate antigen-presenting cells(APCs)represented by dendritic cells(DCs).Here,we designed an injectable SeV-based hydrogel vaccine(SHV)to execute multi-channel recruitment and stimulation of DCs for boosting the specific immune response against tumors.After the release of the NIR-triggered antigens from tumor cells,dendritic cells around the vaccine efficiently transport the antigens to lymph nodes and present them to T lymphocytes,thereby inducing systemic anti-tumor immune memory.Our findings demonstrated that the SHV with excellent universality,convenience and flexibility has achieved better immune protection effects in inhibiting the occurrence of melanoma and breast cancer.In conclusion,the SHV system might serve as the next generation of personalized anti-tumor vaccines with enhanced features over standard vaccination regimens,and represented an alternative way to suppress tumorigenesis.

Regulation of noncoding region for expression of Sendai virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein was expressed in COS-7 cells, indicating that the expression of HN protein driven by SRα promoter is higher than that driven by chicken β-actin promoter. Moreover, with 5' noncod-ing region (NCR) of HN gene, the expression was enhanced. Northern blotting demonstrated that this phenomenon was caused by the difference of HN mRNA transcription. To know the regulatory function of 5' NCR, HN gene 5' NCR was replaced by 5' NCR of keratin gene or cytochrome P-450 gene and the 3' NCR was deleted by site-directed mutagenesis. By using CAT gene as a reporter, SI nuclease assay was done to quantitate the HN mRNA transcript in the COS-7 cells co-transfected with the reporter and mutated plasmids, indicating that 5' NCR is non-specific to the enhancement of HN protein expression, and the 3' NCR also has a special regulatory function.

小鼠仙台病毒HN蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及鉴定

为了制备小鼠仙台病毒(Sendai virus,SeV)HN蛋白单克隆抗体,试验采用SeV参考毒株HN基因(GenBank登录号为NC_001552.1)对编码HN蛋白的基因密码子优化后克隆重组至原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1上获得重组质粒pGEX-6P-1-HN,将其转化至大肠杆菌BL21感受态细胞中,用IPTG进行诱导表达,并对纯化的重组蛋白rHN进行SDS-PAGE分析。用重组蛋白rHN免疫Balb/c小鼠6次,取其脾脏细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0进行融合,通过亚克隆技术和间接ELISA方法筛选阳性杂交瘤细胞,然后注入小鼠腹腔制备抗HN蛋白单克隆抗体,分析单克隆抗体的免疫活性、特异性和稳定性。结果表明:获得3株分泌抗SeV HN蛋白抗体的杂交瘤细胞2F9、5D8、10H2,分泌的抗体效价均为1∶16 000左右。3株单克隆抗体的亚型均为IgG1,均可特异性识别SeV,并不与其他小鼠病毒产生交叉反应,具有良好的特异性。经过10次传代,3株单克隆抗体的效价均在1∶8 000以上,稳定性较好。说明试验成功制备了具备良好免疫活性、特异性和稳定性的抗SeV HN蛋白单克隆抗体,可以为SeV的检测提供有效试剂。

仙台病毒BB1株基因组cDNA序列测定及比较分析

该研究对仙台病毒BB1分离株的cDNA全序列进行测序,通过RT-PCR法获得的4个相互重叠的质粒克隆覆盖了全长基因组,并将BB1全长序列与其它已知的仙台病毒序列进行比较。BB1株病毒的基因组为15 384个碱基构成,与其它已知仙台病毒基因组的基因排列与组成规律是一致的,未发现插入或缺失突变。与现已公布5个仙台病毒代表株全基因组序列比较发现,BB1株与其它仙台病毒株同源性均有较大差异。遗传进化分析结果显示,BB1株与Z株和Hamamatsu株的同源性仅为87%和91%,不属于这两株代表的进化分支而归属于第三个基因型。

阳离子膜融合脂质体介导反义寡核苷酸在Hela细胞中的转染实验研究

目的 研究阳离子膜融合脂质体 (CFL)介导反义寡核苷酸 (ASON)的细胞转染效率及影响因素。方法逆相蒸发法制备 3种不同阳离子含量的脂质体 (CL) ,在CL上引入仙台病毒形成CFL ,将制得的阳离子膜融合脂质体与反义寡核苷酸混合得到复合物 ,考察形态学及载药量 ,用MTT法考察该载体的细胞毒性 ,流式细胞仪测定阳性细胞百分率和平均荧光强度。结果 制得的CFL形态均匀 ,粒径为 (16 8± 6 5 )nm。载药量随着磷脂 ASON(+ - )电荷比增加而增加。CFL细胞毒性明显低于相同电荷比的CL ,细胞转染效率是随阳离子含量、磷脂 ASON(+ - )电荷比增加而增加 ,血清和低温均对CFL的细胞转染有影响。结论 阳离子膜融合脂质体作为载体在低电荷比条件下可降低细胞毒性并可提高细胞转染效率 ,可作为该ASON的给药系统而进一步研究。

ELISA法检测野生和驯养长爪沙鼠携带病毒情况

目的检测野生长爪沙鼠和驯养长爪沙鼠的病毒携带情况,为制定长爪沙鼠微生物学检测北京市地方标准提供依据。方法制备兔抗长爪沙鼠IgG抗体并用辣根酶标记。分别采集银川市、呼和浩特周边地区的野生长爪沙鼠以及长期驯养的长爪沙鼠血清,用间接ELISA进行流行性出血热、淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎等人兽共患病毒及仙台病毒、鼠痘病毒、小鼠肝炎病毒等啮齿类动物烈性传染病病毒抗体检测,并计算检出率。结果兔抗沙鼠的IgG抗体ELISA法效价1∶64 000以上,满足血清学检测要求。银川地区野生长爪沙鼠小鼠肝炎病毒抗体阳性(6.0%),而呼和浩特和驯养的则未检出;但呼和浩特地区的野生长爪沙鼠有淋巴脉络丛脑膜炎病毒抗体检出(13.3%),而银川和驯养长爪沙鼠则没有。仙台病毒抗体的检出率为呼和浩特地区的最低(40.0%),宁夏和驯养动物相等(53.3%)。结论两地区野生长爪沙鼠和人工驯养长爪沙鼠病毒抗体的检出种类和检出率有所不同,在制定北京市地方标准时要综合考虑。

仙台病毒基因结构与功能的研究进展

仙台病毒(SeV)是引起啮齿类动物呼吸道疾病的病原,属于副粘病毒科,单股负链RNA病毒。本文就组成SeV的基因结构和功能做一综述。

仙台病毒黑龙江省地方株的分离与鉴定

目的自本省普通级实验动物中分离并鉴定出仙台病毒地方毒株,为建立仙台病毒血清抗体检测方法奠定基础。方法通过鸡胚尿囊腔传代自普通级小鼠肺脏分离病毒,经血凝实验、血凝阻断实验和结构基因序列测定对分离得到的病毒进行鉴定;大量繁殖病毒并通过蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化,免疫动物制备阳性血清,用标准试剂盒检测阳性血清效价。结果自150份小鼠肺脏分离到2株有血凝性的病毒,经形态学、血清学和结构基因序列测定鉴定为仙台病毒,命名为SV-HLJ。SV-HLJ与标准毒株Fushimi核蛋白基因(N)的核苷酸、氨基酸同源性分别为99·6%和99·0%。结论分离并鉴定出了仙台病毒黑龙江省地方毒株,为检测试剂盒的研制奠定了基础。