Ultrastructure of the sensilla on antennae and mouthparts of larval and adult Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera:Plutellidae)

Plutella xylostella （L.） （Plutellidae） is an important agricultural pest throughout the world. In this study, the morphology of antennal and mouthpart sensilla in the larvae and adults of P. xylostella （L.） was observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The larval antennae possess six sensilla basiconica, two sensilla chaetica and one sensillum styloconicum. Larval mouthparts possess six types of sensilla： sensilla chaetica, sensilla digitiformia, sensilla epipharyngeal, sensilla basiconica, sensilla styloconica and sensilla placodea. In the adult, seven types of sensilla are found on the antennae in males and six types of sensilla （sensilla basiconica absent） occur in females. Sexual dimorphism is also found in the number and size of these sensilla on the antennae of adults. We describe for the first time the five types of sensilla on the mouthparts of the adult of P. xylostella. This study provides useful information for further research into the function of these sensilla, and better understanding the behavioral mechanisms involved in pest control.

Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM) Observations of Antennal Sensilla of Chrysopa pallens Rambur(Neuroptera：Chrysopidae)

[Objectives]The paper was to provide background information for ongoing research on relationship between smell and behavior of the green lacewing Chrysopa pallens（ Rambur）（ Neuroptera： Chrysopidae）. [Methods]The submicroscopic structure of antennal sensilla of C. pallens was examined using scanning electron microscopy. [Results]Antennae of female and male C. pallens were linear in shape and（ 1. 52 ± 0. 08） and（ 1. 58 ± 0. 23） cm in length,respectively. The scape and pedicel were composed of single sub-segment,while the flagellum consisted of 116 sub-segments,on which most sensilla distributed. The flagella of female and male antennae were（ 1. 44 ± 0. 04） and（ 1. 47 ± 0. 13） cm in length,respectively. Nine morphological sensilla types were recorded in both sexes,including four types of highly abundant and widely distributed sensilla trichodea（ ST Ⅰ,ST Ⅱ,ST Ⅲ and ST Ⅳ）,three types of sensilla basiconica（ SB Ⅰ,SB Ⅱ,and SB Ⅲ）,and one of each type of sensilla chaetica and B9 hm bristles. Although the shape,structure,numbers,and distribution of antennae of females and males were basically similar,major differences were recorded between the sexes in the length of some sensilla types. Both the ST Ⅲ and SB Ⅰ in female adults were significantly longer than that in male ones. Notably,SB Ⅱ was found only in female. [Conclusions]The paper laid a foundation for revealing the relationship between smell and behavior,playing a crucial role in promoting the important biological control effect of C. pallens in farmland ecological system.

长翅型白背飞虱雌成虫翅的超微特征

白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为水稻重要害虫,长翅型成虫能够远距离飞行迁移,扩散其危害的范围。本研究利用扫描电镜观察研究了长翅型白背飞虱雌成虫翅的超微特征,发现:前、后翅的翅面中间薄而边缘厚,翅中部到端部的边缘有叠起的褶皱,前翅背面翅面上均匀地分布着许多小刺状突起,长度为(3.07±0.48)μm,而后翅背腹两面均着生有许多小刺状突起。前翅的背面和腹面都存在毛形感器样结构,根据形态可分为TS-I和TS-Ⅱ两种:TS-I分布于腹面翅基部的翅脉处且与翅脉垂直,没有明显的基窝,数量为(4±1.41)根,长为(31.80±2.43)μm;TS-Ⅱ则分布于背面的翅脉上,数量为(5±1.41)根,长度为(57.25±21.84)μm,着生于有明显凹陷的基窝中。前翅腹面边缘以及翅脉处还分布有钟形感器样结构,数量为(5.00±3.46)个;另外还发现一种锥形感器样结构,位于前翅腹面边缘,数量为(21.00±4.36)个,长(8.25±2.09)μm。研究结果有助于从超微水平对白背飞虱翅的形态结构有个更深入的了解,进一步理解其迁飞扩散的能力,为寻找更好的防控措施打下基础。

Mapping and ultrastructure of antennal chemosensilla of the wheat bug Eurygaster maura

Antennae of the wheat stink bug Eurygaster maura L. （Hemiptera： Scutelleridae） were investigated to elucidate structure and distribution of antennal chemosensilla in females. Five type of sensilla were identified and characterized using a scanning electron microscope （SEM） and a transmission electron microscope （TEM）. Type 1 sensilla are mechanical and contact chemoreceptors with a single apical pore. Types 2 and 3 sensilla are multiporous chemoreceptors both with typical features of olfactory sensilla. Type 4 are multiporous peg-like sensilla, short and with a grooved surface. Type 5 are sensilla coeloconica with a smooth and aporous peg completely inserted in a sub-cuticular chamber. All types are distributed on the two flagellar segments, but we considered only the apical flagellomere in which the largest number of sensilla are located. The most abundant sensilla are type 3, while the less numerous are type 5. All types, except type 2, decreased in number from the tip to the base of the segment. The lower density of sensilla was recorded on the dorsal-internal part of the apical antennomere, while the higher density was recorded on the opposite side （external-ventral）.

大辟缘蝽触角感器的扫描电镜观察

为了解大辟缘蝽(Prionolomia gigas Distant)触角感器与其嗅觉感受机制的关系,采用扫描电镜观察大辟缘蝽雌、雄成虫触角感器类型、超微形态及其分布。结果表明:大辟缘蝽雌、雄成虫触角均呈线状,由柄节、梗节和鞭节3部分组成;雌、雄成虫触角上共观察到6种类型感器,分别为毛形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔形感器、腔锥形感器和具弯钩型感器,其中,以毛型感器数量最多、分布范围最广,鞭节上的感器类型较柄节和梗节丰富,雌虫的感器类型多于雄虫,表现出明显的性二型现象。

赤斑白条天牛触角感器扫描电镜观察(鞘翅目:天牛科)

赤斑白条天牛Batocera rufomaculata在辣木上蛀干为害,严重影响辣木产业。探明感器类型及分布,可为电生理学研究提供依据。本文利用扫描电镜对赤斑白条天牛触角进行扫描。结果表明,触角上分布着9类感器,分别为刺形感器、锥形感器、毛形感器、耳形感器、板形感器、芽形感器、指形感器、凹槽钉形感器和B9hm氏鬃毛;感器分布以鞭节为主;感器类型和分布存在性二型现象;触角端部分布的感器比基部密集,在感受外界刺激时触角端部可能发挥主要作用。

北方毛胸材小蠹成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

对雌雄北方毛胸材小蠹(Anisandrus dispar)的触角使用扫描电镜进行扫描观察,观察发现:除雄性北方毛胸材小蠹的触角长度约为雌性小蠹触角长度的90%外,两性小蠹的触角在外部形态、感器类型以及分布位置等方面均未表现出明显差异。研究过程中,在小蠹触角上共观察到了5类7种触角感器类型,分别为毛形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)、锯齿形感器(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)、锥形感器、芽形感器以及刺形感器,其中,毛形感器最多,占感器数量总和的60%以上,芽形感器最少,数量不足感器总数的3%;触角各部分分布的感器数量也明显不同,其中,锤头部分布的感器数量最多,约占总数的88%,且绝大部分都分布在锤头部末端的感器集中区域。

短毛切梢小蠹幼虫头部感器的类型、分布与数量特征

【目的】探究短毛切梢小蠹幼虫头部感器的适应性及其功能,旨在为短毛切梢小蠹幼虫取食和运动行为提供科学依据。【方法】应用扫描电子显微镜观察并对比了3个不同发育阶段的幼虫触角和口器上感器的类型、分布与数量。【结果】短毛切梢小蠹幼虫的头式为下口式,有咀嚼式口器和头部感觉附肢,包括触角、上唇、上颚、下颚、下颚须、下唇和下唇须等,共15种感器。触角仅由1节组成,分布有锥形感器Ⅰ~Ⅱ型和末梢锥形感器Ⅰ~Ⅳ型。口器附肢上共有12种感器,包括刺形感器Ⅰ~Ⅴ型、毛形感器Ⅰ~Ⅱ型、锥形感器Ⅱ型、指形感器和末梢锥形感器Ⅱ型、Ⅳ型、Ⅴ型。毛形感器和刺形感器的表面光滑无孔,广泛分布于头壳及口器各部分,应为机械感器。锥形感器和末梢锥形感器的表面具孔,集中分布于触角、下颚须和下唇须顶端,是典型的化学感器。指形感器特立于下颚须端部,每一侧仅有1个,可能具有感知声音震动的功能。随着幼虫龄数增加,头部感器的类型、数量和分布均保持不变,但感器的大小呈指数级增长。【结论】本研究明确了短毛切梢小蠹头部形态及其感器类型、分布、数量以及不同发育阶段性变化情况。化学感器集中分布于触角、下颚须和下唇须的顶端处,这一分布模式有助于幼虫在树皮下的坑道内取食和运动。研究还对化学感器的功能进行了详细探讨,将为下一步研究短毛切梢小蠹坑道内的信息感知提供科学依据。

云杉大墨天牛成虫触角感器的扫描电镜观察

为观察云杉大墨天牛(Monochamus urussovi)触角上感器的超微结构,明确云杉大墨天牛感器的类型、数量、分布,并进行功能预测,利用扫描电镜对云杉大墨天牛雌、雄成虫触角表面结构进行观察。结果表明:云杉大墨天牛触角上的感器类型共有6种,分别为锥形感器、刺形感器、毛形感器、具沟端弯感器、水滴形感器、波氏鬃毛。其中,水滴形感器只在雄虫上有分布,其余5种感器雌、雄虫的触角均有分布。雌、雄虫触角感器数量比约为3∶1。各感器的数量由多到少依次为毛形感器、锥形感器、具沟端弯感器、波氏鬃毛、刺形感器,其中,水滴形感器数量与锥形感器的相近。云杉大墨天牛触角上感器的数量整体呈由基部向末端逐渐递增的趋势。

翅果油树重要害虫榆兴透翅蛾成虫触角的超微结构

榆兴透翅蛾(Synanthedon ulmicola)是危害翅果油树的重要检疫性害虫。以榆兴透翅蛾成虫为研究对象,利用扫描电镜对榆兴透翅蛾成虫触角感器的类型、形态、分布进行观察。结果表明:榆兴透翅蛾成虫触角为栉齿状,由柄节、梗节、鞭节三部分组成,鞭节数量为56~58小节。共发现8种感器类型,分别为B9hm氏鬃毛、毛形感器(ST-I、ST-II、ST-III)、鳞形感器、刺形感器、锥形感器、腔锥形感器、耳形感器I(SAu-I)、栓锥形感器。其中毛形感器数量最多,分布最广,锥形感器数量最少,仅有2~3处分布。除毛形感器III仅分布于雄蛾触角外,其余种类的感器在雌、雄蛾触角上均有分布。在感器形态上,鳞形感器端部具有明显的雌雄二型现象,其余感器在形态上无较大差异。通过测定不同类型感器的长度、基宽,明确了各种类型感器的性二型差异。

Vibrational Receptor of Scorpion(Heterometrus petersii):The Basitarsal Compound Slit Sensilla

Recently,micro-vibrational perception mechanisms of nocturnal arthropods such as scorpions and spiders are attracting increasingly more attention and research.The relevant micro-vibrational receptors are exquisite,in terms of their comprehensive performance such as sensitivity,stability,high anti-interference,and ultralow-power consumption.In this work,we find the Basitarsal Compound Slit Sensilla (BCSS) of scorpion (Heterometrus petersii) are composed of the crack-shaped slits as mechanosensory structure and can efficiently detect substrate-borne vibrational signal in complex natural environment.The study on microstructures and mechanical properties of tissue phases constituting the BCSS reveals that the strategy of tessellation is used to make crack-shaped slit amplify the tiny mechanical signal.In addition,the magnitude-frequency characteristics of electrophysiological signals caused by vibration stimulation with different frequencies indicate that the scorpion is sensitive to micro-vibrational signals at a certain frequency range.Meanwhile,the vibrational perception mechanism based on geometrical amplification and resonance is proposed to explain how scorpions detect the tiny biotic vibrational signal efficiently in noise environment.This finding not only promotes our further understanding of ultra-sensitive mechanism of the vibrational receptors,but also provides biological inspiration for the next generation of mechanosensor for a broad range of applications.

艾菊瓢虫口器及其感器的超微形态特征观察

研究昆虫口器的形态是探究昆虫取食机制的重要手段。为明确艾菊瓢虫成虫口器各部分的超微形态,以及口器感器的种类及分布特征,探究植食性瓢虫口器各结构的功能及协调机制,本研究利用扫描电镜对艾菊瓢虫成虫口器各结构的超微形态及口器感器进行详细观察,并与其他食性瓢虫口器形态进行比较。结果表明,艾菊瓢虫的口器是典型的咀嚼式口器,由上唇、上颚、下颚、下唇和舌组成。根据感器的形态、长度及分布共鉴定出7种感器,即刺形感器、锥形感器、毛形感器、栓锥形感器、表皮孔、板形感器以及分枝刷状结构,其中分枝刷状结构在瓢虫中首次报道。艾菊瓢虫口器基本组成及主要形态与其他食性瓢虫种类相似,但在细微形态上均有差别,这些形态差异与取食习性密切相关。

广西灰象触角感器的超微结构

广西灰象(Sympiezomias guangxiensis Chao)食性复杂,严重危害多种植物。触角是昆虫重要的感觉器官,在信息识别和对外界刺激反应中起到重要作用。通过扫描电子显微镜观察并比较了广西灰象成虫触角感器的种类、形态、数量、分布情况。雌虫触角明显长于雄虫,但在宽度上二者差距并不明显(样本数为10,P<0.05);雌雄触角上均分布8类感器:刺形感器(Sc)、毛形感器(St)、叉形感器(Sf)、棒形感器(Sr)、毛板(Hp)、芽孢感器(Sg)、栓锥形感器(SSt)、表皮孔(CP);其中,刺形感器包括4种亚型(ScⅠ、ScⅡ、ScⅢ、ScⅣ),毛形感器包括3种亚型(StⅠ、StⅡ、StⅢ),叉形感器包括2种亚型(SfⅠ、SfⅡ)。对于长度,刺形感器的全部亚型、叉形感器(SfⅠ)、棒形感器、毛形感器(StⅠ)、栓锥形感器在雌雄之间具有显著性差异(样本数为30,P<0.05);对于宽度,毛形感器的全部亚型、刺形感器(ScⅡ)、棒形感器在雌雄之间具有显著性差异(样本数为30,P<0.05);对于数量,雌虫触角感器的总数量高于雄虫。广西灰象成虫触角感器类型丰富,雌雄个体间感器分布大体相同,但形态上存在性二型现象。

黑带蚜蝇触角感器扫描电镜观察

触角是昆虫进行觅食、求偶和躲避天敌等行为的重要感觉器官,具有嗅觉和触觉功能.基于扫描电子显微镜对不同性别黑带蚜蝇(Episyrphus balteatus De Geer,1776)成虫的触角及触角感器进行了观察拍照,分析了触角感器的种类、数量、形态结构以及分布特点.主要研究结果如下:1)黑带蚜蝇的触角由柄节、梗节、鞭节3部分组成;2)触角感器包括8类13种,毛形感器(sensilla trichodea,ST)具3种亚型(STⅠ,STⅡ,STⅢ)、锥形感器(sensilla basiconica,SB)具两种亚型(SBⅠ,SBⅡ)、刺形感器(sensilla chaetica,SC)具两种亚型(SCⅠ,SCⅡ)、腔锥形感器(sensilla coeloclnica,CO)具两种亚型(COⅠ,COⅡ)、节间感器(sensilla intersegment,SIn)、棒状感器(sensilla clavate,Cl)、柱形感器(sensilla cylindrical,Cy)和Böhm氏鬃毛(böhm bristle,BB);3)不同性别黑带蚜蝇成虫触角感器存在明显差异,节间感器、棒状感器和柱形感器只在雌虫触角分布.

杜甫诗歌寒热书写的思想蕴涵及诗学史意义

杜甫在诗中大量书写了个人“寒”“热”之体验。杜诗的寒热书写本于古典诗歌吟咏情性之本质,并受汉魏六朝诗人创作以及杜甫多年坎坷人生所影响。杜诗中的“寒”“热”不仅是对个人体感的描述,也包含了对外物的书写以及自我内心之困的形象表达。寒热书写是杜诗抒情之角度,体现杜甫对困顿人生的感叹、对苍生的关切以及自身精神困境的自述。“寒”“热”作为杜甫感物书写之艺术形式,影响了中唐诗人韩愈诗歌体物之书写,对“禁体物”诗歌创作开辟思路;同时白居易等讽喻诗人也学习杜甫以“寒”“热”书写民生。

THIRD OLFACTORY RECEPTOR CELL OF SHORT HAIRS OF SENSILLA TRICHODEA ON Antheraea polyphemus AND A. pernyi

I.INTRODUCTION The sensilla trichodea has been accepted as the receiver of sex pheromone in Lepidotera moths. In Antheraea polyphemus and A. pemyi, there are at least two types of sensilla trichodea with different lengths which are called the long and short sensilla trichodea. Two pheromone components (E-6, Z-11-16 :Ac, E-6, Z-11-16:Al) are known of A. polyphemus.

Labial tip sensilla of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus （Hemiptera： Blissidae）： Ultrastructure and behavior

The cuticular sensory receptors that are found on the apex of the labium of hemipterans play an important role in their feeding behavior. In this study we describe the ultrastructure, number, and distribution of sensilla on the labium apex of the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus. Each apical field of sensilla on the labium contains 11 uniporous peg sensilla and one sensillum chaeticum. The uniporous peg sensilla are innervated by 4-5 bipolar neurons that send dendrites in the lumen of each peg. Three neurons are associated with each sensillum chaeticum, two neurons have dendrites in the lumen of the sensillum, and the third dendrite ends in a tubular body at the base of the sensillum. Behavioral tests that involve chemical blockage of the sensory receptors show the importance of the labial sensilla in feeding behavior. Both morphological and behavioral evidence indicate that the labial sensilla have a chemosensitive function.

双条杉天牛成虫口器、触角及其感受器的超微结构观察

【目的】双条杉天牛(Senmanotusbifasciatus)是柏属(Cupressusspp.)类植物的重要钻蛀性害虫,其成虫触角和口器结构与其搜寻和取食寄主植物的特性密切相关。弄清口器和触角感受器类型及其分布位置,探究双条杉天牛成虫与寄主植物互作机理。【方法】利用扫描电子显微镜观测双条杉天牛成虫口器、触角及其感受器的类型、分布位置。【结果】双条杉天牛口器上分布感受器有6种,即刺形感受器、锥形感受器、芽孢感受器、板形感受器、栓锥形感受器和鳞形感受器。触角上分布感受器有6种,即刺形感受器、钟形感受器、Bobhm鬃毛、毛形感受器、锥形感受器和栓锥形感受器。雌雄成虫的口器、触角及其感受器类型和分布位置均无显著差异。【结论】明确口器和触角感受器的类型及其分布位置,且在雌雄成虫间无明显差异,为探索快速高效搜索双条杉天牛成虫定位寄主植物的机理提供基础数据。

榛实象成虫触角感器类型、分布及超微结构

为了明确榛实象(Curculio dieckamanni)雌雄成虫触角感器类型、数量、分布及形态特征,利用光学显微镜观察榛实象雌雄成虫触角在头部的位置及形态;利用扫描电镜观察榛实象雌雄成虫触角结构特征,触角感器类型、数量、分布及形态特征。结果表明:在榛实象成虫触角上共发现10种类型感器,包括锥形感器、毛形感器、刺形感器、栓锥形感器、镰刀形感器、表皮孔、鳞形感器、孢子囊形感器、腔锥形感器、B9hm氏鬃毛。雌雄成虫触角各类感器总数分别为2392、2131个,雌成虫触角上的各类感器总数显著多于雄成虫(P<0.05)。锥形感器亚型Sb1和Sb2、毛形感器亚型St1和St2、刺形感器亚型Sc2和Sc3、栓锥形感器Ss1和Ss2、镰刀形感器亚型Sf2、表皮孔亚型Cp1在雌雄成虫触角f7节均有分布,刺形感器Sc1在雌雄触角f6、f7节上分布,刺形感器亚型Sc4、Sc6在雌雄触角的梗节、索节f1~f6分布,刺形感器亚型Sc5在雌雄触角的索节f1~f6、棒节f7分布。鳞形感器分布于雌雄触角的柄节、梗节;B9hm氏鬃毛分布于雌雄触角的梗节近柄节处。毛形感器亚型St3、栓锥形感器亚型Ss3、镰刀型感器亚型Sf1、孢子囊形感器1分布于雌性触角的棒节f7。表皮孔亚型Cp2仅分布于雄性触角的棒节f7,腔锥形感器分布于雄性触角的索节f5、f6节。在雌雄触角各节中,棒节f7中分布感器数量最多,雌雄分别1338、1198个;柄节分布感器数量最少,雌雄分别为66、58个。在雌雄触角感器中,刺形感器亚型Sc5分布最多,雌雄分别为477、433个;锥形感器亚型Sb2分布最少,雌雄均为5个。

榛实象成虫头部、喙、口器感器类型、分布及超微结构

明确榛实象(Curculio dieckamanni)雌雄成虫头部、喙及口器感器类型、数量、分布及形态特征。利用扫描电镜观察榛实象雌雄成虫头部、喙及口器感器类型、数量、分布及形态特征。在榛实象雌雄成虫头部发现有3种类型的感器,分别为鳞形感器、臼窝状感器和表皮孔,雌雄虫头部感器类型不存在雌雄异型现象;其中鳞形感器数量雌虫中显著高于雄虫(P<0.05),臼窝状感器数量在雌雄虫间差异不显著(P>0.05),表皮孔在雌雄虫头部均仅分布有1个。在榛实象雌雄成虫的喙,发现1种感器为腔锥形感器,该感器数量在雌虫中显著高于雄虫(P<0.05)。在榛实象雌雄成虫口器上发现有4种类型的感器,分别为锥形感器、柱形感器、鱼鳍形感器和轴承短锥形感器,榛实象成虫口器感器种类在雌雄间无异型现象,锥形感器、柱形感器、鱼鳍形感器和轴承短锥形感器分布数量在雌雄间相同。该项研究对榛实象成虫头部、喙及口器感器类型、数量、分布及形态特征进行了观察和分析,这些结果为进一步开展榛实象的行为生态学及生理学的研究提供基础依据。