A Review and Analysis of Localization Techniques in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years,there has been a rapid growth in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks(UWSNs).The focus of research in this area is now on solving the problems associated with large-scale UWSN.One of the major issues in such a network is the localization of underwater nodes.Localization is required for tracking objects and detecting the target.It is also considered tagging of data where sensed contents are not found of any use without localization.This is useless for application until the position of sensed content is confirmed.This article’s major goal is to review and analyze underwater node localization to solve the localization issues in UWSN.The present paper describes various existing localization schemes and broadly categorizes these schemes as Centralized and Distributed localization schemes underwater.Also,a detailed subdivision of these localization schemes is given.Further,these localization schemes are compared from different perspectives.The detailed analysis of these schemes in terms of certain performance metrics has been discussed in this paper.At the end,the paper addresses several future directions for potential research in improving localization problems of UWSN.

无线传感器网络基于测距的节点定位算法综述OverviewoftheNodeLocalizationAlgorithmBasedonRangingofWirelessSensorNetworks

基于测距的定位方法对测量的距离信息运用几何知识求解未知节点的位置,常用在定位精度较高的领域,可在误差、能耗、受环境因素影响等方面进行优化。本文对基于测距的无线传感器网络节点定位算法进行详细地分析和比较。

Broadcasting with Controlled Redundancy and Improved Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks （WSNs） consist of sensor nodes that broadcast a message within a network. Efficient broadcasting is a key requirement in sensor networks and has been a focal point of research over the last few years. There are many challenging tasks in the network, including redundancy control and sensor node localization that mainly depend on broadcasting. In this paper, we propose a broadcasting algorithm to control redundancy and improve localization （BACRIL） in WSNs. The proposed algorithm incorporates the benefits of the gossip protocol for optimizing message broadcasting within the network. Simulation results show a controlled level of redundancy, which is up to 57.6% if the number of sensor nodes deployed in a 500 m×500 m area are increased from 50 to 500.

NBP-based localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks in NLOS environments

To mitigate the impacts of non-line-of-sight（NLOS） errors on location accuracy, a non-parametric belief propagation（NBP）-based localization algorithm in the NLOS environment for wireless sensor networks is proposed.According to the amount of prior information known about the probabilities and distribution parameters of the NLOS error distribution, three different cases of the maximum a posterior（MAP） localization problems are introduced. The first case is the idealized case, i. e., the range measurements in the NLOS conditions and the corresponding distribution parameters of the NLOS errors are known. The probability of a communication of a pair of nodes in the NLOS conditions and the corresponding distribution parameters of the NLOS errors are known in the second case. The third case is the worst case, in which only knowledge about noise measurement power is obtained. The proposed algorithm is compared with the maximum likelihood-simulated annealing（ML-SA）-based localization algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm provides good location accuracy and considerably outperforms the ML-SA-based localization algorithm for every case. The root mean square error（RMSE）of the location estimate of the NBP-based localization algorithm is reduced by about 1. 6 m in Case 1, 1. 8 m in Case 2 and 2. 3 m in Case 3 compared with the ML-SA-based localization algorithm. Therefore, in the NLOS environments,the localization algorithms can obtain the location estimates with high accuracy by using the NBP method.

A New Localization Scheme with Statistical Estimation against Wormhole Attack in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wormhole attack is one of the most devastating threats for range-free localization in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we evaluate three statistical estimation methods with the same network model and geographic information obtailaed by the DV-Hop algorithm. We analyze the limits of Minimum Mean Square Estimate （MMSE）, Least Median of Squares （LMS） and Enhanced greedy At- tack-Resistant MMSE （EARMMSE） and propose an improved EARMMSE with the hop-distance relationship, named EARMMSE＋. Simulation results illustrate the performance of MMSE, LMS and EARMMSE＋ with different anchor fraction, the length of wormhole link and the average local neighborhood and show that EARMMSE＋ outperforms MMSE and LMS.

Analysis of Five Typical Localization Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper, the self-localization problem is studied. It is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). And five localization algorithms: Centroid algorithm, Amorphous algorithm, DV-hop algorithm, APIT algorithm and Bounding Box algorithm are discussed. Simulation of those five localization algorithms is done by MATLAB. The simulation results show that the positioning error of Amorphous algorithm is the minimum. Considering economy and localization accuracy, the Amorphous algorithm can achieve the best localization performance under certain conditions.

Rigid graph-based three-dimension localization algorithm for wireless sensor networks

This paper investigates the node localization problem for wireless sensor networks in three-dimension space. A distributed localization algorithm is presented based on the rigid graph. Before location, the communication radius is adaptively increasing to add the localizability. The localization process includes three steps: firstly, divide the whole globally rigid graph into several small rigid blocks; secondly, set up the local coordinate systems and transform them to global coordinate system; finally, use the quadrilateration iteration technology to locate the nodes in the wireless sensor network. This algorithm has the advantages of low energy consumption, low computational complexity as well as high expandability and high localizability. Moreover, it can achieve the unique and accurate localization. Finally, some simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

A New Distributed Localization Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks

在无线传感器网络(WSN ) 的节点本地化是被对待一功能目标在纸从一个新奇观点追踪双。与在 WSN 的传统的追踪问题不同，使用静态的地点商品节点估计动人的目标，活动节点被用来帮助未知节点精确地发现他们的位置。一个新节点本地化计划虚拟烽火精力比率本地化(VB-ERL ) 和它为 WSN 的精炼被介绍。在计划，活动节点基于 Gauss-Markov 活动性模型搬到监视者地并且周期性地广播信息包。每个静态的未知节点在它的察觉到的范围收到虚拟烽火和精力，并且由发现一套超球面的交叉估计它的地点。模拟结果证明建议计划是有效的。

Grid-Based Localization Mechanism with Mobile Reference Node in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks （WSNs） are based on monitoring or managing the sensing area by using the location information with sensor nodes. Most sensor nodes require hardware support or receive packets with location information to estimate their locations, which needs lots of time or costs. In this paper we proposed a localization mechanism using a mobile reference node （MRN） and trilateration in WSNs to reduce the energy consumption and location error. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed mechanism can obtain more unknown nodes locations by the mobile reference node moving scheme and will decreases the energy consumption and average ocation error.

Node cooperation based location secure verification algorithm in wireless sensor networks localization

For the application of wireless sensor networks in the military field, one of the main challenges is security. To solve the problem of verifying the location claim for a node, a new location verifica- tion algorithm called node cooperation based location secure verification （NCBLSV） algorithm is proposed. NCBLSV could verify malicious nodes by contrasting neighbor nodes and nodes under beam width angle using an adaptive array antenna at a base point. Simulation experiments are con- ducted to evaluate the performance of this algorithm by varying the communication range and the an- tenna beam width angle. Results show that NCBLSV algorithm has high probability of successful ma- licious nodes detection and low probability of false nodes detection. Thus, it is proved that the NCBLSV algorithm is useful and necessary in the wireless sensor networks security.

An Iterative Clustering-Based Localization Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks,node localization is a fundamental middleware service.In this paper,a robust and accurate localization algorithm is proposed,which uses a novel iterative clustering model to obtain the most representative intersection points between every two circles and use them to estimate the position of unknown nodes.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other localization schemes (such as Min-Max,etc.) in accuracy,scalability and gross error tolerance.

Three Dimensional Optimum Node Localization in Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks

Location information plays an important role in most of the applications in Wireless Sensor Network(WSN).Recently,many localization techniques have been proposed,while most of these deals with two Dimensional applications.Whereas,in Three Dimensional applications the task is complex and there are large variations in the altitude levels.In these 3D environments,the sensors are placed in mountains for tracking and deployed in air for monitoring pollution level.For such applications,2D localization models are not reliable.Due to this,the design of 3D localization systems in WSNs faces new challenges.In this paper,in order to find unknown nodes in Three-Dimensional environment,only single anchor node is used.In the simulation-based environment,the nodes with unknown locations are moving at middle&lower layers whereas the top layer is equipped with single anchor node.A novel soft computing technique namely Adaptive Plant Propagation Algorithm(APPA)is introduced to obtain the optimized locations of these mobile nodes.Thesemobile target nodes are heterogeneous and deployed in an anisotropic environment having an Irregularity(Degree of Irregularity(DOI))value set to 0.01.The simulation results present that proposed APPAalgorithm outperforms as tested among other meta-heuristic optimization techniques in terms of localization error,computational time,and the located sensor nodes.

A Three-Dimensional Range-Free Localization Algorithm Based on Mobile Beacons for Wireless Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks （WSNs） the position information of individual nodes is a matter of vital importance because allows the implementation of necessary network functions such as routing, querying and other applications. The objective of this paper is to propose an algorithm of three-dimensional distributed range-free localization for WSNs, using a mobile beacon （MB） equipped with a rotary and tilting directional antenna. This algorithm, denominated as the three-dimensional azimuthally defined area localization algorithm （3D- ADAL）, is executed in each sensor node and is based only on the analysis of the information received from the MB, therefore is energy efficient and contributes to extend the lifetime of the sensor network. Additionally the proposed algorithm has the advantage of being simple and economical. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is a practical, effective and accurate method for a three-dimensional location of sensor nodes in a WSN.

Lightweight jammer localization algorithm in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks （WSNs）, as the shared nature of the wireless medium, jam- ming attacks can be easily launched and result in a great damage to the network. How to deal with jamming attacks has become a great concern recently. Finding the location of a jammer is important to take security actions against the jammer, and thus to restore the network communication. After a comprehensive study on the jammer localization problem, a lightweight easy-operated algorithm called triple circles localization （TCL） is proposed. The evaluation results have demonstrated that, compared with other approaches, TCL achieves the best jammer localization accuracy under variable conditions.

A newself-localization method for wireless sensor networks

Many applications of wireless sensor networks can benefit from fine-grained localization. In this paper, we proposed an accurate, distributed localization method based on the time difference between radio signal and sound wave. In a trilateration, each node adaptively chooses a neighborhood of sensors and updates its position estimate with trilateration, and then passes this update to neighboring sensors. Application examples demonstrate that the proposed method is more robust and accurate in localizing node than the previous proposals and it can achieve comparable results using much fewer anchor nodes than the previous methods.

Real-time localization estimator of mobile node in wireless sensor networks based on extended Kalman filter

Localization of the sensor nodes is a key supporting technology in wireless sensor networks （WSNs）. In this paper, a real-time localization estimator of mobile node in WSNs based on extended Kalman filter （KF） is proposed. Mobile node movement model is analyzed and online sequential iterative method is used to compute location result. The detailed steps of mobile sensor node self-localization adopting extended Kalman filter （EKF） is designed. The simulation results show that the accuracy of the localization estimator scheme designed is better than those of maximum likelihood estimation （MLE） and traditional KF algorithm.

LOCALIZATION FOR MOBILE TARGET IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

A precise localization for mobile target in wireless sensor networks is presented in this letter,where a geometrical relationship is explored to improve the location estimation for mobile target,in-stead of a simple centroid approach.The equations of location compensation algorithm for mobiletarget are derived based on linear trajectory prediction and sensor selective activation.The resultsbased on extensive simulation experiments show that the compensation algorithm gets better per-formance in metrics of quality of tracking and energy efficiency with the change of sensor sensing range,the ratio of sensing range and sensor activation range,and the data sampling rate than traditionalmethods,which means our proposing can achieve better quality-energy tradeoff for mobile target inwireless sensor networks.

New Localization Technique for Mobile Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sectorized Antenna

Recently, there has been much focus on mobile sensor networks, and we have even seen the development of small-profile sensing devices that are able to control their own movement. Although it has been shown that mobility alleviates several issues relating to sensor network coverage and connectivity, many challenges remain. Among these, the need for position estimation is perhaps the most important. It is too expensive to include a GPS receiver with every sensor node. Hence, localization schemes for sensor networks typically use a small number of seed nodes that know their location and protocols whereby other sensor nodes estimate their location from the messages they receive. In this paper, we propose a new technique to localize mobile sensor nodes using sectorized antenna. We consider that both sensor nodes and seeds are mobile, and argue that mobility can be exploited to improve the accuracy and precision of localization. It is tested extensively in a simulation environment and compared with other existing methods. The results of our experiments clearly indicate that our proposed approach can achieve a high accuracy without need of high density of seeds.

MOBILITY AIDED LOCALIZATION OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS WITH INACCURATE RANGE MEASUREMENTS

This paper studies the relationship between mobility, navigation and localization in the context of wireless sensor networks with mobile beacons. It is observed that mobility can aid in network node localization and that once localized, the network nodes can localize and track a mobile object and guide its navigation. A distributed kernel-based algorithm is proposed that enables the nodes to establish confident position estimates in the presence of ranging inaccuracies. The proposed approach features robustness with respect to range measurement inaccuracies, low complexity and distributed implementation, using only local information. Simulation validates our approach viable.

Robust Cubic-Based 3-D Localization for Wireless Sensor Networks

The rapid progress of wireless communication and the availability of many small-sized, light-weighted and low-cost communication and computing devices nowadays have greatly impacted the development of wireless sensor network. Localization using sensor network has attracted much attention for its comparable low-cost and potential use with mon- itoring and targeting purposes in real and hostile application scenarios. Currently, there are many available approaches to locating persons/things based on global positioning system (GPS) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) technologies. However, in some application scenario, e.g., disaster rescue application, such localization devices may be damaged and may not provide the location information of the survivors. The main goal of this paper is to design and develop a robust localization technique for human existence detection in case of disasters such as earthquake or fire. In this paper, we propose a 3-D localization technique based on the hop-count data collected from sensor anchors to estimate the location of the activated sensor mote in 3-D coordination. Our algorithm incorporates two salient features, cubic-based output and event-triggering mechanism, to guarantee both improved accuracy and power efficiency. Both simulation and experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm can improve the localization precision of the human existence and work well in real environment.