PID-Type Fuzzy Controller for Grid-Supporting Inverter of Battery in Embedded Small Variable Speed Wind Turbine

Frequency and voltage of embedded variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driving a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) is strongly affected by wind speed fluctuations. In practice, power imbalance between supply and demand is also common, especially when VSWT-PMSG is connected to a weak micro grid (MG). If load demand fluctuations become high, isolated MG may be unable to stabilize the frequency and voltage so that battery storage needs to be installed into the MG to adjust energy supply and demand. To allow flexible control of active and reactive power flow from/to battery storage, grid-supporting inverters are used. For a system that contains highly nonlinear components, the use of conventional linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers may cause system performance deterioration. Additionally, these controllers show slow, oscillating responses, and complex equations are required to obtain optimum responses in other controllers. To cope with these limitations, this paper proposes PID-type fuzzy controller (PIDfc) design to control grid-supporting inverter of battery. To ensure safe battery operating limits, we also propose a new controller scheme called intelligent battery protection (IBP). This IBP is integrated into PIDfc. Several simulation tests are performed to verify the scheme’s effectiveness. The results show that the proposed PIDfc controller exhibits improved performance and acceptable responses, and can be used instead of conventional controllers.

Investigation of Inverter Temperature Prediction Model in Wind Farm Based on SCADA Data

The inverter is one of the key components of wind turbine,and it is a complex circuit composed of a series of components such as a variety of electronic components and power devices.Therefore,it is difficult to accurately identify the operation states of inverter and some problems regarding its own circuit,especially in the early stages of failure.However,if the inverter temperature prediction model can be established,the early states can be identified through the judgment of the output temperature.Accordingly,considering whether the inverter heats up normally from the perspective of heat dissipation,a method for the early operation state identification of the inverter is provided in this paper.A variable selection method based on fusion analysis of correlation and physical relationship is adopted to extract variables as input variables,which have high correlation with inverter temperature.Then multi-input and multi-output temperature prediction model of inverter is established based on a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model(NARX)network,and the prediction temperature residual is used as the real-time standard to evaluate the inverter states.For validating this,the validity and reliability of the established temperature prediction model are verified through case analysis,and the performance comparison with various models demonstrates that the proposed method has higher accuracy.The construction method of the prediction model can be used for reference to other aspects of wind turbine.All these bring huge benefits to wind energy industry.

Intelligent-Based Maximum Power Extraction on Grid-Integrated Multilevel Inverter-Fed Wind-Driven Induction Generators

This paper presents an intelligent controller employing Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for extracting maximum power from the wind energy conversion system even during the change in the wind speed conditions with improved quality of power. The proposed induction generator with multilevel inverter along with intelligent controller based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique aims at integrating winds system with improved maximum power injection and minimum harmonic issues. The proposed method will improve the power quality which is delivered to the grid in terms of harmonic, and inject the maximum power to the grid. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, ANFIS controller, Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) and without MPPT controller have been presented and tested using MATLAB/Simulink environment.

THREE-PHASE BRIDGE INVERTER FOR 9kW DOUBLY SALIENT PERMANENT MAGNET MOTOR

The three-phase bridge inverter is used as the converter topology in the power controller for a 9 kW doubly salient permanent magnet （DSPM） motor. Compared with common three-phase bridge inverters, the proposed inverter works under more complicated conditions with different principles for special winding back EMFs, position signals of hall sensors, and the given mode of switches. The ideal steady driving principles of the inverter for the motor are given. The working state with asymmetric winding back EMFs, inaccurate position signals of hall sensors, and the changing input voltage is analyzed. Finally, experimental results vertify that the given anal ysis is correct.

Numerical Study of a Novel Procedure for Installing the Tower and Rotor Nacelle Assembly of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on the Inverted Pendulum Principle

Current installation costs of offshore wind turbines(OWTs) are high and profit margins in the offshore wind energy sector are low, it is thus necessary to develop installation methods that are more efficient and practical. This paper presents a numerical study(based on a global response analysis of marine operations) of a novel procedure for installing the tower and Rotor Nacelle Assemblies(RNAs) on bottom-fixed foundations of OWTs. The installation procedure is based on the inverted pendulum principle. A cargo barge is used to transport the OWT assembly in a horizontal position to the site, and a medium-size Heavy Lift Vessel(HLV) is then employed to lift and up-end the OWT assembly using a special upending frame. The main advantage of this novel procedure is that the need for a huge HLV(in terms of lifting height and capacity) is eliminated. This novel method requires that the cargo barge is in the leeward side of the HLV(which can be positioned with the best heading) during the entire installation. This is to benefit from shielding effects of the HLV on the motions of the cargo barge, so the foundations need to be installed with a specific heading based on wave direction statistics of the site and a typical installation season. Following a systematic approach based on numerical simulations of actual operations, potential critical installation activities, corresponding critical events, and limiting(response) parameters are identified. In addition, operational limits for some of the limiting parameters are established in terms of allowable limits of sea states. Following a preliminary assessment of these operational limits, the duration of the entire operation, the equipment used, and weather-and water depth-sensitivity, this novel procedure is demonstrated to be viable.

Analysis of Capacitive Parasitism in PWM Inverter-Fed Motor

The effects of parasitic capacitance in induction motor system are unnoticed when it is fed from the AC line, but they are obvious when supplied directly from a PWM inverter. Consequently, many parasitic problems occur, such as motor to earth leakage current, bearing current, incoming line current distortion and uneven distribution of electrical stresses along the winding. On the basis of the uniform transmission line principle, a complete equivalent circuit of the PWM inverter fed motor system is presented, based on which all the capacitive parasitic problems mentioned above are analyzed and simulated by means of PSPICE. All the results are consistent with the existing ones.

Intensification of Power Quality Using PMSG and Cascaded Multi Cell Trans-Z-Source Inverter

This script depicts the power quality intensification of Wind Energy Transfer System (WETS) using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) and Cascaded Multi Cell Trans-Z-Source Inverter (CMCTZSI). The PMSG knocks the induction generator and earlier generators, because of their stimulating performances without taking the frame power. The Trans-Z-Source Inverter with one transformer and one capacitor is connected newly. To increase the boosting ratio gratuity a cascaded impression is proposed with adopting multi-winding transformer which provides an option for this manuscript to use coupled inductor as an alternative of multi-winding transformer and remains the matching voltage gain as cascaded multi cell trans-Z- source inverter. Accordingly the parallel capacitances are also balancing the voltage gain. The parallel correlation of the method is essentially to trim down the voltage stresses and to improve the input current gain of the inverter. By using MALAB Simulation, harmonics can be reduced up to 1.32% and also DC side can be boosted up our required level 200 - 1000 V achievable. The new hardware setup results demonstrate to facilitate the multi cell Trans Z-source inverter. This can be generated high-voltage gain [50 V - 1000 V] and also be credible. Moreover, the level of currents, voltages and Harmonics on the machinery is low.

Control and Implementation of Single-Inverter Microgrid

In this paper, simulation and implementation way for practical control of Single Inverter Microgrid (SIMG) is presented. This system is equipped by solar system, wind energy conversion system (WECS), and microturbine system. Each DG’s has controlled independently. This is a kind of decentralize control because each DG’s has difference controller. Control of Microgrid (MG) during both grid tie and islanding modes is presented. Solar system and WECS are modeled based on santerno products. This system is compared with three inverter MGs with Centralize control strategy. Controlled signals show that SIMG is more reliable and economical. THD is improved and strategy is simplified for SIMG.

A Novel Asymmetrical Single-Phase Multilevel Inverter Suitable for Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources

This paper introduces a novel single-phase asymmetrical multilevel inverter suitable for hybrid renewable energy sources. The proposed inverter consists of two isolated DC sources and six power semiconductor controlled switches. The suggested inverter is capable of generating seven-level output when the input DC voltage is taken in the ratio of 1:2. The higher magnitude DC source is fed from Photo Voltaic (PV) panels, whereas the lower magnitude DC source is fed from Wind Turbine (WT) driven Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) generator. Both the renewable energy sources are connected to the inverter via two DC-DC boost converters connected in cascade (i.e. one for maximum power point tracking and another for DC-link voltage control). The proposed hybrid renewable energy source inverter is connected to single-phase grid via proper control systems. The complete system is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are presented in detail.

基于LADRC和准PR控制的风电并网逆变器控制策略

为了稳定风电并网逆变器直流母线电压的波动,提高其动态响应速度并减少并网电流中的谐波含量,本文提出了LADRC+准PR双环控制策略.首先根据两电平风电并网逆变器的拓扑结构建立其数学模型;然后,根据数学模型设计电压外环二阶LADRC控制器和电流内环准PR控制器代替传统的PI控制器,同时对两种控制器的参数进行了设计并整定;最后,在Matlab软件中构建仿真模型,进行了仿真分析和波形对比.结果表明:相较于传统的双闭环PI控制策略,新型控制策略不仅能够快速地稳定直流母线电压,而且交流侧电流的总谐波失真小;并且在电网电压发生扰动的工况下,仍有较好的控制性能.综上所述,基于LADRC和准PR控制的风电并网逆变器控制策略具有较好的抗扰性和优越的鲁棒性.

适应于逆变型风电接入系统的改进故障序分量选相方法

针对传统故障序分量选相元件在逆变型风电接入系统中可靠性较低的问题,提出了一种改进的故障序分量选相方法。首先,分析在最新风电场低电压穿越策略下,风电侧的故障序阻抗特性及传统故障序分量选相元件的适应性。然后,利用负正序、负零序阻抗相位差等效正负序、零负序电流分支系数相位差,以补偿传统序分量选相判据的相角误差。最后,采用补偿后的故障序电流相位差作为选相判据,实现了故障相的判别。同时通过调整零负序选相分区,使其具有较好的耐过渡电阻能力。仿真实验表明,在不同故障类型、故障位置和过渡电阻下改进选相方法均能可靠地选出故障相。

基于中性点对地电压高频开关振荡的变频电机绕组内部绝缘在线监测

绝缘状态在线监测是提高变频电机可靠性的有效手段。在高速PWM开关暂态激励下,电机绕组漏感与内部分布电容发生谐振会产生几十至几百k Hz的电压振荡,威胁绕组内部绝缘安全可靠运行。该文利用逆变器自激高频开关振荡在线监测绕组内部绝缘状态。为避免开关振荡多模态混叠并提高状态监测灵敏度,提出一种基于中性点对地电压高频开关振荡的绝缘在线监测方法。首先,分析变频电机共模电压激励特性;然后,研究中性点对地电压高频开关振荡的形成机理与特性,从理论上推导出振荡频率与绕组内部绝缘电容状态之间的关系。设计绕组内部绝缘在线监测方案,包括开关振荡频率提取以及内部绝缘状态评估等。最后,通过热疲劳与老化模拟等实验对该方法的可行性与有效性进行验证。结果表明,该方法能有效监测变频电机内部绕组绝缘状态的微弱变化,具有信噪比高、工况鲁棒等优点。

Design of a 35 kV high-temperature superconducting synchronous machine with optimized field winding

This paper proposes the application of high-voltage stator-cable windings in superconducting machines,based on the characteristics of strong magnetic fields and large air gaps.Cross-linked polyethylene cable winding can be employed to achieve a rated voltage of 35 kV in direct-current(DC)-field superconducting machines,thereby enabling a direct connection between the superconducting machine and the power grid,eliminating the need for transformers.We first,through finite element analysis,demonstrate that the proposed high-voltage high-temperature superconducting machine not only meets the requirement of a 35 kV-rated voltage,but also exhibits minimal flux leakage,torque fluctuation,and harmonic distortion.We then compare three candidate types to discuss the tradeoff between the multi-group superconducting field winding arrangement and machine performances.We propose inverted trapezoidal superconducting field winding as a promising candidate,because it has minimal superconductivity material usage,the largest safety margin for the superconducting coils(SCs),low thrust ripple,and low total harmonic distortion with the desired 35 kV-rated voltage.Finally,through large-scale design parameter sweeping,we show how we selected the optimal parameters for field winding and validated them by the finite element method.

基于模型预测VSFPWM的串联绕组逆变器电磁干扰抑制研究

脉宽调制(Pulse width modulation,PWM)逆变器开关过程产生的共模电磁干扰(Electromagnetic interference,EMI)会对系统产生显著的负面影响。以新型的串联绕组逆变拓扑结构为研究对象,采用基于电流纹波预测模型的变开关频率脉宽调制技术(Variable switching frequency PWM,VSFPWM),同时考虑实际逆变系统中电感饱和效应的影响,实现对电流纹波的精确控制,完成共模电磁干扰的抑制和开关损耗的降低。提出串绕组拓扑下考虑电感饱和的模型预测变开关频率策略,通过仿真和试验对比分析不同变频开关频率调制策略下的电磁干扰抑制效果、输出电流质量及开关损耗等性能。仿真和试验表明该策略能够有效抑制共模电磁干扰、降低开关损耗,并确保输出电流的波形质量。

基于两种反距离加权插值的海上风电施工船作业预报对比

结合反距离加权法提出两种获得非固定格点处施工船舶可作业率的插值流程,并进行对比。对比采用空间分辨率为(1/12)°的法国气象局全球海浪预报数据,以180 m起重船海上风电机组大直径单桩基础施工为海上风电施工船舶典型作业,并选择我国拟规划的海上风电场典型海域待开发海域均匀分布的144个插值点进行计算对比。结果表明:采用这两种反距离加权插值流程获得的施工船舶可作业率极为接近,144个插值点采用两种流程的船舶可作业率误差均在1.5%内,这在工程应用上可认为是精度等效,可在不同应用场景下相互替换。

基于边界圆限定的风电并网逆变器模型预测功率控制

随着风电机组单机容量不断增长,要求风电并网逆变器的开关频率较低以降低损耗,为此提出一种新型单边界圆限定模型预测功率控制策略。该策略根据当前时刻功率误差与预设边界圆的位置关系决定下一时刻最优矢量的选择原则,无需复杂的坐标变换即可将功率误差限制在系统允许范围内,同时通过选取合适的边界圆半径减小了风电并网逆变器的平均开关频率。最后,在Matlab/Simulink仿真软件中验证了该策略的有效性和正确性。

风力发电变流器关键参数在线监测与异常诊断算法优化分析

阐述变流器关键参数在线监测技术的特点,探讨异常诊断算法在风力发电系统中的应用,提出优化措施,包括提升数据质量、应用智能诊断算法、多源数据融合、实时监测与预测、持续优化措施。

风光接入水电站对水电出力的影响浅析

金沙江流域水能、风能、太阳能资源丰富,其中风光发电的出力受天气、风速等影响呈现出间歇性和不稳定性。风光发电输出是直流电,需要使用逆变器将其转换为交流电才能并网,高频工作状态下,逆变器容易产生高次谐波污染电网。提出利用金沙江流域风光能源在水电站建设配套抽水蓄能设施,实现水风光互补增加水电站出力及水电站年发电量。

基于换相阈值精准计算的三电平逆变器故障行为挖掘

三电平结构在高压功率下可实现交流电机的变频调速,但是由于死区时间的引入,导致系统控制性能变差,输出的电压与电流发生畸变,甚至会导致电动机发生机械谐振。为有效控制电压波形的分布,提出基于换相阈值精准计算的三电平逆变器故障行为挖掘方法。计算非导与导通绕组电感的具体数值,完成逆变器故障行为建模。按照三电平逆变器结构定义故障行为表现区间,得到准确的换相阈值计算结果,实现对三电平逆变器的故障检测。实验结果表明,电压传输波的极大值不超过257.5 V、极小值不低于134.8 V,符合有效控制电压波形分布形式的要求。

一种用于永磁同步发电机倍频噪音抑制的控制方法

由于永磁同步发电机结构设计存在不可避免的偏差,以及风电变流器开关器件的非线性特性,永磁同步发电机的输出转矩存在一定的脉动。然而,电机较大的转矩脉动会增加风电机组系统的机械应力,加速部件磨损,产生噪声和振动,影响塔筒寿命,从而影响整个系统的稳定性和可靠性。针对国内某厂家3.2 MW风电机组发生机组噪声大、振动明显问题,提出了一种基于负载电流的主动谐波注入自适应转矩脉动抑制控制方法,通过理论研究及现场分析测试,该方法有效降低了该款机型76%以上的噪声和振动。该方法针对发电机机侧产生的5次、7次电压谐波,通过在机侧变流器控制算法中注入5次、7次补偿电流,该电流与基波永磁磁势相互作用,保持电机内部总磁链接近于期望值,降低发电机振动频率。并通过现场数据实测,选定每个转速段固定的消谐参数,实现倍频噪音抑制的目的。