Supersonic swirling characteristics of natural gas in convergent-divergent nozzles

The supersonic nozzle is a new apparatus which can be used to condense and separate water and heavy hydrocarbons from natural gas.The swirling separation of natural gas in the convergent-divergent nozzle was numerically simulated based on a new design which incorporates a central body. Axial distribution of the main parameters of gas flow was investigated,while the basic parameters of gas flow were obtained as functions of radius at the nozzle exit.The effect of the nozzle geometry on the swirling separation was analyzed.The numerical results show that water and heavy hydrocarbons can be condensed and separated from natural gas under the combined effect of the low temperature（-80℃） and the centrifugal field（482,400g,g is the acceleration of gravity）.The gas dynamic parameters are uniformly distributed correspondingly in the radial central region of the channel,for example the distribution range of the static temperature and the centrifugal acceleration are from -80 to -55℃and 220,000g to 500,000g,respectively,which would create good conditions for the cyclone separation of the liquids.However,high gradients of gas dynamic parameters near the channel walls may impair the process of separation.The geometry of the nozzle has a great influence on the separation performance. Increasing the nozzle convergent angle can improve the separation efficiency.The swirling natural gas can be well separated when the divergent angle takes values from 4°to 12°in the convergent-divergent nozzle.

Unsteady Behavior of Cavitating Waterjet in an Axisymmetric Convergent-Divergent Nozzle: High Speed Observation and Image Analysis Based on Frame Difference Method

Although it is well known that cloud cavitation shows unsteady behavior with the growing motion of an attached cavity, the shedding motion of a cloud, the collapsing motion of the cloud shed downstream and a reentrant motion in flow fields such as on a 2-D hydrofoil and in a convergent- divergent channel with a rectangular cross-section, observations for the periodic behavior of cloud cavitation in a cylindrical nozzle with a convergent-divergent part, which is mainly used in an industrial field, have hardly been conducted. From engineering viewpoints, it is important to elucidate the mechanism of periodic cavitation behavior in a cylindrical nozzle. In this study, a high-speed observation technique with an image analysis technique was applied to the cloud cavitation behavior in the nozzle to make clear the mechanism of unsteady behavior. As a result, it was observed in the nozzle that the periodic behavior occurs in the cloud cavitation and pressure waves form at the collapse of clouds shed downstream. Also, it was found through the image analysis based on the present technique that the pressure wave plays a role as a trigger mechanism to cause a reentrant motion at the downstream end of an attached cavity.

Numerical simulation on turbulent flow field in convergentdiveroent nozzle

Because of the complication of turbulence＇s mechanism and law as well as the jet pressure in nozzle is difficult to test by experiment, five turbulent models were applied to numerically simulate the turbulent flow field in convergent-divergent nozzle. Theory analysis and experiment results of mass flow rates conclude that the RNG k-ε model is the most suitable model. The pressure distribution in the convergent-divergent nozzle was revealed by computational fluid dynamic （CFD） simulating on the turbulent flow field under different pressure conditions. The growing conditions of cavitation bubbles were shown; meanwhile, the phenomena in the experiment could be explained. The differential pres- sure between the upstream and downstream in nozzle throat section can improve the cavitating effect of cavitation water jet.

Optimization for aerodynamic performance of double serpentine nozzles with spanwise offsets using Taguchi-based CFD analysis

Serpentine nozzles are widely used in combat aircraft to realize strong stealth characteristics.Based on the layout characteristics within a confined space,a series of double serpentine nozzles with spanwise offsets are established.Using computational fluid dynamics and Taguchi method,the influence mechanisms of the Distribution of Area(DA),Distributions of Centerline for the first and second‘S’sections in the Vertical direction(DCV1 and DCV2),and Distribution of Centerline in the Spanwise direction(DCS)are analyzed.The impact of these factors on the total pressure recovery coefficient can be ranked as DA>DCV2>DCS>DCV1,whereas their impacts on the discharge coefficient and axial thrust coefficient can be ranked as DCV2>DCS>DA>DCV1.Considering the statistical significance of these factors,a nozzle in which DA changes rapidly at the exit and DCV1,DCV2,and DCS change rapidly at the entrance gives the best aerodynamic performance.Compared to the worst configuration,the total pressure recovery coefficient,discharge coefficient,and axial thrust coefficient are improved by 1.6%,3.5%and 3.6%,respectively.DA influences the gas flow acceleration in the entire serpentine channel,resulting in different wall shear stress and friction losses.The various centerline distributions influence the gas flow acceleration effects and form complex wave structures in the constantarea extension section,resulting in different local and friction losses.

S弯喷管与飞机后机身一体化构型红外辐射特性研究

为研究采用S弯喷管翼身融合飞行器的红外辐射特性,本文采用离散传递法计算了S弯喷管与翼身融合飞机后机身一体化构型的壁面、燃气和总红外辐射强度空间分布特征,实现了一体化构型不同部件的红外贡献度分解,获取了一体化构型的红外成像特征。结果表明:S弯喷管与飞机后机身一体化构型的红外辐射主要来自高温部件的壁面辐射,燃气辐射相对较小,总红外辐射分布特征和红外成像特征主要由壁面辐射决定;后机身部分影响了原有S弯喷管的红外辐射特性,总辐射峰值出现在了垂直探测面10°探测角,垂直探测面正负探测范围的积分非对称相对差值达到了56%;后甲板受到高温喷流加热成为一体化构型新的主要辐射源,与S弯喷管壁面共同贡献了95%以上的壁面红外辐射,其中垂直探测面上后甲板的红外贡献度达到了35.6%;红外图像中的高辐射亮度区集中在喷管喉道、喷管侧壁和后甲板;S弯喷管与后机身一体化构型的喷流出现了5°的矢量角,燃气辐射峰值出现在垂直探测面5°探测角处。

CMC S弯喷管材料-结构多尺度优化设计研究

S弯喷管作为大尺寸薄壁结构,在多场耦合作用下有着复杂的整体和局部刚度特性。本文针对S弯喷管变形特征,提出一种基于陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)的S弯喷管连续筋条加强结构,可以有效抑制S弯喷管的整体变形和局部变形。与GH4169合金相比,CMC材料可以降低S弯喷管45.31%的变形量,同时减重62.77%,在此基础上,采用连续筋条加强结构可以进一步降低CMC S弯喷管43.15%的变形量。基于代理模型和差分进化算法,以CMC材料筋条加强S弯喷管的结构质量为目标,以CMC材料细观编织结构中的经/纬纱比例以及喷管宏观结构中的分区域壁厚和加强筋尺寸为优化变量,开展了材料-结构多尺度优化,在相同的刚度指标要求下进一步优化减重26.21%。

Comprehensive optimization design of aerodynamic and electromagnetic scattering characteristics of serpentine nozzle

Comprehensive optimization design of serpentine nozzle with trapezoidal outlet was studied to improve its aerodynamic and electromagnetic scattering performance.Serpentine nozzles with different center offsets and different ratios of the bases of the trapezoidal outlet were generated based on curvature control regulation.Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)simulations have been conducted to obtain the flow field in the nozzle,and Forward-Backward Iterative Physical Optics(FBIPO)method was applied to study the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of the nozzle.Guarantee Convergence Particle Swarm Optimization(GCPSO)algorithm based on Radial Basis Function(RBF)neural network was used to optimize the geometry of the nozzle in consideration of its aerodynamic and electromagnetic scattering characteristics.The results show that the GCPSO method based on RBF can be used to optimize the aerodynamic characteristics of the internal flow and the scattering characteristics of the cavity of the serpentine nozzle with irregular outlet.The optimized model has a higher center offset and a lower ratio of the bases of the trapezoidal outlet after optimization compared to the original model.The optimized model leads to a slight change in aerodynamic performance,with a total pressure recovery coefficient increase of 0.31%and a discharge coefficient increase of 0.41%.In addition,the Radar Cross Section(RCS)decreases also by around 83.33%and the overall performance is significantly improved,with a decrease of the optimized objective function by around 38.74%.

后甲板对S弯激波矢量喷管流动特性的影响

收-扩型S弯激波矢量控制喷管不仅可以显著降低发动机尾部的红外和电磁辐射强度,还可以实现超声速飞机俯仰方向的推力矢量控制,极大地增强了飞机的隐身性和机动性。由于矩形出口需要与后机身融合,通常将下壁面延长作为后甲板,此时喷流的偏转规律与对称出口喷流的偏转规律不同。本文采用数值模拟的方法,比较了有后甲板和无后甲板S弯激波矢量控制喷管的流动特性,分别研究了有后甲板S弯激波矢量控制喷管的长度和角度对其性能的影响。结果表明:在某些工况下,上壁面二次流注入所诱导产生的斜激波会被后甲板反射,不利于向下推力矢量角的产生;当后甲板表面没有发生开式分离时,下壁面出口喷流会沿后甲板表面附壁流动,因此后甲板长度或角度的增加会使喷流速度轴线向下偏转。

S弯D形矢量喷管参数化设计及气动特性研究

为了满足战机对垂直/短距起降能力的要求,基于曲率控制方法对具有D形出口的S弯喷管进行参数化设计,进而可实现喷管尾段的大角度偏转。随后对不同偏转角、落压比以及设计参数的S弯D形矢量喷管气动特性进行数值模拟,对比并分析了喷管的气动特性。计算结果显示:无偏转条件下,随着落压比π从1.5增大至3.5,喷管流量系数先增大后平稳,在π=2.5时达到最大值,推力系数先增大后减小,且推力方向为飞行器产生一定的抬头力矩;落压比恒定时,随着偏转角度从0°增大至90°,喷管流量系数、推力系数下降,矢量超前角由负值不断增大至+6°左右;设计参数中预留偏转角对喷管气动性能影响较大,而S弯中心线控制系数对气动性能影响较小。本文提出的S弯D形喷管具有较好的气动性能,小偏转角度下矢量角变化趋势较为一致,亦可通过出口段偏转实现发动机推力的大角度矢量偏转。

双S弯二元排气系统遮挡偏距比对壁温与红外辐射影响的试验研究

为了探究不同遮挡偏距比双S弯排气系统的红外特性,试验研究了遮挡偏距比为55%和100%的双S弯二元排气系统的壁面温度分布和红外辐射特性,并与相应的基准轴对称排气系统进行了对比分析。结果表明:S弯喷管壁温整体要比基准轴对称喷管高约25%,第一S弯下游的上壁面附近存在局部高温区,提高S弯喷管遮挡偏距比后,温度梯度加剧,热应力集中。与基准轴对称排气系统相比,55%和100%遮挡偏距比双S弯二元排气系统均具有突出的红外抑制效果,正尾向(α=0°)红外辐射强度分别降低77.7%和79.3%。从温度和红外辐射强度综合评价,遮挡偏距比并非全遮挡最好,遮挡偏距比从55%提高到100%后,仅能有效抑制上方探测面α=5°和10°的红外辐射,而基本不会改变尾向其他探测方向的红外辐射,在工程设计时应权衡优化损失。

截面变化类型对双S形二元排气系统性能的影响

为了研究截面变化类型对双S形二元排气系统性能的影响,基于轴对称排气系统,建立了前急后缓(A1)、缓急相当(A2)、前缓后急(A3)三种过渡截面变化类型的双S形二元排气系统模型,这些模型具有相同的长度、中心线、进口直径、出口面积和宽高比,并且对发动机涡轮等部件完全遮挡。采用数值计算研究了截面变化类型对推力及红外特性的影响。研究结果表明:A3,A2,A1型双S形二元排气系统的推力依次降低,与基准轴对称排气系统相比,分别下降了2.7%,3.1%,3.8%;三种排气系统红外辐射强度的空间分布规律基本相似,幅值差异在13.8%之内;与基准轴对称排气系统相比,总体而言,不同截面变化类型的双S形二元排气系统在0°方向红外辐射强度均降低了97%以上,在侧向、上方和下方探测面的90°方向分别降低了66.8%,30.2%和34.1%以上。综合考虑推力及红外特性,前缓后急型过渡截面变化类型的双S形二元喷管是较优的选择。

波瓣混合器对双S形二元排气系统红外特性的影响

为了研究波瓣混合器对排气系统红外特性的影响,设计了波瓣数分别为12、15、18的波瓣混合器双S形二元排气系统,通过数值计算研究了波瓣数对排气系统红外抑制效果的影响,并与相应的环形混合器双S形二元排气系统对比。研究结果表明,随着波瓣数的增加,排气系统的推力略微升高,最大差值在0.1%以内;波瓣数越少,排气系统内、外涵气流的热混合度越高,尾喷流的最高温度和红外辐射强度越低,波瓣数由18减少到12时,喷流辐射强度最大降低了18.1%;相比环形混合器双S形二元排气系统,在侧向和下方探测面上纯喷流辐射的90°方位角,三种波瓣数的波瓣混合器双S形二元排气系统辐射强度分别降低了20.9%和26.9%以上。因此,为了得到更好的红外抑制效果,建议使用较少波瓣数的波瓣混合器。

几何参数对S弯喷管红外辐射特性的影响

为了深入理解和掌握S弯喷管的红外辐射特性,采用数值模拟的方法着重研究了轴向长度比和中心线变化规律这两个几何参数对S弯喷管红外辐射特性的影响。结果表明,S弯喷管在水平探测面上的燃气红外辐射强度比垂直探测面上的低61.1%。同时,在垂直探测面上,下方的壁面红外辐射强度高于上方的。轴向长度比和中心线不同的S弯喷管,总红外辐射强度的变化在2.2%~6.3%。虽然S弯喷管轴向长度比和中心线变化规律对喷管性能有显著的影响,但其对红外辐射特性的影响较小。因此,仅从红外辐射的角度,在S弯喷管的设计过程中轴向长度比和中心线变化规律可不作为主要考虑因素。

低发射率材料涂敷区域对排气系统壁温和红外特性的影响

为了研究红外低发射率材料涂敷区域对排气系统壁温和红外特性的影响,在相同实验工况下,实验测量了3种涂敷方案:(1)仅中心锥涂敷;(2)仅混合器内表面涂敷;(3)中心锥与混合器内表面同时涂敷。下轴对称和S弯二元排气系统壁温和红外辐射特性。结果表明:涂敷低发射率材料将导致表面温度升高,同时也影响排气系统非涂敷区域的壁面温度分布。高温部件涂敷低发射率材料时,在涂敷区域可被直接探测的角域内,可有效抑制排气系统的红外辐射,但在涂敷区域不能被直接探测的角域内其影响规律因涂敷方案而变,在3种涂敷方案中,S弯二元排气系统仅涂敷混合器内表面,轴对称排气系统中心锥和混合器内表面同时涂敷低发射率材料时整体红外抑制效果最好。

长径比和偏径比对双S形二元喷管性能的影响

通过数值模拟研究了长径比(L/D)和偏径比(S/D)对双S形二元喷管性能的影响,基于轴对称喷管,建立了长径比分别为2、2.5、3和偏径比分别为0.493、0.523、0.553的双S形二元喷管。结果表明:长径比越大推力越大,偏径比越大推力越小;相比基准轴对称喷管,长径比分别为2、2.5、3的双S形二元喷管推力分别下降了6.31%、3.15%、1.24%,偏径比分别为0.493、0.523、0.553的双S形二元喷管推力分别下降了3.15%、3.66%、4.17%;所有双S形二元喷管红外辐射强度相对基准轴对称喷管均有明显下降,在喷管出口正后方降幅均达到97%以上,全方位角降幅最小值均在30%以上;所有双S形二元喷管红外辐射强度空间分布规律基本相似,幅值差异在15.8%之内。

双涵道S弯喷管内/外流场的温度分布研究

为了明晰基于真实排气混合器构型的双涵道S弯喷管的壁面温度分布及尾焰特征,数值模拟研究了双S弯收敛喷管内/外流场的温度分布特征。结果显示:排气混合器结构与S形圆转方构型共同影响着S弯喷管的壁面“热斑”分布及出口下游的尾焰特征。S弯喷管的壁面“热斑”呈带状分布,且主要存在于第二弯通道及出口区域的上、下壁面中间区域。喷管下壁面的温度峰值为867 K,相比喷管上壁面增加25.1%;但喷管下壁面的平均温度仅比上壁面高出7.1%。喷管出口截面的“鲸鱼尾形”高温核心区导致出口下游的高温核心区表现为2股较宽的高温喷流。由于流向涡的横向运动,尾焰核心区两侧出现温度较低的热流。

S弯收扩喷管流动特性数值研究

为了研究S弯收扩喷管的流动机理,数值模拟了不同喷管落压比(NPR)和S形收敛管道出口面积比(A_(72)/A_(8))对S弯收扩喷管内流动的影响。结果表明:当S弯收扩喷管处于高度过膨胀状态时,随着NPR升高,非对称分离逐渐转变为对称分离,λ型激波转变为马赫盘结构,气动性能下降,推力矢量角减小;随着NPR继续上升,激波从喷管内移动到喷管出口边缘,并逐渐转变为膨胀波,气动性能上升,推力矢量角减小至0°后保持不变。在完全遮挡高温部件的低可探测准则的约束下,出口面积比A_(72)/A_(8)的变化主要对S弯收扩喷管收敛段的流动特性产生显著影响,体现在S弯收扩喷管内的局部加速及二次流分布。S弯收扩喷管的气动性能随着A_(72)/A_(8)增大而提高,但当A72/A8增大至1.8时,第一弯管道出口上壁面发生流动分离,气动性能显著下降。

双S弯喷管的流固耦合特性研究

为了明晰S弯喷管的流固耦合特性,数值模拟了流固耦合作用下双S弯收敛喷管的结构变形特征及其内/外流特性。结果表明:S弯喷管的圆转方弯曲构型产生了非均匀的流场分布,并增强了结构的弹性特征,通过交换气动载荷与变形位移数据形成了S弯喷管流固耦合的作用机理。在气动载荷作用下,S弯喷管沿Y向的最大变形位移为25.3mm,位于喷管出口上壁面的中心位置。当喷管的结构变形稳定时,第二弯转弯处下壁面的气流加速至局部超声速,壁面静压大幅降低;第一弯下游上壁面附近形成了气流分离区;喷管出口喷流沿轴向向上偏转。流固耦合作用导致S弯喷管的流量系数减小0.6%,推力系数降低1.8%。

出口宽高比对双涵道S弯喷管流动特性的影响

为了明晰出口宽高比对基于真实排气混合器构型的S弯喷管流动特性的影响机制,数值模拟了不同出口宽高比下的双S弯喷管内/外流特性。结果表明:出口宽高比对排气混合器附近的流场特征影响较小,但增加出口宽高比导致喷管下游纵向转弯处的涡量减小,而涡的横向运动更加剧烈,由此带来的涡损失及内/外涵掺混损失沿纵向有所减小,沿横向持续增大。随着出口宽高比的增加,纵向两弯处及等直段区域的壁面剪切应力减小,相应的摩擦损失和局部损失降低;而上、下壁面极限流线的扩张-汇聚程度增强使得该区域的摩擦损失增大。宽高比的增加导致喷管出口附近气流的轴向速度逐渐增大,出口下游的尾喷流速度核心区长度逐渐缩短。不同出口宽高比条件下,喷管几何构型与排气混合器相互作用产生的多种流动损失的变化趋势相反,综合起来对S弯喷管的气动性能影响较小。

收扩喷管设计对双S形二元排气系统气动与红外特征的影响

为了研究双S形二元收扩排气系统的气动与红外辐射特性,基于一个基准加力型轴对称排气系统,设计了三种带正尾向全遮挡收扩喷管的双S形二元排气系统模型,通过数值模拟研究了喉道与出口的中心线偏径比差,(S_(8)-S_(9))/D=0.26~0.3,和喉道至出口的宽度扩张比,(W_(9)-W_(8))/D=0.1~0.36,对排气系统气动与红外特征的影响。结果表明:所设计的三种双S形二元收扩排气系统,相比基准轴对称排气系统,在尾向0°~15°角域内红外辐射强度平均降幅在73.4%以上,在上方、下方和侧方90°探测角降幅在60.3%以上,红外辐射强度降幅随(S_(8)-S_(9))/D的减小而上升,随(W_(9)-W_(8))/D的增大而上升,且对(S_(8)-S_(9))/D的敏感较高。三种排气系统的推力系数随(S_(8)-S_(9))/D与(W_(9)-W_(8))/D的降低而上升。