The Establishment of Measurement Model and Implementation Strategy for Service Productivity

As a key factor of economic growth, productivity has been valued in the academic community. Today, with the rapid development of service industry, the research for service productivity has also attracted wide attention. However, in the service industry, because of its own characteristics and properties, measurement of service productivity could not apply for the traditional productivity measurement methods simply. This research first has put out the constitution model of service productivity, and thus put out the measurement model of service productivity. And explains that service productivity is a function which contains internal efficiency, external efficiency, and capacity efficiency. In service productivity, external efficiency is the key one, internal efficie and capacity efficiency should also be given considerations. Eventually, the strategy of implementing measurement of service productivity have been proposed ncy the

Analysis of the Characteristics and Development Direction of Services Trade in Shandong Province of China

Shandong is a significant province for foreign trade in China;however,it still faces shortcomings in the development of its service trade,as outlined below.Firstly,the scale of service trade is limited.Shandong’s service trade volume ranked sixth in China in 2022,lagging considerably behind Shanghai,Guangdong,Beijing,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu.Secondly,the proportion of service trade in Shandong compared to the overall national services trade volume falls below the national average,with the per capita scale even lower than the national average.Thirdly,Shandong’s service trade accounts for less than 10% of the province’s foreign trade,which is 3 percentage points below the national average.The insufficient development of Shandong’s service trade is mainly attributed to the weak performance of its own service industry and the limited scale of attracting foreign services investment.Accelerating the development of producer services in Shandong,promoting the intelligent upgrading of consumer services,and continuously promoting reform and opening up in the service sector will be conducive to achieving high-quality development of services trade in Shandong.

The Impact of Digital Economy on Total Factor Productivity of China’s Service Industry

As a kind of integrated economy,digital economy has an important impact on the economic growth and production and lifestyle of multiple countries and regions,and plays a significant role in promoting the reconstruction of the international economic pattern.As an important industry of China’s national economy,the service industry is crucial to China’s economic growth.This paper measures the development level of digital economy in provinces and cities through constructing digital economy index system,uses super efficiency SBM-Malmquist model to measure total factor productivity of service industry,and tests the influence effect of digital economy on total factor productivity of Chinese service industry.Finally,the optimization path of digital economy on China’s service industry is proposed.

Demand for and Accessibility to Reproductive Health Service of Urban Floating Population

Summary： The demand for knowledge of productive health and the current status of productive health services provided by relevant governmental institutions were qualitatively and quantitatively studied. The study identified the key factors that influenced the demand for the productive health services and results of the services. It also discussed the effective approaches to control, planning and sustainable development of the reproductive health services for the floating populations.

Normative Versus Perceptual Gap Analysis of Hotel Product Quality as a Service to Tourism in Kenya

Kenya＇s tourism business stagnated from 1991 to 2003 and only registered small but steady grew from 2004. One of the sectors that recorded poor performance as a result of the slow growth of tourism is the hotel business. Despite this slack, stakeholders in Kenya have not tried to assess the extent to which the quality of this sector may impact on destination preference. The ultimate purpose of this research was to establish the quality gap between the expected and the perceived hotel product/service quality from both the perspective of the tourists and the hotel operators in Kenya. It was motivated by the need to create parameters that can elavate the competitiveness of Kenya＇s tourism using the hotel product/service quality offer. Descriptive quantitative research design was used to establish the secondary objectives and to assess two propositions set for the study. A sample of 211 tourists and 19 hotel operators in two major tourist provinces of Kenya was used to obtain information regarding normative and perceptive hotel product/service quality. Kenya＇s only destination marketing organisation, Kenya Tourist Board （KTB） marketers were also surveyed to provide insight on Kenya＇s destination position with regard to the motivation of tourists to visit Kenya. The study established that although the attractions which make tourists come to Kenya are the unique wildlife safari, beach tourism and the natural scenery, hotel product quality and hospitality plays a vital role in motivating tourists to choose Kenya as the destination to visit. However, this study found out that while the tourists and hotel operators agree on the normative hotel product quality level, there is a significant gap between the normative quality and the perceptual quality registered by tourists who used hotel services. The study established that hotel operators only recognize quality regulatory institutions with statutory and legal authority to incriminate facilities that do not comply with laid down operational requirements such as Hotels and Restaurants Authority and the Local Authority Public Health Department. The study has proposed an integrated framework that may be utilized to build a superior national hotel product/service quality so that the economic potential of tourism is maximized in Kenya.

Library's industrial technology information service in science parks—Taking NSL's practice as an example

Purpose:The purpose of this paper is to explore how libraries can develop service and product strategies and the service support mechanism to provide industrial technology information service in science parks.Design/methodology/approach:The analysis is based on a case study of a large Chinese research library,National Science Library(NSL),the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS),in serving high-tech companies in Zhongguancun Science Park(Z-Park).Findings:NSL’s practices suggested that in serving business clients,libraries’ product and service strategies should be based on the understanding of users’ needs.Aside from those services that have been recognized by clients such as document retrieval & delivery and novelty search,libraries may expand their service and provide in-depth information analysis and consultation for some key clients.Moreover,a service and product development system should be established,which differentiates the libraries’ products and services from those of their competitors.In providing industrial technology information service,libraries need to construct the service support mechanism,publicize their service and learn to cooperate with clients to meet their demands for knowledge management and innovation.Research limitations:The generalizability of the findings is limited because they are based on an individual case study.Practical implications:Our service practices provide useful information for other libraries to expand their information service to high-tech companies in the new information environment.Originality/value:Z-Park is the first and one of the largest science and technology parks in China.Hence NSL’s practices in serving high-tech companies in Z-Park can be valuable to other libraries that intend to take up the similar service.

Update on Fengyun Meteorological Satellite Program and Development

China began to develop its meteorological satellite program since 1969.With 50-years’growing,there are 17 Fengyun(FY)meteorological satellites launched successfully.At present,seven of them are in orbit to provide the operational service,including three polar orbiting meteorological satellites and four geostationary meteorological satellites.Since last COSPAR report,no new Fengyun satellite has been launched.The information of the on-orbit FY-2 series,FY-3 series,and FY-4 series has been updated.FY-3D and FY-2H satellites accomplished the commission test and transitioned into operation in 2018.FY-2E satellite completed its service to decommission in 2019.The web-based users and Direct Broadcasting(DB)users keep growing worldwide to require the Fengyun satellite data and products.A new Mobile Application Service has been launched to Fengyun users based on the cloud technology in 2018.In this report,the international and regional co-operations to facilitate the Fengyun user community have been addressed especially.To strengthen the data service in the Belt and Road countries,the Emergency Support Mechanism of Fengyun satellite(FY_ESM)has been established since 2018.Meanwhile,a Recalibrating 30-years’archived Fengyun satellite data project has been founded since 2018.This project targets to generate the Fundamental Climate Data Record(FCDR)as a space agency response to the Global Climate Observation System(GCOS).At last,the future Fengyun program up to 2025 has been introduced as well.

Advances in Studies about Rural Financial Poverty Alleviation from the Perspective of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

With the objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way reaching the decisive stage,poverty alleviation enters the final stage,and rural financial poverty alleviation is increasingly becoming a hot topic of various circles of society. In order to accelerate the poverty alleviation and provide references and recommendations for further development of theory and practice of financial poverty alleviation,this paper made an overview of the organization system,operation mechanism and service products of rural financial poverty alleviation,elaborated the development path of financial poverty alleviation,and came up with recommendations for financial poverty alleviation.

Progress of Fengyun Meteorological Satellites Since 2020

China’s efforts to develop Fengyun meteorological satellites have made major strides over the past 50 years,with the polar and geostationary meteorological satellite series achieving continuously stable operation to persistently provide data and product services globally.By the end of 2021,19 Chinese self-developed Fengyun meteorological satellites have been launched successfully.Seven of them are in operation at present,the data and products are widely applied to weather analysis,numerical weather forecasting and climate prediction,as well as environment and disaster monitoring.Since the last COSPAR report,FY-4B,the first new-generation operational geostationary satellite,and FY-3E,the first early-morning orbit satellite in China’s polar-orbiting meteorological satellite family have been launched in 2021.The characteristics of the two latest satellites and the instruments onboard are addressed in this report.The status of current Fengyun Satellites,product and data service and international cooperation and supporting activities has been introduced as well.

Approaches to Sustainable Consumption for Circular Economy

Consumer type and consumption need are analyzed in this paper. It is recognized that sustainable consumption accords with human＇s pursuing of well-being. Further, we analyze three types of realization models of sustainable consumption and focus onthe feasibility, realization process and policy measures of product service system.

Analysis on the Evolution Path of Transformation of Manufacturing Enterprises through Servitization——A Case Study Based on ShaanGu Group

Service-oriented manufacturing is an emerging innovative development model,and its core is the deep integration of products and services.It has become a hot issue in current research.In order to deeply explore the evolution path of servitization transformation of manufacturing enterprises,ShaanGu Group is taken as a case,and discusses practical application of service-oriented manufacturing model in different development processes of ShaanGu Group.Thus,four stages of transformation of ShaanGu Group through servitization are summarized:specialized after-sales service stage,rental service stage,engineering complete service stage and financial service stage.Through comparative research,it is found that general evolution path of manufacturing enterprises to service transformation is:the primary stage(providing product-oriented product service system)→the intermediate stage(providing application-oriented product service system)→the advanced stage(providing utility-oriented product service system)→the completed stage(providing pure service).On this basis,some suggestions are provided for manufacturing enterprises to integrate productive services in the process of transformation.

Insights from Stakeholders of Five Residential Smart Grid Pilot Projects in the Netherlands

This paper presents insights and perceptions of stakeholders involved in the development and implementation of residential smart grid pilot projects in the Netherlands, adding to the limited information that is currently available in this area, while expectations about the potential benefits of smart grids are high. The main research questions of this study are: (1) How have some typical residential smart grid pilots in the Netherlands been set up? (2) Which stakeholders are involved in these pilots in the year 2014? (3) What are their views and perceptions with regards to the development and performance of residential smart grids? and (4) What do these stakeholders think about the products and services that may support an active participation of end-users in a smart energy home? To obtain information, we evaluated five residential smart grid pilot projects where smart energy products and services have been implemented. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine stakeholders involved in these projects. The Strategic Niche management framework was used to identify the present state of development and implementation of smart grid pilots. Our study shows that in the Netherlands residential smart grid pilots have been set-up and funded mainly by the government and grid operators. Other stakeholders involved include energy suppliers, end-users (as an energy cooperative or individual household), product and service suppliers, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) companies, and knowledge institutes. Currently a technology-push approach exists which barely includes an integrated approach towards smart grids products and services development. To the opinion of the interviewed stakeholders, current products and services offered in residential smart grid pilots are functionally attractive, but often too technically complex for the understanding of end-users. Hence, the general view held by respondents is that end-users should be the starting point in the development of smart grid products and services at the residential areas.

PRICE AND SERVICE COMPETITION WITH MAINTENANCE SERVICE BUNDLING

In many equipment manufacturing industries, firms compete with each other not only on products price, but also on maintenance service. More and more traditional products oriented finns are offering their customers products bundled with maintenance service （P＆S bundles）. In this study, we examine finns＇ incentive to offer customers products bundling with long-term maintenance or repair support service in a duopoly competitive environment. When providing P＆S bundles, a finn need to determine the service level （in terms of average response time guarantee for the service in this paper） to offer and needs to build a service facility to handle the maintenance service requirements. Based on the analysis of three sub-game models, we characterize the market conditions in which only one firm, both finns or neither finn will offer P＆S bundles. Finally, we analyze the affects of serval market factors on firms＇ strategy choices.

HOW ARE PRODUCT-SERVICE COMBINED OFFERS PROVIDED IN GERMANY AND ITALY?ANALYSIS WITH COMPANY SIZES AND COUNTRIES

A new business concept that offers products and services in a different way of traditional product-sales businesses is getting more attention especially in manufacturing industries. This paper investigates how this new business by means of integration of products and services is achieved in Germany and Italy. In addition, it analyzes the differences according to the company sizes. The results include that this type of business is in many cases motivated by their focus on customers and often consists of physical products and their maintenance. The Italian companies, as opposed to the German ones, often design their physical products specifically for this type of offers. From the analysis based on the size difference, small companies are found to achieve specific design for this type of offers while owning physical products. There do not seem to be any established methods or tools developed to support the development of such offers and within such methods/tools there would be room for more adaptation in form of physical product design.

UNCOVERING BENEFITS AND RISKS OF INTEGRATED PRODUCT SERVICE OFFERINGS-USING A CASE OF TECHNOLOGY ENCAPSULATION

The objective of this article is to uncover benefits and risks of Integrated Product Service Offering （IPSO） in a systematic manner. To do so, it adopts an explorative longitudinal in-depth case study （development of an IPSO based on a new technology） and adds insights to the existing literature. The article first proposes a theoretical and generic framework termed the PCP （Provider - Customer - Product） triangle with associated information flow and uncertainty. Second, various types of benefits and risks are presented based on the framework. Among others, the benefit of keeping IPR （Intellectual Property Rights） with the provider and the risk of regulation change are new findings from the case study. In addition, the case study reveals that IPSO is regarded as a positive contributor to innovation. Applying the framework and classification of benefits and risks as norms to other cases has yet to be done for verification. However, the framework contributes scientifically to a better understanding of the benefits and risks of IPSO. In addition, this framework is advantageous with its easiness to understand, which contributes practically to the dissemination of IPS0 insight to industry.

Supply-Side Structural Reform in the Service Industry and Escaping the Middle Income Trap

The internal consumption and production structure of the service industry that now dominates the Chinese economy needs to be optimized.Introducing supply-side structural reform to improve the in-depth integration of advanced manufacturing and the modern service industry and promoting a strong domestic market is the key to escaping the middle income trap.We use 1950-2010 data from 45 non-oil-exporting economies representing the structural evolution of the service industry worldwide to compare Asian economies that have passed through the middle income trap with Latin American counterparts that remain stuck in the trap,and thence proceed to construct a matched model that covers the consumption and production service industries and their supply of human capital,with the aim of identifying the formative mechanisms and conditions for escaping the middle income trap through upgrading the structure of the service industry.Substantially developing the production service sector,raising the supply of public services so as to cultivate the quantity and quality of human capital,and matching senior-level human capital with knowledge-intensive serviceindustries will propel the upgrading and transformation of China’s economic structure toward high-quality development.

Pricing strategy in the product and service market

Existing studies have mainly focused on pricing in either primary markets or aftermarkets.However,in practice,prices in primary markets and aftermarkets are closely correlated.This study examines the joint pricing strategy in both primary markets and aftermarkets based on customer utility and establishes a pricing model for profit-maximization firms.Our results show that overpricing in the aftermarket is caused by customer myopia,while the motivation of the firm to avoid customer myopia depends on its pricing strategy.A quantityeprice contract in the aftermarket is designed to raise the firm’s profit.

Protection of Innovative Achievements,Spatial Spillover,and Internal Structural Upgrading of the Productive Service Industry-Empirical Evidence from 28 Provinces in China

This study measured the level of innovation achievement protection and the degree of internal structural upgrading of the productive service industry in 28 provinces of China from 2000 to 2022.Exploratory spatial analysis methods were used to test the spatial correlation between the two variables,and the spatial impact of innovation achievement protection on the optimization of the internal structure of the productive service industry was examined at the national and sectoral levels.The results showed three main aspects of this system.(1)The agglomeration level of innovation achievement protection and internal structure optimization of the productive service industry between regions in China continued to increase during the sample period,and there was a clear similarity and synchronicity in the spatial evolution of the two variables.(2)The overall improvement in the protection level of innovative achievements is conducive to promoting the internal structural upgrading of China’s productive service industry.However,there are significant differences in the degree to which the protection of innovative achievements affects the internal structural upgrading of the productive service industry in the four major regions of the East,Central,Northeast,and West.The protection of innovative achievements in the East and Central regions significantly promotes the internal structural optimization of the productive service industry,while this effect is not significant in the western and northeastern regions.(3)The results of the robustness test indicate that the impact of internal structural upgrading of the productive service industry in the previous year on the level of innovation achievement protection is not significant.The interference from abnormal values of the internal structural upgrading of the productive service industry in various regions and the influence of municipalities directly under the central government on the regression results are not significant.After replacing the main variable,the coefficient of the innovation achievement protection level remained significantly positive.The conclusions of this study supplement and improve the theory of innovation achievement protection and industrial transformation and upgrading,providing decision-making support for improving the level of innovation achievement protection and promoting the internal structural upgrading of the productive service industries in China.