Regional Equity and Influencing Factor of Social Assistance in China

Social assistance is the last safety net in the social security system and plays a vital role in poverty alleviation in countries around the world. Promoting the equal financial assistance is meaningful to achieve equalization of social assistance. Based on the provincial panel data from 2002 to 2017, this paper analyzes the dynamic characteristics and main influencing factors of the equity of social assistance in China, using the Theil index and geographically weighted regression(GWR) model. The results suggest that the level of per capita social assistance expenditure(PSAE) in China keeps increasing year by year, but the changes in different regions and provinces are quite different. These changes not only significantly changed the spatial pattern of PSAE in China, but also greatly improved its spatial coupling with the deeply impoverished areas. Further analysis shows that the regional inequality of PSAE between provinces is obvious during the study period, and the inter-regional inequality is significantly higher than the intra-regional inequality.This makes inter-regional inequality become the main source of the regional inequality of PSAE in China for a long time. According to GWR results, there is obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the influence intensity and direction of the per capita financial revenue,urbanization rate, urban unemployment rate, natural disaster-affected area, and transfer payment intensity on the PSAE. The urbanization rate and per capita financial revenue are the main driving factors of PSAE, and the impact intensity of per capita financial revenue tends to strengthen. The remaining three factors have a positive effect on PSAE, but the effect intensity is not high.

Design Strategies for the Sustainable Improvement of Urban Social Assistance Buildings

Transformation and innovation of assistance model promote the transition of urban social assistance building to multi-functional building. This paper, on the basis of analyzing complexity and peculiarity of urban social assistance building, as well as researches and practices of sustainable improvement of domestic architecture, proposed environmental, social and economic objectives of the sustainable improvement of urban social assistance building, and elaborated design strategies from the perspectives of site selection and its impact on environment, application, evaluation and utilization of ecological technologies, reform of old buildings, flexible internal layout of building and combination of routine use and disaster use design, so as to improve social benefits and social assessment of assistance buildings sustainably, and to balance humanistic concerns and social resource input.

Forty-Year Development of Social Assistance System in China: Review and Outlook

This paper reviews the forty-year development of the social assistance system in China and discovers that under the leadership of the Chinese government, the basic framework of the social assistance system has taken shape and become a proud image of China’s social security system’s reform and development. The development of the social assistance system in China demonstrates the bottom-line thinking of state governance and its multi-tiered, cross-sector and community-focused characteristics. At its present stage of growth the social assistance system is actively developing multiple means of assistance and will be based on the objective of “supporting the vulnerable.”

Uncoordination of China’s social assistance program resources and policy solutions

With the promulgation and implementation of Social Assistance Interim Measures, China hasbasically established the social assistance system framework with Dibao, Three-nos people support and disasterrelief as the basis, with housing aid, medical aid ,education aid and employment aid as the support and with temporaryassistance and charity help as the supplement. The establishment of various social assistance programsundoubtedly aims to fulfil different demands of urban and rural neddy people, however,the increase of socialassistance programs does not necessarily bring about an increase in the effectiveness of social assistance. Thispaper analyzes the uncoordination of Chinas social assistance program resources and put forward related policysolutions.

Study on migrant workers of intergenerational transmission of poverty and social assistance problems

With the accelerated pace of urbanization, the construction of the city needs a large number of labor force, more and more farmers come out of the countryside to work in the city, forming a special group of migrant workers. With the emergence of migrant workers groups, there has been a new generation of migrant workers. This article from the perspective ofintergenerational transfer of migrant workers poverty, social assistance as the breakthrough point, through the transfer phenomenon and social relief situation of migrant workers in poverty from generation to generation, according to international advanced experience put forward the blocking of migrant workers in the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Research on The Social Assistance of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under The Policy of Precise Poverty Alleviation

With the development of economy, a large number of surplus labor force in rural areas has been transferred to cities, resulting in the increasing number of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children are in a critical period of ideological enlightenment, accepting obligation education, outlook on life and world outlook, and the absence of parental care and education has a negative impact on their growth. It is an important problem to solve this problem in every aspect of society.

Study on the Problems of Social Assistance for Drug Abusers

Drug addicts are not only harmoffenders to society,but also the special social vulnerable groups. Fromthe perspective of social responsibility and the social welfare,this paper,through an objective assessment of the drug abuser 's situation and analysis of the existing problems of social assistances for drug users,put forward the countermeasures and suggestions on effective drug control and giving up drugs combined with compulsory addiction treatment with social assistance.

Computer Assisted Language Learning Social Networks: What Are They Talking about?

There are many reasons that motivate people to build online communities. The purpose of this study was to identify the topics that learners discuss when they are part of a computer assisted language learning course in order to answer the question “What are they talking about?”. We have examined an e-community of 618 students who were learning the Modern Greek language online. We analyzed their conversation topics directly from the discussion boards of the web-based course and sorted them into the pre-defined topic categories. The results of the study showed that during the first lessons of the course the students contributed more to social discussions which were unrelated to the course material. The reason of this outcome is that the students want to introduce themselves and meet their peers. As they progressed through the course’s lessons, however, their discussion topics became more course material related. The study ends with implications of the results and future research directions.

Pool Civil Wisdom to Assist Social Development——Sidelights of Civil Society 20 China

Civil Society 20 China 2016(C20)was successfully convened in Qingdao on July 5th and 6th.Chinese President Xi Jinping sent a message of congratulations to the Conference.State Councilor Yang Jiechi attended the opening ceremony and delivered a speech.Sun Jiazheng,Vice-Chairman of the 11th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference and President of China

Cyber-Physical-Social System Between a Humanoid Robot and a Virtual Human Through a Shared Platform for Adaptive Agent Ecology

Two artificial agents(a humanoid robot and a virtual human) are enriched with various similar intelligence,autonomy, functionalities and interaction modalities. The agents are integrated in the form of a cyber-physical-social system(CPSS) through a shared communication platform to create a social ecology. In the ecology, the agents collaborate(assist each other) to perform a real-world task(search for a hidden object)for the benefits of humans. A robot-virtual human bilateral trust model is derived and a real-time trust measurement method is developed. The role of taking initiative in the collaboration is switched between the agents following a finite state machine model triggered by bilateral trust, which results in a mixedinitiative collaboration. A scheme is developed to evaluate the performance of the agents in the ecology through the CPSS.The results show that the robot and the virtual human perform satisfactorily in the collaboration through the CPSS. The results thus prove the effectiveness of the real-world ecology between artificial agents of heterogeneous realities through a shared platform based on trust-triggered mixed-initiatives. The results can help develop adaptive social ecology comprising intelligent agents of heterogeneous realities to assist humans in various tasks through collaboration between the agents in the form of a CPSS.

Designing Social Programs in Circumstances of Informational Asymmetry

The social programs represent the redistribution of revenues collected from taxpayers toward persons considered to be in need according to the public policies. Therefore, the govemment-financed welfare program is often looked as a type of a safety net of the state itself by groups of persons having certain features which are detected according to a selection process. The state should grant the ultimate successive safety net to persons in whose cases the previous safety nets would have failed. The beneficiaries are persons selected by different decision-makers who are aware of the actual status of that person. The individual who actually grants the access to the social program does not have all the necessary data. In this context, is the redistribution system effective？ The study aims to determine an equilibrium in social assistance and effective methods for providing social benefits. The study has proposed to build a model using the concept of labelling. The quantitative model hereby proposed represents a possibility to design social programs in circumstances of asymmetric information. Therefore, it reveals the sensitivity of the social programs toward social controls or penalties, and it has a stabilizing effect on the economic crisis. The study proposes the use of an expert system （SE） in redistributing incomes in social assistance and concrete ways of state intervention.

患者同伴支持的喜与忧质性研究

运用参与型实地观察、质性访谈法和扎根理论等方法对患者同伴支持进行研究。研究发现,一方面,同伴支持网络作为一种“多赢”的社会支持模式,在许多病种患者群体中取得了积极效果,成为了病友之间的情感寄托,有利于缓和紧张的医患关系,改善病友与社会的联结,提高病患及其照顾家属的身心健康和社会福利水平;另一方面,也出现了某些突破同伴支持边界的行为,给病友造成情感以及财产上的损失,甚至因为援助过度而将自己陷入了非法领域。

中国社会保障体系结构的转型及其实现路径

中国的现代社会保障始建于中华人民共和国成立初期,逐步形成了“社会保险为主导、社会救助和社会福利处于边缘”的体系结构。改革开放后,社会保障改革逐步成为了整个改革事业的重要组成部分,社会保障的体系结构呈现“社会救助为基础,社会保险为主体,社会福利、军人保障和慈善事业为补充”的格局,实现了社会保障体系结构的重大转型。社会保障体系结构失衡是此次结构转型的根本原因,其转型过程体现了渐进性并以顺应国情和时代发展为主要经验。中国式现代化对我国社会保障体系结构提出了新的要求,进而需要推动社会保障体系结构的进一步转型。为此,要明确社会保障体系结构转型的总体目标,创新改革社会保险并夯实其主体地位,优化社会救助与慈善事业并巩固其已有地位,大力推动社会福利发展并将其转变为基础地位,还要建立完善家庭社会保障并使之成为社会保障的子系统之一,形成补充地位。

共同富裕进程中“弱有众扶”的社会救助主体联动机制研究

依托浙江省社会救助联合体建设实践,讨论共同富裕进程中“弱有众扶”的社会救助主体联动机制建设需要解决的关系嵌合性、结构嵌合性、认知嵌合性等三个关键问题,由此延伸出开放共治空间、构建立体网络、营造认知环境等三个必要条件。在此基础上,通过主动的政府、积极的社会、有效的平台这三个具体嵌合路径健全时空嵌合机制平衡主体关系加强关系嵌合,深化技术嵌合机制优化结构网络巩固结构嵌合,打造理念嵌合机制提升共富认知深化认知嵌合。

嵌入性视角下农村互助养老政策的实践困境与优化路径——基于河南省H县的田野调查

伴随互助养老从社会自发发展阶段迈向国家视野下的积极统筹阶段,互助养老政策的现实重要性由此凸显出来。基于嵌入性视角,互助养老政策下乡必然受到诸多内生性因素影响,在此情形下,政策需要积极调适自身并推进认知、文化、组织和政策的社会嵌入,才能取得良好的政策效果。然而,由于注重硬件投入和追求标准化服务、互助文化式微和养老观念变迁、缺乏社会动员和组织体系建设、量化指标推进和行政控制权强化,当前互助养老政策存在认知脱嵌、文化脱嵌、组织脱嵌和政策脱嵌等结构性困境。作为改进,应加快协商平台构建和服务评估优化、强化养老政策宣传和家庭政策支持、加强社会精英吸纳和组织体系构建、优化治理主体合作和考核体系改善,塑造出良好的嵌入性环境,助推互助养老政策的认知、文化、组织和政治嵌入,真正实现低成本、高福利、可持续的互助养老服务生产。

嵌入-合作型社会企业:就业帮扶车间的组织性质及发展

就业帮扶车间是以发展乡村产业、扩大村集体规模经济、实现农村弱势劳动力就近就业的组织形式,也是实现巩固脱贫攻坚成果向乡村振兴有效衔接的重要组织载体。随着进入转型过渡期,帮扶车间的可持续发展面临着诸多挑战,而明确其组织性质则是应对挑战的基础和前提。基于社会企业理论,抽取“价值、目标、路径、利益相关方”四个特征维度和“政府-市场-社会”三重行动逻辑建构分析框架,对就业帮扶车间组织性质进行识别。研究发现,帮扶车间符合社会企业基本定义及特征,可识别为一种社会企业。在此基础上,相比市场-社会行动逻辑“双轮驱动”的传统社会企业模式,帮扶车间因政府行动逻辑的嵌入,形成政府-市场-社会“三轮驱动”的发展模式,因而呈现出更强的混合逻辑特征,形成了利益相关方之间稳定的利益联结机制和持续有效合作。基于此,就业帮扶车间可进一步被定性为“嵌入-合作型社会企业”。从组织性质出发,针对帮扶车间面临的可持续发展问题,可尝试通过动态调整三重逻辑关系、引入更多利益相关方、强化其社会企业身份合法性等途径加以解决。

同伴力量:社会工作介入大学生防范网络诈骗探究——以“e起反诈”小组为例

互联网在给生产生活带来便捷的同时,也滋生了新的诈骗方式——网络诈骗,“00”后大学生们成为网络诈骗主要受害群体之一。运用个案研究法,立足于S高校“e起反诈小组”活动,探讨社会工作介入大学生防范网络诈骗的作用。研究发现:将小组工作介入大学生防诈骗教育符合大学生内生性需求;同伴教育下同辈预防力量能有效推动“自助互助”防诈骗教育模式构建;互惠场域中朋辈经验迁移实现“自助互助”教育成果转化。伴随高校对学生防诈骗教育的重视,研究经验对高校开展防范网络诈骗教育具有一定实践借鉴意义。

社会工作推进社会救助中“对象赋能”和“环境优化”的整合实践

随着我国迈入全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新发展阶段,社会工作成为推动社会救助从解决生存型困难向满足发展型需求转型的重要社会力量。从社会工作实践的生命模型理论和生态系统理论出发,探讨社会工作在社会救助实践中推动“对象赋能”和“环境优化”双重实现的可能性,结果显示:社会工作可以从社会救助对象在处理生命任务时与环境系统互动中的问题和需求出发,综合运用多种理论和方法,采取“生命任务—社会目标—实践系统”的整合实践框架,着力提升救助对象解决问题和使用资源的能力,同时改善救助对象发展所需的资源环境,促进政策资源系统、社会资源系统和社会网络资源系统等资源系统与救助对象的良性互动,从而推动发展型社会救助政策的落地实践。

社会养老保险遗属抚恤法治的反思与重塑

为解决私法制度在面对扶养义务人死亡风险时的失灵问题,现代社会养老保险制度自诞生伊始就涵盖了遗属抚恤。我国劳动保险也早在20世纪50年代就为非因工死亡参保人员遗属设立了抚恤制度。然而,这种劳动保险遗属抚恤制度已难以适应新时代的要求。我们亟须探索建立一套新型社会养老保险遗属抚恤制度,以充分发挥互助共济功能,实现死亡风险的社会化治理。其主要特点包括:制度模式上统一于由社会养老保险基金负责提供资金;遗属范围上与民法扶养义务人的范围保持一致;抚恤金申请上以遗属有抚恤必要为前提;死亡事由上具有无条件性;待遇标准上实现对民法扶养费的替代。