Antioxidant lignans sesamin and sesamolin in sesame(Sesamum indicum L.):a comprehensive review and future prospects

Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)is a significantly lucrative cash crop for millions of small-holder farmers.Its seeds are an important source of a highly appreciated vegetable oil globally and two clinically essential antioxidant lignans,sesamin and sesamolin.Accordingly,many countries import millions of tons of sesame seed every year.The demand for lignan-rich sesame seeds has been increasing in recent years due to the continuous discovery of several pharmacological attributes of sesamin and sesamolin.To meet this demand,the sesame breeder’s primary objective is to release sesame cultivars that are enriched in oil and lignans.Thus,it is necessary to summarize the information related to the sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame in order to promote the joint efforts of specialized research teams on this important oilseed crop.In this article,we present the current knowledge on the sesamin and sesamolin contents in S.indicum L.with respect to the updated biosynthesis pathway,associated markers,governing loci,available variability in sesame germplasm,the in planta potential roles of these compounds in sesame,and the newly discovered pharmacological attributes.In addition,we propose and discuss some required studies that might facilitate genomics-assisted breeding of high lignan content sesame varieties.

Combined Effects of Compost,Supraxone and Lambda-Super on Soil Microbial Activity under Pluvial Cultivation of Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)in Burkina Faso

Sesame cultivation is strategic for the economy of Burkina Faso. Indeed, after cotton, sesame is the second most important agricultural product for exportation. However, its production is limited by plant diseases and pest attacks. Facing this situation, large amounts of pesticides are used to boost productivity. But, these chemicals have a negative impact on soil fertility. In this instance, the effects of Supraxone and Lambda-super in the presence of compost on soil microbial activity under rainfed sesame cultivation in a peasant environment were studied. The experiment design was a block of Fisher (BCR) comparing the non-treated parcel (TNT) to the parcel amended only with compost (C) and to the parcel amended with compost and treated with the pesticides (C + P), respectively. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0 - 20 cm before sowing at 41st and 81st days after sowing. Respiratory activity and soil microbial biomass were monitored respectively by respirometric tests and by the fumigation-incubation method. The results show that the addition of compost into the soil with or without supraxone treatment and Lambda-super resulted in an increase in microbial biomass and soil respiratory quotient. These results show that the provision of compost in sufficient quantity corrects the inhibitory effect of soil biological activity by pesticides.

Genetic Diversity Assessment of Moroccan Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)Populations Using Agro-morphological Traits

Genetic diversity of Moroccan sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)was analyzed for the first time using agro-morphological traits.Thirty-three sesame populations collected from Tadla region in Morocco were evaluated for 13 parameters in three contrasted environments,Afr-13,Afr-14 and Atj-14.Broad and significant variation among populations was observed only for three agro-morphologic traits,namely first capsule height(FCH),number of seeds per capsule(NSC)and thousand seeds weight(TSW).The respective overall averages were 71.82 cm(ranging from 65 cm to 77 cm),61.39(varying from 57 to 65)and 3.20 g(ranging from 3.0 g to 3.4 g).Environment had a highly significant effect on all studied parameters,except capsule size and oil content.The obtained mean values of parameters studied showed that environment Afr-14 was the most favorable for most of them,particularly seed yield(1.32 t/ha)and TSW(3.57 g).Significant and interesting correlations were observed between seed yield per plant(SYP)and other parameters.As relevant implication of this finding,number of capsules per plant(NCP)and NSC could be used as valuable selection criteria in sesame breeding program.However,limited and non-significant variation among sesame populations for most of parameters studied suggests that they are genetically very close and may be derived from a single cultivar or germplasm.Molecular characterization is needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis.Besides,when compared with sesame grown throughout the world,Moroccan sesame was found to be very promising,which open up the possibility to develop this crop in this country.

Association Analysis for Quality Traits in a Diverse Panel of Chinese Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)Germplasm

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of a sesame （Sesamum indicum L.） panel for association analysis, and investigate the genetic basis of oil content （OC）, protein content, oleic acid concentration, and linoleic acid concentration using association mapping. A panel of 216 sesame accessions was phenotyped in a multi-environment trial and fingerprinted with 608 polymorphic loci produced by 79 primers, including simple sequence repeats （SSRs）, sequence-related amplified polymorphisms （SRAPs）, and amplified fragment length polymorphisms （AFLPs）. Population structure analysis revealed two subgroups in the population. The Q model performed better for its ability to re-identify associations for the four traits at highly significant P-values compared to the other three mixed models. And a total of 35 and 25 associations for the four traits in 2010 and 2011 were identified, respectively, with the Q model after Bonferroni correction. Among those associations, only one for OC was re-identified in two environments, and several markers associated simultaneously with multiple traits were discovered. These results suggest the power and stability of the Q model for association analysis of nutritional traits in this sesame panel for its slight population stratification and familial relationship, which could aid in dissecting complex traits, and could help to develop strategies for improving nutritional quality.

芝麻（Sesamum indicum L．）根系的解剖结构与耐涝强度的相关性研究

本文用常规石蜡切片法观察了耐涝芝麻品种根系与怕涝芝麻品种根系解剖结构的区别。用改良的丹尼管法测量了芝麻茎叶部分向根系输送氧气的数量，探讨了芝麻的抗涝机理。研究结果证明：耐涝芝麻品种根系具有皮层厚。皮层细胞呈柱状排列，皮层细胞间隙大等结构特征。当根系渍水时，耐涝芝麻品种的茎叶能向根系输送较多氧气，在一定程度上缓解了根系缺氧的状况。

Biological effects of low-energy C ion implantation on sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)

Field cultivation experiments on white sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)seeds implanted with low-energy C ion showed that different dosages of C ion implantation pro-duce different biological effects.Sesame plants in 6 different dosage groups with C ion density respectively at 1×10^(11),1×10^(12),1×10^(15),5×10^(15),1×10^(16),5×10^(16)ion/cm2 were superior to the control group in plant height,leaf number,stalk diameter and leaf size.Further,sesame plants in these groups flower and seed earlier than those in the control group,and single plant yield also increased.Of all the groups,the 5×10^(15)ion/cm2 dosage group yielded the best effect,whereas the 1×10^(17)/cm^(2)dosage group showed an evident inhibitory effect of ion implantation on the germination and growth of the sesame seeds.

Sesamum indicum(sesame) enhances NK anti-cancer activity, modulates Th1/Th2 balance, and suppresses macrophage inflammatory response

Objective:To evaluate the potential immunomodulatory effects of an aqueous extract of Sesamum indicum seeds with regard to splenocyte proliferation,Th1/Th2 balance,macrophage function,and the cytotoxic activity of natural killer(NK)cells.Methods:Splenocyte proliferation was measured by[~3H]-thymidine incorporation.Griess assay was performed to evaluate the production of nitric oxide by macrophages.The levels of cytokines secreted by splenocytes and macrophages were measured by ELISA.JAM assay was performed to examine the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against YAC-1 tumor cells.Results:Sesamum indicum significantly enhanced splenocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.Sesamum indicum also increased and suppressed the secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines,respectively,by splenocytes.The secretion of key pro-inflammatory mediators(IL-6,TNFα,and nitric oxide)by primary macrophages was significantly inhibited by Sesamum indicum.Moreover,Sesamum indicum increased the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against YAC-1 tumor cells.Conclusions:Sesamum indicum shows potent immunomodulatory,anti-inflammatory,and anti-cancer effects.Constituents of Sesamum indicum may be used as effective therapeutic agents in regulating immune reactions implicated in various infectious and noninfectious conditions including cancer.

Synthesis of sulfonated Sesamum indicum L.seed oil and its application as a fatliquor in leather processing

Fatliquor is an oil-in-water emulsion that improves the physical properties of leather such as tensile strength,flexibility,and softness by lubricating the leather fibres.Sulfonated Sesamum indicum oil was synthesized,characterized,and examined for consideration as a substitute for imported fatliquor in Nigeria.The sulfonation of the oil was confirmed by the significant observations made in the FTIR,1 H NMR,13 C NMR,and 13 C NMR DEPT analysis results.A remarkable difference was observed in the physicochemical properties results of both unsulfonated and sulfonated oils.The sulfonated sesame fatliquor was applied onto goatskin and compared with a commercial sulfated fatliquor in the processing of shoe upper leather using standard methods.The average results for tensile strength,double edge tear,elongation,and softness results for the commercial and synthesized fatliquors are as follows:14.27 N/mm^(2);13.77 N/mm^(2),50.61N;60.11 N,38.06%;54.28%,25.2;25.0.A comparable level of lubrication of the leather treated with the sulfonated Sesamum indicum oil and that treated with the commercial leather fatliquor was revealed by the Sudan IV stain test as well as scanning electron microscopy analysis results.Experimental analyses,therefore,show that the as-synthesized sulfonated Sesamum indicum oil could be considered as a substitute for imported fatliquor in the leather industry.

Assessing Genetic Variation and Relationships among a Mini Core Germplasm of Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum</i>L.) Using Biochemical and RAPD Markers

Knowledge of genetic diversity is essential for any future varietal improvement program. Thus, the objective of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of the genetic diversity within 15 sesame accessions, using biochemical markers and RAPD. The accessions are of various sources and seeds of different colors;color being an important feature in the sesame market. SDS-PAGE on protein extracts of sesame seeds revealed 31 protein markers, only 4 of which were polymorphic, indicating that this technique is not suitable for studying genetic diversity in S. indicum. The analyses on isoenzymatic extracts of esterase from sesame seedlings made it possible, to distinguish and classify the accessions into 2 major groups. RAPD analysis of genomic DNA using 10-mer primers revealed a high inter-accession genetic diversity. A total of 53 DNA markers, including 48 polymorphic, were produced. The coefficient of similarity between accessions ranged from 0.343 to 0.897. RAPD markers were found to be more suitable for studying genetic diversity within sesame germplasm than isozyme analyzes. Nevertheless, geographical distributions and seed colors are not related to the classes formed.

Typical HPLC Chromatogram of Petroleum Ether in Abutilon indicum(L.) Sweet from Different Habitats

[Objectives] To study the typical HPLC chromatogram of petroleum ether in Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet from different habitats, in order to provide experimental basis for the quality control of A. indicum and the spectrum-efficacy relationship of petroleum ether.[Methods] The HPLC chromatogram of petroleum ether was obtained using Agilent SB-C 18 (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) and acetine-0.1% phosphoric acid solution for gradient elution at temperature of 30 ℃, flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and detection wavelength of 205 nm.[Results] The typical HPLC chromatogram of petroleum ether in A. indicum was preliminarily established, with 12 characteristic peaks. It was verified by A. indicum from different habitats, characterized by reproducibility and stability.[Conclusions] Typical HPLC chromatogram provides a stable new method for the quality control of petroleum ether in A. indicum . This study provides experimental basis for further study on the medicinal parts of A. indicum .

A New Compound from the Bud of Chrysanthemum indicum L.

A new bicyclic spiroketone was isolated from the bud of Chrysanthemum indicum L. The chemical structure was elucidated as （1R, 9S, 10S）-10-hydroxyl-8 （2＇, 4＇-diynehexylidene）- 9-isovaleryloxy-2, 7-dioxaspiro [5, 4] decane based on the X-ray crystallography.

芝麻耐湿性QTL定位及优异耐湿基因资源挖掘

【目的】芝麻是对湿害极其敏感的作物,湿害是影响中国芝麻生产发展和单产提高的主要障碍因素,然而,芝麻耐湿性分子生物学研究基础薄弱,迄今,国内外有关芝麻耐湿性基因定位的研究尚未见报道。利用重组自交系(RIL)群体进行芝麻耐湿性QTL定位,结合芝麻核心种质群体进行耐湿性相关分子标记研究,并挖掘优异耐湿基因资源。【方法】以高耐湿芝麻品种中芝13与极敏感种质宜阳白杂交后连续自交6代构建206个株系的RIL群体。利用113对多态性分子标记扫描RIL群体获得基因型数据,用MapMaker/EXP.3.0软件构建遗传连锁图谱。2009年和2010年在武汉和鄂州2地点通过人工淹水胁迫获得RIL群体盛花期湿害后正常株率和存活株率的表型数据,用Microsoft Excel 2010软件进行表型数据方差分析,用QTLNetwork 2.0软件基于复合区间作图法进行QTL定位,利用主效QTL紧密连锁的分子标记扫描核心种质群体,并结合耐湿性表型数据分析得到相关有效分子标记。通过盛花期耐湿性表型重复鉴定筛选,结合分子标记辅助选择,获得优异耐湿基因资源。【结果】构建的遗传连锁图谱全长592.4 cM,共有70个标记位点进入15个连锁群,标记间的平均距离为8.46 cM。共检测到与盛花期耐湿性相关的6个QTL位点,定位在第7、9、13和15连锁群上,分别解释5.67%—17.19%的表型变异,加性效应值2.7190—9.7302,贡献率最大的QTL为qWH10CHL09,加性效应3.9394,其增效等位基因来源于母本中芝13,SSR标记ZM428与其紧密连锁(遗传距离为0.7 cM)。标记ZM428在186份芝麻核心种质中验证结果表明,该标记2种基因型的资源间在耐湿表型上存在显著差异(P=0.0163),因此,标记ZM428可作为芝麻耐湿性分子辅助选择的有效标记。还挖掘出8份优异耐湿基因资源,湿害后其正常株率均>70%,存活株率均>80%。【结论】检测到6个芝麻耐湿性相关QTL,其中,贡献率最大的17.19%,获得1个有效分子标记,挖掘出8份优异耐湿基因资源。

芽期Al^(3+)胁迫对芝麻幼苗生长的影响及种质资源耐铝毒性评价

铝毒害是影响江西省红壤作物生长的重要因素之一,为了解铝对芝麻生长的毒害,发掘耐铝毒种质资源,用Al2(SO4)3·18H2O溶液模拟发芽期Al3+胁迫研究不同浓度Al3+对芝麻品种赣芝9号和赣芝12成苗及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,Al3+浓度在0~100mg/L时,随着Al3+浓度的增加,成苗率、芽长、根长和苗鲜重均不断下降,且根长下降最为明显;而浓度在250~1 000mg/L时,芝麻难以成苗。Al3+浓度在50mg/L时,成苗率、芽长、根长和苗鲜重等测定指标均急剧下降,因此可认为50mg/L的Al3+浓度胁迫可以作为芝麻种质耐铝毒性筛选鉴定的参考浓度。进而在50mg/L Al3+胁迫下评价96份芝麻种质[含39个改良品种(系)和57份地方种质],可将它们聚为3类,即包含21份耐铝毒种质、37份中等耐铝毒种质和38份不耐铝毒种质;发掘出赣芝9号、金黄麻、武宁黑等21份耐铝毒种质。比较分析表明,地方种质资源的平均耐铝毒特性要优于改良品种(系),且除成苗率外,地方种质耐铝毒性的其他指标的变异系数和多样性指数均大于改良品种(系)。

芝麻栽培种与野生种(Sesamum schinzianum Asch、Sesamum radiatum Schum & Thonn)种间杂交后代的生物学特性

【目的】探明芝麻栽培种与野生种种间杂交的亲和性,分析杂交后代遗传特征。【方法】以26个基因型(Sesamum indicum L.)与刚果野芝麻(Sesamum schinzianum Asch)和野芝1号(Sesamum radiatum Schum&Thonn)野生种为杂交亲本,借助胚培养技术获得种间杂交后代。采用SSR标记和生物学方法鉴定并分析杂交种F1的遗传特性。【结果】通过胚培养技术获得2 430个种间杂交F1株系,对部分材料的检测表明杂种阳性率为95.83%。刚果野芝麻×栽培种的正反交杂交率分别为34.62%(A)和11.54%(C),野芝1号×栽培种的正反交杂交率分别为100%(B)和19.23%(D)。F1花粉粒存在部分不育和高度不育两种类型,F1自交结实率分别为2.32—2.57粒/蒴果(S.schinzianum×S.indicum)和0.30—2.45粒/蒴果(S.radiatum×S.indicum)。【结论】S.radiatum与栽培种的杂交亲和率高于S.schinzianum。以野生种为母本与栽培种杂交,杂交种F1在株高、根系结构等性状方面超亲表现明显;株系高抗枯萎病;部分F1株系有低自交结实性。

C_(18)净化-HPLC测定芝麻中芝麻素和芝麻林素含量

采用HPLC测定芝麻中芝麻素和芝麻林素含量,对超声波提取芝麻中芝麻素和芝麻林素的条件进行了研究,同时探讨了提取液净化处理对其测定结果的影响。通过单因素及正交试验,确定超声波最佳提取条件为:提取剂V(正己烷)/V(甲醇)=60∶40,液料比30∶1,超声提取温度65℃,超声提取时间12 min。采用C18对样品进行净化处理,可提高净化效果,减少测定干扰。

合成紫花茄皂苷诱导人肝癌BEL-7402细胞凋亡

目的:探讨合成紫花茄皂苷对BEL-7402细胞的增殖抑制及凋亡诱导作用。方法:采用酸性磷酸酶(APA)法、吖啶橙荧光染色法和流式细胞术检测合成紫花茄皂苷对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞增殖的影响以及诱导细胞凋亡的作用。利用蛋白印迹法检测药物作用后凋亡相关蛋白PARP的表达水平。结果:合成紫花茄皂苷对人肝癌BEL-7402细胞有明显的增殖抑制作用,其72h的IC50为4.2μg/ml。荧光显微镜下细胞呈现典型的凋亡形态。流式细胞术分析发现,细胞经皂苷作用6h、12h和24h后,凋亡率显著增加。蛋白印迹检测结果显示,合成紫花茄皂苷作用后肿瘤细胞内的PARP蛋白被剪切,Bcl-2蛋白的表达量下调。结论:合成紫花茄皂苷对人肝癌细胞的增殖抑制呈浓度相关性,具有诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡的作用,且这一作用可能与Bcl-2表达下调有关。

Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Genetic Basis of the Main Sesame Cultivars Released in China

SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） was used for the analysis of 67 sesame （Sesamum indicum L.） cultivars widely used in Chinese sesame major production areas from 1950 to 2007. A total of 561 bands were amplified using 21 SRAP random primer pairs, with 265 of them were polymorphic, resulting in a polymorphism ratio of 47.2%. The total bands and polymorphism amplified by each primer pair averaged 26.7 and 12.6, respectively. The average genetic similar coefficient and genetic distance of the 67 cultivars were 0.9104 and 0.0706, respectively, indicating limited genetic diversity and narrow genetic basis. Comparative analysis on genetic similarity and genetic distance of different classified cultivars showed that the difference of average genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance between the landraces and cultivars bred through crosses reached significant levels （P=0.01）, with the genetic basis of landraces wider than that bred cultivars. The genetic basis of cultivars used in 1990-2007 was more narrow than that of cultivars from 1950 to 1969 and from 1970 to 1989, with the differences of average genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance reached 0.01 significant level. The genetic basis of Chinese sesame main cultivars is relatively narrow, and the genetic basis of cultivars developed through crosses in recent years is narrower than history cultivars.

野菊花提取物对慢性支气管炎大鼠血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-6含量及肺组织病理形态学的影响

目的研究野菊花提取物对慢性支气管炎(CB)大鼠血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中TNF-α、IL-6含量以及肺组织病理形态学的影响,探讨其治疗CB的机制。方法制备野菊花提取物;Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组,CB模型组,喘息灵对照组,野菊花提取物低、中、高剂量组;气管内注入脂多糖建立CB大鼠模型,药物干预后,ELISA法测定大鼠血清及BALF中TNF-α及IL-6含量,观察肺组织的病理形态学变化。结果模型组大鼠血清及BALF中TNF-α及IL-6含量较空白对照组明显升高,肺组织发生明显病理损伤,野菊花提取物可显著降低上述异常升高的指标、改善肺组织的病理损伤。结论降低CB大鼠体内TNF-α、IL-6含量,改善肺组织的病理损伤,可能是野菊花提取物减轻CB炎症效应机制之一。