Combined Effects of Compost,Supraxone and Lambda-Super on Soil Microbial Activity under Pluvial Cultivation of Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)in Burkina Faso

Sesame cultivation is strategic for the economy of Burkina Faso. Indeed, after cotton, sesame is the second most important agricultural product for exportation. However, its production is limited by plant diseases and pest attacks. Facing this situation, large amounts of pesticides are used to boost productivity. But, these chemicals have a negative impact on soil fertility. In this instance, the effects of Supraxone and Lambda-super in the presence of compost on soil microbial activity under rainfed sesame cultivation in a peasant environment were studied. The experiment design was a block of Fisher (BCR) comparing the non-treated parcel (TNT) to the parcel amended only with compost (C) and to the parcel amended with compost and treated with the pesticides (C + P), respectively. Soil samples were taken at depths of 0 - 20 cm before sowing at 41st and 81st days after sowing. Respiratory activity and soil microbial biomass were monitored respectively by respirometric tests and by the fumigation-incubation method. The results show that the addition of compost into the soil with or without supraxone treatment and Lambda-super resulted in an increase in microbial biomass and soil respiratory quotient. These results show that the provision of compost in sufficient quantity corrects the inhibitory effect of soil biological activity by pesticides.

Genetic Diversity Assessment of Moroccan Sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)Populations Using Agro-morphological Traits

Genetic diversity of Moroccan sesame(Sesamum indicum L.)was analyzed for the first time using agro-morphological traits.Thirty-three sesame populations collected from Tadla region in Morocco were evaluated for 13 parameters in three contrasted environments,Afr-13,Afr-14 and Atj-14.Broad and significant variation among populations was observed only for three agro-morphologic traits,namely first capsule height(FCH),number of seeds per capsule(NSC)and thousand seeds weight(TSW).The respective overall averages were 71.82 cm(ranging from 65 cm to 77 cm),61.39(varying from 57 to 65)and 3.20 g(ranging from 3.0 g to 3.4 g).Environment had a highly significant effect on all studied parameters,except capsule size and oil content.The obtained mean values of parameters studied showed that environment Afr-14 was the most favorable for most of them,particularly seed yield(1.32 t/ha)and TSW(3.57 g).Significant and interesting correlations were observed between seed yield per plant(SYP)and other parameters.As relevant implication of this finding,number of capsules per plant(NCP)and NSC could be used as valuable selection criteria in sesame breeding program.However,limited and non-significant variation among sesame populations for most of parameters studied suggests that they are genetically very close and may be derived from a single cultivar or germplasm.Molecular characterization is needed to confirm or refute this hypothesis.Besides,when compared with sesame grown throughout the world,Moroccan sesame was found to be very promising,which open up the possibility to develop this crop in this country.

Effect of Microclimatic Modification on Growth and Yield of Sesame （Sesamum indicum L.） in a Semi-Desert Region of Northern Sudan

An investigation was carried out in the semi- desert region of northern Sudan, during 2000, to study the influence of different micrometeorological parameters on growth and yield of sesame under alley cropping system. Sesame, cv. Kenana-2, was grown in 6-m wide alleys formed by 3 year old Acacia ampliceps and Acacia stenophylla. Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, solar energy and shade behaviour were measured throughout the growing season. Irrigation was measured by water meter and soil moisture by gravimetric sampling at depths of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm, in alley cropping and control plots. Sesame was evaluated for growth and yield performance in southern, central and northern parts of each alley. The results showed substantial reduction in wind runs, solar radiation and air temperature, while relative humidity was increased under alley conditions. Soil moisture content, especially in the upper 045 cm soil depth, was much higher in alley cropped plots than in the control plots. A. stenophylla resulted in the highest saving of irrigation water and considerably increased （40%） sesame seed yield. In contrast, sesame seed yield was reduced by 46% under A. ampliceps-alley cropping. Competition for light and water were highly responsible for variation in sesame seed yield in the different zones of the alley. A. stenophylla tree is, therefore, recommended in an alley cropping system in the semi-desert region of northern Sudan for its superiority in optimizing radiation and saving of irrigation water.

Deletion of a 1,049 bp sequence from the 5′UTR upstream of the SiHEC3 gene induces a seed non-shattering mutation in sesame

Sesame is a labor intensive crop with limited mechanized harvesting mainly due to the seed shattering(SS)trait.In this study,we performed a genetic analysis of the seed-shattering resistance(SR)trait with a SR sesame mutant 12M07.Unlike the SS type,the parenchyma cells in the abscission zone of the 12M07 mutant are arranged loosely but adhere to the seed coat.Inheritance analysis of six generations derived from 12M07(SR)×Xiangcheng Dazibai(SS)showed that the SR trait is recessive and controlled by a single gene pair.Association mapping of the F2population with 888,619 variants(single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and insertion-deletion(InDels))and 31,884 structural variations(SVs)determined that only SV12002 in the 5′upstream region of gene Sindi0765000(named SiHEC3)in Chr.3 was significantly associated with the SR trait.SiHEC3 encodes the bHLH transcription factor.A 1,049 bp deletion occurred in the 5′UTR of Sihec3 in 12M07.SiHEC3 is mainly expressed in developing placental tissues,with the expression peaking in capsules at 45 days after pollination.A dual-luciferase reporter assay in tobacco confirmed that the promoter activity of Sihec3 was reduced because of the deletion of the 1,049 bp promoter sequence.Protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that HEC3 is co-expressed with nine key proteins,such as SHATTERPROOF1(SHP1)and SEEDSTICK(STK)which participate in the secondary wall biosynthesis of the abscission layer in plants.The findings of this study show the important function of Sihec3corresponding with the SR trait and supply the genetic information for breeding new varieties that are amenable to mechanized harvesting in sesame and other crops.

芝麻栽培种与野生种(Sesamum schinzianum Asch、Sesamum radiatum Schum & Thonn)种间杂交后代的生物学特性

【目的】探明芝麻栽培种与野生种种间杂交的亲和性,分析杂交后代遗传特征。【方法】以26个基因型(Sesamum indicum L.)与刚果野芝麻(Sesamum schinzianum Asch)和野芝1号(Sesamum radiatum Schum&Thonn)野生种为杂交亲本,借助胚培养技术获得种间杂交后代。采用SSR标记和生物学方法鉴定并分析杂交种F1的遗传特性。【结果】通过胚培养技术获得2 430个种间杂交F1株系,对部分材料的检测表明杂种阳性率为95.83%。刚果野芝麻×栽培种的正反交杂交率分别为34.62%(A)和11.54%(C),野芝1号×栽培种的正反交杂交率分别为100%(B)和19.23%(D)。F1花粉粒存在部分不育和高度不育两种类型,F1自交结实率分别为2.32—2.57粒/蒴果(S.schinzianum×S.indicum)和0.30—2.45粒/蒴果(S.radiatum×S.indicum)。【结论】S.radiatum与栽培种的杂交亲和率高于S.schinzianum。以野生种为母本与栽培种杂交,杂交种F1在株高、根系结构等性状方面超亲表现明显;株系高抗枯萎病;部分F1株系有低自交结实性。

芽期Al^(3+)胁迫对芝麻幼苗生长的影响及种质资源耐铝毒性评价

铝毒害是影响江西省红壤作物生长的重要因素之一,为了解铝对芝麻生长的毒害,发掘耐铝毒种质资源,用Al2(SO4)3·18H2O溶液模拟发芽期Al3+胁迫研究不同浓度Al3+对芝麻品种赣芝9号和赣芝12成苗及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,Al3+浓度在0~100mg/L时,随着Al3+浓度的增加,成苗率、芽长、根长和苗鲜重均不断下降,且根长下降最为明显;而浓度在250~1 000mg/L时,芝麻难以成苗。Al3+浓度在50mg/L时,成苗率、芽长、根长和苗鲜重等测定指标均急剧下降,因此可认为50mg/L的Al3+浓度胁迫可以作为芝麻种质耐铝毒性筛选鉴定的参考浓度。进而在50mg/L Al3+胁迫下评价96份芝麻种质[含39个改良品种(系)和57份地方种质],可将它们聚为3类,即包含21份耐铝毒种质、37份中等耐铝毒种质和38份不耐铝毒种质;发掘出赣芝9号、金黄麻、武宁黑等21份耐铝毒种质。比较分析表明,地方种质资源的平均耐铝毒特性要优于改良品种(系),且除成苗率外,地方种质耐铝毒性的其他指标的变异系数和多样性指数均大于改良品种(系)。

芝麻耐湿性QTL定位及优异耐湿基因资源挖掘

【目的】芝麻是对湿害极其敏感的作物,湿害是影响中国芝麻生产发展和单产提高的主要障碍因素,然而,芝麻耐湿性分子生物学研究基础薄弱,迄今,国内外有关芝麻耐湿性基因定位的研究尚未见报道。利用重组自交系(RIL)群体进行芝麻耐湿性QTL定位,结合芝麻核心种质群体进行耐湿性相关分子标记研究,并挖掘优异耐湿基因资源。【方法】以高耐湿芝麻品种中芝13与极敏感种质宜阳白杂交后连续自交6代构建206个株系的RIL群体。利用113对多态性分子标记扫描RIL群体获得基因型数据,用MapMaker/EXP.3.0软件构建遗传连锁图谱。2009年和2010年在武汉和鄂州2地点通过人工淹水胁迫获得RIL群体盛花期湿害后正常株率和存活株率的表型数据,用Microsoft Excel 2010软件进行表型数据方差分析,用QTLNetwork 2.0软件基于复合区间作图法进行QTL定位,利用主效QTL紧密连锁的分子标记扫描核心种质群体,并结合耐湿性表型数据分析得到相关有效分子标记。通过盛花期耐湿性表型重复鉴定筛选,结合分子标记辅助选择,获得优异耐湿基因资源。【结果】构建的遗传连锁图谱全长592.4 cM,共有70个标记位点进入15个连锁群,标记间的平均距离为8.46 cM。共检测到与盛花期耐湿性相关的6个QTL位点,定位在第7、9、13和15连锁群上,分别解释5.67%—17.19%的表型变异,加性效应值2.7190—9.7302,贡献率最大的QTL为qWH10CHL09,加性效应3.9394,其增效等位基因来源于母本中芝13,SSR标记ZM428与其紧密连锁(遗传距离为0.7 cM)。标记ZM428在186份芝麻核心种质中验证结果表明,该标记2种基因型的资源间在耐湿表型上存在显著差异(P=0.0163),因此,标记ZM428可作为芝麻耐湿性分子辅助选择的有效标记。还挖掘出8份优异耐湿基因资源,湿害后其正常株率均>70%,存活株率均>80%。【结论】检测到6个芝麻耐湿性相关QTL,其中,贡献率最大的17.19%,获得1个有效分子标记,挖掘出8份优异耐湿基因资源。

C_(18)净化-HPLC测定芝麻中芝麻素和芝麻林素含量

采用HPLC测定芝麻中芝麻素和芝麻林素含量,对超声波提取芝麻中芝麻素和芝麻林素的条件进行了研究,同时探讨了提取液净化处理对其测定结果的影响。通过单因素及正交试验,确定超声波最佳提取条件为:提取剂V(正己烷)/V(甲醇)=60∶40,液料比30∶1,超声提取温度65℃,超声提取时间12 min。采用C18对样品进行净化处理,可提高净化效果,减少测定干扰。

隐性核不育芝麻AFLP反应体系的优化

以芝麻细胞核雄性不育系95ms-5为材料,对AFLP反应体系中的酶切连接、预扩增和选择性扩增中的关键性因素进行了优化。结果表明,在模板DNA质量浓度为200ng/μL、37℃酶切连接6h的情况下,预扩增中最佳Mg2+浓度为1.0mmol/L,dNTP最佳浓度为0.3mmol/L,Taq酶量以0.5U为宜,预扩增引物终浓度为0.4mmol/L;选择性扩增中,预扩增产物稀释10倍后,以Mg2+0.8mmol/L、dNTP 0.2mmol/L、Taq酶1.0U、选扩引物0.6mmol/L为宜。

Analysis on Genetic Diversity and Genetic Basis of the Main Sesame Cultivars Released in China

SRAP （sequence-related amplified polymorphism） was used for the analysis of 67 sesame （Sesamum indicum L.） cultivars widely used in Chinese sesame major production areas from 1950 to 2007. A total of 561 bands were amplified using 21 SRAP random primer pairs, with 265 of them were polymorphic, resulting in a polymorphism ratio of 47.2%. The total bands and polymorphism amplified by each primer pair averaged 26.7 and 12.6, respectively. The average genetic similar coefficient and genetic distance of the 67 cultivars were 0.9104 and 0.0706, respectively, indicating limited genetic diversity and narrow genetic basis. Comparative analysis on genetic similarity and genetic distance of different classified cultivars showed that the difference of average genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance between the landraces and cultivars bred through crosses reached significant levels （P=0.01）, with the genetic basis of landraces wider than that bred cultivars. The genetic basis of cultivars used in 1990-2007 was more narrow than that of cultivars from 1950 to 1969 and from 1970 to 1989, with the differences of average genetic similarity coefficient and genetic distance reached 0.01 significant level. The genetic basis of Chinese sesame main cultivars is relatively narrow, and the genetic basis of cultivars developed through crosses in recent years is narrower than history cultivars.

芝麻苗期干旱生理生化指标响应特征及其基因表达分析

为建立芝麻抗旱性快速鉴定体系及筛选芝麻抗旱品种,采用盆栽反复干旱法,设置正常水分(CK)和干旱胁迫(DS)两种处理,对31份芝麻材料进行生理生化指标测定和综合评价,同时利用qRT-PCR检测SOD合成相关基因的表达量。结果表明:芝麻苗期■、可溶性糖(SS)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性与CK相比均显著上升,各指标综合抗旱系数和抗旱指数的变异系数最高的分别是SOD(98.64%)和■(154.01%);抗旱指数与■含量、SOD活性呈极显著正相关关系,这两个指标可作为芝麻苗期抗旱性鉴定的重要指标。聚类分析将31份芝麻材料划分为5类抗旱类型,分别为高抗型、中抗型、低抗型、低感型和高感型。利用综合评价方法,筛选出高抗材料2份(‘汾芝10号’和‘豫-11-1’),中抗旱材料4份,低抗旱材料9份,敏感材料10份,高感材料5份;筛选出■含量和SOD活性可作为芝麻种质资源苗期抗旱特性快速鉴定的指标。

钾营养对花期干旱胁迫芝麻生长及叶片氮代谢的影响

为探究花期干旱胁迫下不同钾肥水平对芝麻(Sesamum indicum L.)生长和叶片氮代谢的影响,以及芝麻响应干旱胁迫的生理机制,以赣芝7号为试验材料,采用盆栽控水试验方法,设置3个钾肥水平(0、60、120 kg·hm^(-2);K_(2)O)和2个土壤水分处理(75%±5%和45%±5%田间持水量),对比不同钾肥水平下芝麻生长、氨基酸、可溶性蛋白含量、氮代谢酶活性等指标的差异。结果表明,干旱胁迫严重抑制芝麻生长,与正常灌水相比,干旱处理芝麻叶片相对含水量、株高、比叶重和叶绿素值分别平均下降8.2个百分点、23.5%、8.1%和6.6%。干旱导致芝麻叶片的氮代谢能力减弱,与正常灌水相比,干旱处理芝麻叶片的氮、钾、可溶性蛋白(SP)和氨基酸(AA)含量分别平均提高5.4%、10.6%、21.1%和52.7%,硝酸还原酶(NR)和谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)活性分别平均下降11.3%和16.6%。干旱胁迫下,与不施钾相比,施钾使芝麻叶片相对含水量、株高、比叶重、叶绿素值、钾、氮含量分别提高3.3~7.2个百分点、20.9%~39.0%、3.2%~5.5%、1.0%~4.5%、14.8%~19.6%、2.0%~5.4%;硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性分别提高8.7%~9.5%和15.1%~20.0%。相关性分析表明,干旱胁迫下,叶片钾含量与氮、SP、FAA含量及NR、GOGAT活性呈显著或极显著正相关(R^(2)=0.69~0.95)。综上所述,施钾可缓解干旱胁迫对芝麻造成的不利影响,提高叶片钾、氮含量及硝酸还原酶和谷氨酸合成酶活性;施钾主要通过调控渗透调节、蛋白质合成及氮代谢等途径来提高芝麻的耐旱性。本研究结果为芝麻抗旱栽培提供了科学依据。

铵硝配比对不同芝麻品种苗期生长及养分吸收的影响

为了解芝麻苗期生长对氮素形态和配比的要求,明确芝麻氮肥施用适宜的铵硝比,以长江流域主栽芝麻品种中芝13和黄淮流域主栽芝麻品种漯12为材料,采用室外营养液培养方式,根据铵态氮(NH_4^+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3^--N)摩尔浓度比例的不同设置7个处理(10∶0、9∶1、3∶1、1∶1、1∶3、1∶9、0∶10),定期测定和分析营养液p H值、植株生物量、根系形态参数、地上部和根部养分(N、P、K、Ca、Mg)浓度、游离NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N浓度等。结果表明:高比例NH_4^+-N处理(10∶0、9∶1和3∶1)显著抑制了芝麻苗期生长,主要表现为植株矮小、叶片枯焦、根系粗短,甚至死亡,随着NH_4^+-N比例的增加,抑制程度越明显。两个芝麻品种对NH_4^+毒害的耐受能力不同,中芝13更耐受NH_4^+毒害。铵硝配比1∶9时,两个芝麻品种植株生物量达到最大值,根系最为发达,根际p H值维持在适宜的范围内;其中,中芝13整株干重、总根长和根系总表面积较完全NO_3^--N处理(0∶10)分别显著增加了47%、29%和15%,植株地上部和根系N、P、K浓度较完全NO_3^--N处理分别增加了5%、17%、9%和10%、32%、13%;铵硝配比1∶9对漯12的生物量及养分吸收利用与完全NO_3^--N处理相比没有显著差异。因此,适当加入铵态氮可以提高芝麻苗期生物量,促进根系的生长,铵硝比为1∶9较适合芝麻幼苗的生长及养分的吸收。在芝麻田间氮素施肥中,建议以NO_3^--N为主,同时根据芝麻品种特性及土壤供氮等条件合理配施NH_4^+-N。

以SRAP和EST-SSR标记分析芝麻种质资源的遗传多样性

利用SRAP和EST-SSR分子标记对192份国内外芝麻种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,2种标记都能很好地揭示品种间遗传关系;在31对SRAP引物组合扩增的270个等位基因中多态性占62.08%,平均每对引物可以检测5.45个;25对SSR引物扩增的136个等位基因中56.28%呈多态性,平均每对检测引物产生3.04个。UPGMA聚类结果显示,在相似性系数为0.70时,192份材料可被分为3个类群;阈值为0.75时类群Ⅰ又可分为6组,表明芝麻品种遗传多样性比较丰富。我国南部地区芝麻品种遗传多样性(多样性指数Hi=2.572)较中部(Hi=2.117)和北部地区(Hi=2.114)丰富。分析结果将有助于更好地保护和利用芝麻种质资源,并为育种工作提供依据。

芝麻EST-SSR标记的开发和初步研究

为加速分子标记在芝麻研究中的应用,利用网上现有的芝麻EST(expressed sequencetags)数据信息,开展了芝麻EST-SSR功能性标记的开发和利用研究。在所有的3328条芝麻EST序列中共确认得到1785条非冗余EST序列。其中,在含有微卫星重复的148条序列中共检测有155个EST-SSR。非冗余EST序列总长为774.27kb,平均每4.99kb含有一个EST-SSR。EST-SSR的分布频率和特征分析表明,以AG/TC为重复基元(motif)的SSR出现最多,占总SSR的37.42%。利用这些序列,设计开发了50对EST-SSR引物,并分别选用36个芝麻、2个棉花、2个大豆和2个油葵进行多态性和通用性研究。其中44对引物在供试芝麻材料中扩增出条带,共产生108个位点,平均每对引物产生2.45个位点,多态信息含量(polymorphism information content,PIC)平均值为0.390。根据遗传相似性系数进行聚类,有26个芝麻材料聚类在两个大的亚类(III和IV)中,聚类结果表明芝麻的基因型与地理来源之间没有必然的联系。此外,分别有2对、3对和4对引物可以在棉花、大豆和油葵中进行通用性扩增。本研究证实这种全新开发的芝麻EST-SSR标记在芝麻遗传多样性分析、遗传图谱构建以及比较基因组等研究方面有广阔的利用前景。

芝麻发育转录组分析

【目的】系统了解芝麻发育及种子形成转录组特征,丰富芝麻转录组数据信息。【方法】选用6份芝麻样品(5个不同芝麻品种的完整植株、1份不同发育阶段的芝麻籽粒),构建转录组测序文库并进行Illumina RNA-seq双端测序及生物信息学分析。【结果】共获得原始数据12.69 Gb,有效数据8.80 Gb。通过de novo拼接获得了长度大于100 bp的转录物26 837条(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/TSA.html,登录号:JP631635—JP668414);转录物总长度18.35 Mb,平均长度683 bp,N50长度1 006 bp。转录物注释结果显示,25 331条转录物序列具有同源比对信息;1 506条转录物序列无匹配(no hits)序列信息,可能为芝麻特有的基因序列。采用COG、GO功能分类工具可将已注释转录物序列划分为24个或42个功能类别,共涉及物质及能量代谢、信号传导、转录调控及防卫反应等诸多生理生化过程。通过比较不同材料间转录物序列及表达水平,初步确定1 277条序列在种子形成过程中表达量下调10倍以上,990条序列仅在芝麻植株中表达而未在籽粒中表达;660条序列在种子形成过程中表达量上调10倍以上,296条序列可能与种子形成特异相关。【结论】利用高通量测序技术对芝麻野生种和不同栽培种现蕾期植株以及种子形成过程的转录组进行研究,揭示了芝麻发育转录组的整体表达特征,在得到大量芝麻转录组unigene序列的同时,获得了一批在芝麻生长发育及籽粒形成过程中有重要功能的基因序列。为深入开展芝麻生长发育、籽粒发育相关基因功能及调控以及芝麻分子标记开发等研究提供了丰富的数据资源。

中国芝麻主要品种遗传多样性特点及遗传基础演变

【目的】探明中国主要芝麻品种遗传多样性特点和遗传基础演变趋势。【方法】采用SRAP(Sequence-related amplified polymorphism,相关序列扩增多态性)标记对中国芝麻主要产区1950-2007年间应用的67个品种进行分析。【结果】21对SRAP随机组合引物共扩增DNA带561条,多态性带265条,比例为47.2%;每对引物平均扩增的总带数和多态性带分别为26.7和12.6条。67个品种间的遗传相似系数平均为0.9104,遗传距离平均为0.0706,遗传多样性较匮乏,遗传基础较窄。地方品种与杂交选育品种间的遗传相似系数和遗传距离的均数差异达到极显著水平,前者的遗传基础较后者宽;1990-2007年间应用的品种遗传基础较1950-1969年和1970-1989年间的窄,其遗传相似系数和遗传距离的均数差异均达到极显著水平。【结论】中国芝麻主要品种总体遗传基础较窄,近年来通过杂交选育的品种遗传基础较历史品种狭窄。

芝麻种质资源因子分析及聚类分析

调查186份国内外芝麻资源的21个表型性状,对8个主要农艺性状进行相关分析和因子分析;并对所有性状进行聚类分析,186份材料可划分为7个类群。结果表明:选取单株蒴数多、千粒重高、花期适中的大蒴材料作亲本能显著提高单株产量;不同地区间品种农艺性状整体变异差别较小,区域内变异较大且侧重的性状不同;聚类结果显示,芝麻品种的遗传差异与地理远缘无明显相关性,说明培育高产优质品种时,亲本选配要以亲缘关系为主要参考依据;同时推测国内芝麻的引种传播是由南向北进行的。

氮肥与密度互作对红壤旱地秋芝麻的影响

为提高红壤旱地秋芝麻的产量、品质和氮肥利用率,以赣芝5号为供试品种,设3个密度(D_122.5万株/hm^2、D_230.0万株/hm^2、D_337.5万株/hm^2)和4个氮肥水平(N_00、N_152.5kg/hm^2、N_2105.0kg/hm^2、N_3157.5kg/hm^2),分别于2014年在江西省东乡县和2015年在进贤县进行田间小区试验,研究施氮量和种植密度对芝麻产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,两年两地均表现为N_2条件下芝麻产量较N_0显著增加(分别增加49.82%和76.53%)。2014年东乡点D_3处理的芝麻产量较D_处理显著增加18.44%,但2015年进贤点较D_显著减少12.35%。随着氮肥用量的增加芝麻籽粒含油量呈现先增加后降低的趋势,蛋白质含量则呈现逐渐增加的趋势;施用氮肥显著减少了17.8%~20.0%的芝麻素含量,而对芝麻林素无显著影响。随着密度的增加芝麻单株蒴果数和千粒重都随之降低,而不同密度对芝麻品质无明显影响;N_2水平时,不同密度处理的氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力稳定在3.29~4.84和9.89~11.17kg/kg。综上所述,红壤旱地芝麻适宜氮肥用量为105kg/hm^2,进贤县及其周边区域的单秆型品种适宜密度为22.5万株/hm^2,而东乡县及其周边区域适宜密度为37.5万株/hm^2,能够达到高产优质的目的,值得在红壤旱地上大面积应用推广。

芝麻花化学成分的研究

芝麻花为胡麻科植物胡麻Sesamum indicumL.(S.orientale L.)的干燥花,有生发、消肿之功效,可治疗脱发、冻疮、便秘等。民间单方芝麻花治疗寻常疣、扁平疣等,均有满意的疗效。目前人们对芝麻种子的化学成分研究较多,但尚没有人对芝麻花的化学成分进行系统研究。本研究运用硅胶柱、凝胶柱、反相柱等多种色谱方法进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。从其乙醇提取物的乙酸乙酯和正丁醇部位分别得到10个化合物,分别鉴定为latifonin(1),苦瓜脑苷(momor-cerebroside,2),大豆脑苷II(soya-cerebroside II,3),1-O-β-D-葡糖-(2S,3S,4R,5E,9Z)-2-N-(2′-羟基二十四碳酰氨基)-1,3,4-三羟基-十八碳-5,9-二烯[1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,5E,9Z)-2-N-(2′-hydroxytetra-cosanoyl)1,3,4-trihydroxy-5,9-octadienine,4],1-O-β-D-葡糖-(2S,3S,4R,8Z)-2N-(2′-羟基二十四碳酰氨基)-3,4-二-羟基-8-十八碳烯[1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2S,3S,4R,8Z)-2-N-(2′R)2′-hydroxytetracosanoyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-8-octadene,5],2-乙酰橙酰胺[(2S,1″S)-aurantiamide acetate,6],苯基乙醇-O-(2′-O-β-D-吡喃鼠李糖,3′-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖)-β-D-吡喃葡糖[benzyl alcohol-O-(2′-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl,3′-O-β-D-gluco-pyranoside)-β-D-glucopyranoside,7],β-谷甾醇(8),胡萝卜苷(9),D-半乳糖醇(10)。其中化合物4为新化合物,所有化合物均为首次从该植物的花中分离得到。