Permeability and setting time of bio-mediated soil under various medium concentrations

The bio-clogging using bacteria can be an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional grouting methods for seepage control.However,it remains unclear to date how the dilute concentration of bacterium and medium during field installation can affect the setting time of bacterium and its correlation with permeability reduction.In this study,the setting time of bacterium and its effectiveness in permeability reduction were addressed through experimental and theoretical investigations.A series of sand column was cultivated using different concentrations of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and culture medium.The distribution and composition of the bacterial product(i.e.dextran)were observed by refractometer,scanning electron microscope(SEM),and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS).Soil permeability was recorded using a constant head test.The results revealed that bacterium was effective to produce dextran at the setting time of about 5 d after installation.This dextran can reduce the permeability of bio-mediated soil by two orders of magnitude,even without culture medium supply.In general,the dextran production decreased proportionally with increase of bacterium and medium concentration.However,at 50%bacterium and medium concentration by weight,it still has a significant influence on permeability reduction with similar setting time,compared to 100%concentration.

Effect of Soluble Components From Plant Aggregates on the Setting of the Lime-Based Binder

Plant aggregate-based building materials are a viable solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and providing good thermal and acoustic performances.In this study,the investigated lightweight mortars require a hydraulic reaction.Laboratory and on-site empirical observations about plant aggregate-based materials indicate a delay in setting time and a decrease in the mechanical performances of concretes based on plant aggregates.The natural origin of plant-aggregates causes a lot of variability in their properties.Related studies have shown that the incompatibility between plant aggregates and cement is mainly caused by the dissolved and decomposed components of plant aggregates in alkaline environments.Currently,no research on the specific impact of each component on the setting time of lime-based binder exists.In this work,the impact of some soluble compounds(e.g.,sucrose,glucose,fructose,pectin)on the setting reaction of the lime matrix was studied using Vicat test,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and FT-IR spectroscopy.Experimental results showed that carbohydrates such as glucose and sucrose not only affect the setting time but also have a long-term impact on the carbonation of lime.The measure of the setting time by Vicat test appears as a possible indicator to predict the compatibility between the matrix and plant aggregates.

The Stabilizing Granular Soil with Slow-setting and Slight-expansive Cement

According to the characteristics of granular soil,the technological requirements of the special-purpose cement for stabilizing granular soil are put forward to meet the demands of implementation of highway base engineering.A kind of slow-setting and slight-expansive cement is developed by the cross experiment method in slag-clinker-gypsum-alkaline system,the final setting time of the cement can be prolonged to 8h,and it has properties of low dry shrinkage,high flexural strength and good crack resistance.The strength of granular soil stabilized by the cement is increased by 20% compared with that stabilized by Chinese 425-Grade slag cement.

In-situ Monitoring the Setting Behavior of Foamed Concrete Using Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method

The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.

Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Palaeomagnetism of Mafic Dykes from Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: Implication on Petrogenesis, Tectonic Setting and Timing of Mafic Magmatism in Northern Part of Indian Lithosphere

Occurrence of mafic dykes in Himalaya has been intriguing and debated since long because of its difficulty to ascent and emplacement through a thickened crust.Mafic dykes in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya(KLH)of central Indian

Effect of Glutinous Rice Flour on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Cement-based Materials

The mechanism of glutinous rice flour,a kind of natural admixture,on the hydration process,setting time,and microstructure of the Portland cement was investigated.The experimental results show that the glutinous rice flour has an obvious setting retarding effect on cement pastes.The optimal dosage of the glutinous rice flour is 3wt%.In this case,the initial and final setting time of the paste are delayed by 140 and185 min,respectively.The flexural and compressive strengths of the hardened paste are increased by 0.35%and 0.07%after 56 d of curing.The glutinous rice flour hinders the mineral dissolution process and decreases the concentration of calcium ion at the initial stage of hydration due to the complexation effect,thereby hindering the nucleation and growth of CH and C-S-H phases and prolonging the hydration process.However,C-S-H phases combine with the glutinous rice flour to contribute the bonding effect together,which compacts the microstructure of hardened cement pastes at the later hydration stage of cement pastes.Thus,in-depth investigation on the utilization of glutinous rice flour as the admixture for the Portland cement is expected to be meaningful for the control of hydration exothermic rate and setting time.

Cement-bonded particleboard with a mixture of wheat straw and poplar wood

We investigated the hydration behavior and some physical/mechanical properties of cement-bonded particleboard （CBPB） containing particles of wheat straw and poplar wood at various usage ratios and bonded with Portland cement mixed with different levels of inorganic additives. We determined the setting time and compression strength of cement pastes containing different additives and particles, and studied the effects of these additives and particles on thickness swelling, internal bond strength and modulus of rupture of CBPB by using RSM （Response Surface Methodology）. The mathematical model equations （second-order response functions） were derived to optimize properties of CBPB by computer simulation programming. Predicted values were in agreement with experimental values （R2 values of 0.93, 0.96 and 0.96 for TS, IB and MOR, respectively）. RSM can be efficiently applied to model panel properties. The variables can affect the properties of panels. The cement composites with bending strength 〉 12.5 MPa and internal bond strength 〉 0.28 MPa can be made by using wheat straw as a reinforcing material. Straw particle usage up to 11.5% in the mixture satisfies the minimum requirements of International Standard, EN 312 （2003） for IB and MOR. The dose of 4.95% calcium chloride, by weight of cement, can improve mechanical properties of the panels at the minimum requirement of EN 312. By increasing straw content from 0 to 30%, TS was reduced by increasing straw particle usage up to 1.5% and with 5.54% calcium chloride in the mixture, TS satisfied the EN 312 standard.

The Electrical Resistivity of Cement Paste Incorporated with Retarder

A non contacting electrical resistivity measurement device was used for measuring the electrical resistivity of cement paste incorporated with retarder.The hydration process was divided into dissolving period,setting period,hardening period.With the increase of the retarder,the dissolution time will increase.The setting time happens between minimum point time and inflexion point time based on the electrical resistivity curve.The strength isoline was proposed to predict the strength trend.

Optimization of cement-based grouts using chemical additives

Grout injection is used for sealing or strengthening the ground in order to prevent water entrance or any failure after excavation.There are many methods of grouting.Permeation grouting is one of the most common types in which the grout material is injected to the pore spaces of the ground.In grouting operations,the grout quality is important to achieve the best results.There are four main characteristics for a grout mixture including bleeding,setting time,strength,and viscosity.In this paper,we try to build some efficient grouting mixtures with different water to cement ratios considering these characteristics.The ingredients of grout mixtures built in this study are cement,water,bentonite,and some chemical additives such as sodium silicate,sodium carbonate,and triethanolamine(TEA).The grout mixtures are prepared for both of the sealing and strengthening purposes for a structural project.Effect of each abovementioned ingredient is profoundly investigated.Since each ingredient may have positive or negative aspect,an optimization of appropriate amount of each ingredient is determined.The optimization is based on 200 grout mixture samples with different percentages of ingredients.Finally,some of these grout mixtures are chosen for the introduced project.It should be mentioned that grouting operations depend on various factors such as pressure of injection,ground structure and grain size of soils.However,quality of a grout can be helpful to make an injection easier and reasonable.For example,during the injection,a wrong estimated setting time can destroy the injected grout by washing the grout or setting early which prevents grouting.This paper tries to show some tests in easy way to achieve a desirable sample of grout.

Hyperbolic Method to Analyze the Electrical Resistivity Curve of Portland Cements with Superplasticizer

Electrical measurement was employed to investigate the early hydration characteristics of cement pastes with different dosages of superplasticizer in the same W/C ratio. The hyperbolic method was applied to analyze the electrical resistivity development. The peak point （Ph） on the hyperbolic curve could be easily read. The time （th） to reach the point Ph had strong relations with the setting time. th was delayed with the increment of the dosage of superplasticizer. The time th was used to plot the relationship between the initial setting time and final setting time. The hyperbolic equation was established to predict the ultimate resistivity. The retardation effect of the superplasticizer was confirmed in the same W/C ratio by setting time and isothermal heat evolution.

Effect of chemical admixtures on properties of high-calcium fly ash geopolymer

Owing to the high viscosity of sodium silicate solution, fly ash geopolymer has the problems of low workability and rapid setting time. Therefore, the effect of chemical admixtures on the properties of fly ash geopolymer was studied to overcome the rapid set of the geo-polymer in this paper. High-calcium fly ash and alkaline solution were used as starting materials to synthesize the geopolymer. Calcium chloride, calcium sulfate, sodium sulfate, and sucrose at dosages of 1wt% and 2wt% of fly ash were selected as admixtures based on concrete knowledge to improve the properties of the geopolymer. The setting time, compressive strength, and degree of reaction were recorded, and the microstructure was examined. The results show that calcium chloride significantly shortens both the initial and final setting times of the geopolymer paste. In addition, sucrose also delays the final setting time significantly. The degrees of reaction of fly ash in the geopolymer paste with the admixtures are all higher than those of the control paste. This contributes to the obvious increases in compressive strength.

Electrical Measurement to Assess Hydration Process and the Porosity Formation

The change of electrical resistivity with time at early ages was used to investigate the hydration process and the porosity development. Porosity reduction process of cement-based materials hydration was developed by a proposed method. The porosity reduction is fast at the setting period. The results find that the pore discontinuity occurs faster at lower water/cement ratios than at higher water/cement ratios which is similar to the results of the Percolation method.

Properties of Steel Slag and Stainless Steel Slag as Cement Replacement Materials:A Comparative Study

To enhance the understanding about the utilization of steel slags as a cementitious material, we comparatively studied the chemical, mineralogical and morphological properties of two types of steel slag; basicoxygen-furnace carbon slag(BOF C) and electric-arc-furnace stainless steel slag(EAF S). Moreover, we studied the standard consistency, setting time and the effect of the slag replacement ratios on the fluidity and compressive strength of blended cement mortar. The experimental results showed that BOF C had higher alkalinity, higher pH value and more hydraulic phases than EAF S. Both types of slag showed water reduction effect due to its high fineness. Neat BOF C paste showed flash set and acceleration in the initial setting time of blended cement especially at high slag proportions. However, EAF S prolonged the setting time of blended cement even at low slag proportions. The pH values for blended cement contained 50% BOF C or EAF S were lower than those of pure cement paste. Despite of slag type, compressive strength gradually decreased with increasing slags content. The strength of BOF C mortar was higher than that of EAF S mortar with the same replacement ratio for the same age. Slag activity index demonstrated that BOF C and EAF S conformed to the Chinese National Standard(GB/T 20491-2006) requirements for steel slag as grade one and grade two, respectively.

Properties of Bamboo Charcoal and Cement-based Composite Materials and Their Microstructure

The objective of this work was to study the properties of bamboo charcoal and cement-based composite materials and their microstructure. The pastes with various bamboo charcoals were prepared and the relative properties such as setting times and strength were tested and the microstructures and pore characteristics of pastes with various bamboos were also studied. The experimental results indicated that bamboo charcoal affects the setting times of cement paste, but the introduction of water reducer relieves this condition. Bamboo charcoal also poses an impact on the hardened paste strength. The prominent strength decrease is found when more and larger size bamboo charcoal is mixed into the cement paste. Bamboo charcoal alters the paste microstructure and increases the porosity and pore volume, but it increases the pores with the diameter of less than 50 μm. The pastes with various bamboo charcoals are given with the good functions such as adjusting humidity and adsorption.

REINFORCEMENT OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE CEMENTS WITH PHOSPHORYLATED CHITIN

Phosphorylated chitins (P-chitins) as the additives of calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) were prepared by the phosphorylation of chitin with phosphorus pentoxide in methanesulfonic acid. Their physical properties and effects on CPCs from monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and calcium oxide (CaO) or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)(2)] were investigated. Addition of P-chitin (M-w = 2.60 x 10(4); degree of substitution, DS = 0.68) to the liquid phase in amounts up to 3 wt.% for MCPM and CaO cements or 1.5 wt.% for DCPD and Ca(OH)(2) cements could enhance the mechanical strength considerably, while little influence on the setting time was observed. However, further addition of P-chitin will cause no setting.

Preparation and Performance of a Fluorine-Free and Alkali-Free Liquid Accelerator for Shotcrete

Based on aluminum sulfate,a fluorine-free and alkali-free liquid accelerator(FF-AF-A)was prepared in this study.The setting time and compressive strength of three cement types with different FF-AF-A dosages were fully investigated.The compatibility of the FF-AF-A with the superplasticizers were also investigated,and the early hydration behavior and morphology of the hydration products of reference cement paste with the FF-AF-A were explored by hydration heat,X-ray diffractometry(XRD),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Test results indicated that adding the FF-AF-A at 8 wt%of the cement weight resulted in 2 min 35 s initial setting time and 6 min 30 s final setting time.The 1-day compressive strength of the cement mortar with 8 wt%of FF-AF-A reached 13.5 MPa,which represents an increase of 35%as compared to the strength of cement mortar without the FF-AF-A,and the 28-day compressive strength ratio was 119%.In addition,the FF-AF-A also showed good compatibility with different superplasticizer dosages.The results show that,when the FF-AF-A was added to the cement paste,it promoted the formation of ettringite crystals due to the aluminum ions(Al^(3+))and sulfate ions(SO_(4)^(2-))reacted with gypsum in the cement,as well as promoted the hydration of tricalcium aluminate(C_(3)A)and tricalcium silicate(C3S)leading to the overall structure becomes more compact.As a consequence,the hydration heat rate of the cement sharply increased,the cement paste setting time is shortened,and the compressive strength of cement mortar is improved.

Flow and Flow Decay of Refractory Castables

Installation of refractory castables depend not only on flow , but also on how soon the flow is lost because of setting. The loss of flow (flow decay) has always been one of the main problems of refractory castable manufacturers , a problem that has not been too well described in literature . The flow decay has been studied for a castable system based on alumina , pointing out some general trends . The flow decay was found very temperature sensitive, being strongly accelerated by temperature increases. To compensate for excessive flow loss, a retarder like citric acid may be used. Thus flow decay was measured as a function of citric acid ( retarder) addition at 35℃.

Physico-chemical Characteristics of Wet-milled Ultrafine-granulated Phosphorus Slag as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

The phosphorus slag（PS） can be used as a supplementary cementitious material due to its potential hydrating activity. However, its usage has been limited by its adverse effects, including prolonged setting and lowered early-stage strength. In this study, we achieved ultrafine granulation of PS using wetmilling（reducing d50 to as low as 2.02 μm） in order to increase its activity, and examined the physico-chemical properties of the resulting materials, including particle-size distribution, slurry pH, zeta potential, and activity index, as well as how their replacement level and granularity affect the setting time and mechanical performance of PS-cement mixture systems. The results suggested that as the granularity increases, there are significant boosts in the uniformity of particle sizes, slurry pH, and activity index, and the effects on cement paste, including setting times, and early-and late-stage strengths, are significantly mitigated. When d（50）=2.02 μm, the slurry becomes strongly alkaline（pH=12.16） compared to the initial d（50）=20.75 μm（pH=9.49）, and the activity is increased by 73%; when used at 40% replacement, the PS-cement mixture system can reach a 28 d compressive strength of 93.2 MPa, 36% higher than that of the pure cement control group.

Hydration Process and Crack Tendency of Concrete Based on Resistivity and Restrained Shrinkage Crack

Hydration process, crack potential and setting time of concrete grade C30, C40 and C50 were monitored by using a non-contact electrical resistivity apparatus, a novel plastic ring mould and penetration resistance methods, respectively. The results show the highest resistivity of C30 at the early stage until a point when C50 accelerated and overtook the others. It has been experimentally confirmed that the crossing point of C30 and C50 corresponds to the final setting time of C50. From resistivity derivative curve, four different stages were observed upon which the hydration process is classified; these are dissolution, induction, acceleration and deceleration periods. Consequently, restrained shrinkage crack and setting time results demonstrated that C50 set and cracked the earliest. The cracking time of all the samples occurred within a reasonable experimental period thus the novel plastic ring is a convenient method for predicting concrete＇s crack potential. The highest inflection time（t_i） obtained from resistivity curve and the final setting time（t_f） were used with crack time（t_c） in coming up with mathematical models for the prediction of concrete＇s cracking age for the range of concrete grade considered. Finally, an ANSYS numerical simulation supports the experimental findings in terms of the earliest crack age of C50 and the crack location.

Potentials of Balanite Endocarp Pod Ash as a Cement Replacement Material

The exponential growth of agricultural wastes such as Balanite seed pod has resulted in waste management issues and finding alternatives through waste recycling is an interesting area of research.Balanite seed pods were collected in Yobe state,washed,dried,crushed.Balanite endocarp pod ash(BEPA)was calcined at 600°C for 3 hours in a muffle furnace and the biomass was characterized with X-ray fluorescence spectrometer to determine its chemical composition.The analysis showed that the ash composed of silica,alumina and ferric oxide(74.24 wt.%)indicated a strong pozzolan based on American Standard.The BEPA possessed a high loss on ignition of 8.24 wt.%owing to the presence of unburnt carbon in the ash.The ash obtained was sieved with 75µm sieve and cement was replaced with ash between 2.5 wt.%~12.5 wt.%at interval of 2.5 wt.%to assess its impact on cement properties such as setting time,consistence,mortar strength and water absorption.Results showed that as percentage replacement increases,the water absorption increased while the mortar strength diminished whereas as the curing days progressed its strength improved despite clinker diminution due to cement hydration.60 days strength for below 10 wt.%BEPA cement blend produced enhanced strength compared with control which is evidence of slow pozzolanic reactions.The optimum percentage replacement with BEPA was obtained at 7.5 wt.%replacement beyond which significantly affected the cement properties especially its strength.It could be agreed that BEPA has potentials to be considered and employed as a cement replacement material.