Changes in human settlement environments and their drivers in valley cities located in arid and semi-arid regions:A case study of Lanzhou in Western China

Development of urban human settlement environments(HSEs)is an integral part of promoting high-quality and sustainable regional development and constructing a beautiful China.The city of Lanzhou,located at the geometric center of China,is the only provincial capital traversed by the Yellow River.Given the constraints posed by the valley topography and the need for economic development,the development of this HSE,which is located within an arid region,poses considerable challenges.Evidently,an understanding of the evolution of HSEs and drivers of changes in them contributes to high-quality,sustainable urban development in arid and semi-arid regions.An analytical model was developed using the parameters of relief degree of land surface,human comfort days,the land cover index,nighttime light index,and precipitation.This model was used in combination with population density and the gross domestic product to analyze the spatial distribution of Lanzhou's HSE and its drivers.The results showed that landscapes in Lanzhou underwent significant changes between 2000 and 2022,with an increase in building-up land(+0.946%),cultivated land(+0.134%),and forest land(+0.018%)and a decrease in grassland(-1.10%).There was significant outward expansion of the main urban zone of Lanzhou and of various county towns,with the increase in building-up land being most prominent.During this period,there were significant changes in the periphery of the core urban area and county towns in Lanzhou,with decreases moving from the urban center(the highest value)to the surrounding areas(Yongdeng County had the lowest value).The correlation between the HSE and population density grew stronger in Anning and Chengguan Districts but became weaker in Xigu and Qilihe Districts.Spatiotemporal variations in the HSE were primarily caused by climate change,followed by human activities,and were also influenced by the valley topography.Overall,the spatial distribution of population density and the HSE in Lanzhou demonstrated good consistency under the in-fluence of economic development and urbanization.

Reflections on the Improvement of Rural Human Settlement Environment from the Perspective of Beauty and Livability

The construction of beautiful and livable villages is one of the important tasks of ruralrevitalization in the new era, and the development of rural areas attaches more and more importanceto the improvement of human settlement environment. By investigating the construction status andexisting problems of Zhaoba Village in Nanjing, it tries to take “beauty” and “livability” as the planningrequirements. The village positioning is planned accurately, and the functional layout is carried outreasonably. According to the characteristic industries, landscape features and infrastructure of ZhaobaVillage, humanized construction strategies are put forward, thus improving the quality of human settlementenvironment in Zhaoba Village.

Protection and Management for Ancient Villages from the Perspective of Human Settlement Environment——A Case Study of Xichong Village,Sikou Town,Wuyuan County

As urbanization continues, traditional villages are confronted by the conflict between protection and development, especially for ancient villages in living envi- ronment. China landscape is so vast, dominated by rural areas. Human settlement environment of ancient villages is so important for studying domestic human settle- ment environment, including ancient structure analysis and eco-resource organization. The research explored Xichong Village, Sikou Town, Wuyuan County and detailed how to improve its environment, providing references for ancient village development in settlement environment.

Reflection on Rural Settlement Environmental Landscape of Mixed Living Areas of Multination in Xinjiang Province of China——A Case Study of Wuchang Region

As Xinjiang rural settlement planning has only paid attention to the completion of basic community functions but neglected landscape planning and shaping,strategies for sustainable development have been proposed by taking rural settlement landscape construction in mixed living areas of Wuchang for example.It should well deal with problems about nationalities and religious belief,solve the contradiction between traditional life and production mode and modern standardized agricultural life and production mode,promote the maximization of settlement landscape function,coordinate the relation between settlement landscape and natural environment,make settlement landscape correspond with traditional geomancy,construct definite landscape position and create regional landscape feature.Finally,in view of the design and renovation of settlement landscape,it has proposed respecting local natural geological condition,respecting current settlement pattern and layout,avoiding rebuilding new villages,and founding a"Settlement Landscape Construction and Development Autonomous Committee".

Difficulties and Countermeasures of Rural Human Settlement Environment Governance in Tianjin

The course of rural human settlement environment governance in Tianjin could be roughly divided into four stages:germination,initiation,promotion and deepening.After the development for nearly 20 years,rural human settlement environment governance of Tianjin is faced with many difficulties,such as imperfect village construction planning,poor use effect of sewage facilities,low participation of farmers,and insufficient financial investment.Therefore,some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward,such as scientific planning and overall consideration,innovating financing mechanism,encouraging diversified investment of funds,and strengthening the publicity of rural human settlement environment governance.

Fringe View: Problems and Construction of Human Settlement Environment for "Village-in-City"

The construction of human settlement environment is one of the important contents in the domain of sustainable development. We try to annotate human settlement environment for "village- in-city" from the angle of fringe view. According to the macro-system thought of human settlement environment science, the evolvement, which can be generalized into four phases, connotation and problems (including social, economic, and environmental problems) of "village-in-city" are discussed primarily in this paper. Some domestic and international researches and practices are also summarized and assessed in the paper. Based on the analysis, some appropriate clues and suggestions for the construction of "village-in-city" have been put forward.

Uncertainty evaluation of the coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy in Changsha city

The coordinated development of human settlement environment and economy is of vital significance to urban sustainable development and urban ecosystem health. Urban human settlement and economic systems exist in urban ecosystems, which are a structural complexity. Therefore the research is being challenged by some uncertain factors between human settlements and economic systems. However most of the researches were focused on its determinate objective aspects and qualitative analyses while less concern on the quanti- tative evaluation of coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy, especially little on its uncertain aspect. At present, the urgent task is to study the coordinated development of urban settlement environment and economy in terms of the effect of uncertainty. This study analyzed the uncertain characteristics, which would be confronted at different stages, such as confirming the index categories, their bound values, and their construction rate, etc. According to the actual urban conditions, many construction principles based on uncertainties are put forward and an indicating system for human settlement and economic evaluation is established. Moreover, the application of fuzzy mathematics presents a new method and a calculation model for the comprehensive assessment of the coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy. The application of the method and model in Changsha city of China showed that the assessment results can reflect not only the overall coordination degree of the city, but also the mode of interactive mechanism between urban economic system and human settlement environment.

Natural environment suitability for human settlements in China based on GIS

With the degeneration of environment and acceleration of urbanization,human environment has attracted great attention worldwide.This paper sets up the Human Settlements Environment Index(HEI) model and evaluates the natural environment suitability for Human Settlements in China based on GIS technology.The results show that the HEI of China decreases from southeast to northwest in general,HEI is significantly correlated with population density at grid size and the correlation coefficient(r) between them reaches 0.93,which indicates that natural environment suitability for Human Settlements has a significant influence on population distribution.Most people in China mainly concentrate in areas with high natural environment suitability.The total suitable area is 430.47×104 km2,which accounts for nearly 45% of the total land area in China,while the proportion of people living in the area reaches 96.56%.With a population density of 18 people per square kilometer,the critical area is the transitional region for people to live in China.The critical area covers 225.11×104 km2 with a population of 41.12 million.The non-suitable area covers 304.42×104 km2 with a population of only 2.49 million.

从地理到风景:海岛聚落介入环境的适宜性演变——以平潭地区为例

海岛,因其隔绝的地理环境而具有独特的景观资源,在当下休闲旅游市场中具有不可替代性和可持续发展的必要性。旅游要素的介入推动海岛聚落从依赖地理环境的实用导向,向追求风景的方向转型加速。文章以平潭地区为例,分析并总结海岛聚落演变的环境驱动因素,揭示聚落边界、空间结构与建筑单体介入环境的适宜性演变规律,并探索其适宜性发展途径,以期为未来海岛聚落空间的更新提供参考,进而推进海岛的可持续发展。

Human Settlement Analysis Based on Multi-temporal Remote Sensing Data： A Case Study of Xuzhou City, China

To evaluate urban human settlement, we propose a human settlement environment development index(HSEDI) model by choosing vegetation coverage, land surface temperature, impervious surfaces, slope, wetness, and water condition as the evaluation factors. We applied the proposed model to Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China. Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper(TM) images from 1998 to 2010 and digital elevation model(DEM) data with a 30-m resolution were used to calculate the values of the six evaluation factors. The HSEDI value in Xuzhou City was found to be between 2.24 and 8.10 from 1998 to 2010, and it was further divided into five levels, uninhabitable, moderately uninhabitable, generally inhabitable, moderately inhabitable, and inhabitable. The best HSEDI value was in 2007. The generally inhabitable region was about 100.98 km^2, covering 30.87% of the total area in 2007; the moderately inhabitable region was about 170.58 km2 covering 52.15% of the total area; the inhabitable region was about 32.03 km^2, covering 9.79% of the total area; the percentage of the uninhabitable region was zero; and that of the moderately uninhabitable region was very small, less than 1.00%. Moreover, we analyzed the habitability in the respect of spatial patterns and change detection. Results show that the degraded regions of habitability quality are mainly located in the urban fringe and the improved regions are mainly located in the main urban and rural areas. Reason for the degraded habitability quality is the rapid progress of urbanization. However, the increase in urban green spaces and the construction of the main urban area promoted the improved habitability quality. Besides, we further analyzed socio-economic and socio-demographic data to confirm the results of the habitability analysis. The results indicate that the human settlement in Xuzhou City is in a satisfactory condition, but some efforts should be made to control the possible uninhabitable and moderately uninhabitable regions, and to improve the quality of the generally inhabitable regions.

基于GIS的滇中地区人居环境适宜性评价

科学评估人居环境适宜性,有助于城市可持续发展,实现人类活动与自然环境和谐共处。研究基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术,以1 km×1 km栅格为基本研究单元,构建了滇中地区地形、水文、植被、气候单要素和综合人居环境适宜性评价模型与标准,从空间上定量评价了滇中地区的人居环境适宜性空间分布特征。研究表明:(1)从自然单要素的适宜性评价结果来看,气候、水文和地被的适宜性评价结果均以比较适宜为主;而地形是该区域人居环境适宜性的主要限制要素,且在空间上分区比较破碎,以一般适宜地区为主,主要分布在区域的西部和北部。(2)从人居环境适宜性综合评价结果来看,整体的人居环境状况较好,空间上呈片状分布的特征,临界适宜和一般适宜地区区域点总面积的80%以上;昆明市的不适宜地区面积占比最高,高度适宜地区面积较小但多数分布在楚雄州,曲靖市整体的人居环境状况最好。(3)结合人口数量和密度空间分布数据来看,人口分布与人居环境适宜性在空间分布上存在较高一致性,滇中地区近90%的人分布在临界适宜、一般适宜和比较适宜地区。

江汉平原史前景观考古研究进展

新石器时代至晚商是史前人类文明富有爆发力与创造力且遗址遗迹相对较多的时期,本次综述据此结合江汉平原史前景观考古热点进行整理。首先综述史前城址与聚落的考古总况、分布格局、选址、特征与变迁,并对其所反映的史前文化、择居观与社会组织等进行延伸探讨;其次从史前云梦泽的变迁、史前植物考古两方面综述江汉平原的史前环境。认为江汉平原的史前景观具有很大的挖掘潜力和研究价值,尤其史前植物考古与生态环境复原研究非常缺乏。新石器时代至晚商对人居环境史学是一片相对苍白的领域,故而对江汉平原史前景观考古的综述整理将对此具有重要补充价值。

环保型Al_(2)O_(3)纳米流体的氧化稳定性和黏度特性

玉米油作为纳米流体基液存在易氧化问题,特丁基对苯二酚的添加有望提高玉米油抗氧化性能。以玉米油作为基液,Al_(2)O_(3)作为纳米颗粒,以特丁基对苯二酚为抗氧化剂,制备新型环保型纳米流体,研究其沉降稳定性和抗氧化特性。从颗粒粒径、颗粒质量分数、抗氧化剂种类、抗氧化剂添加量等角度,研究不同时间下纳米流体的氧化产物含量与黏度。结果表明,不加入分散剂、100 mL玉米油、Al_(2)O_(3)纳米颗粒粒径为20 nm、颗粒质量分数为1.1083%,制得的纳米流体沉降稳定性最佳。添加0.7%特丁基对苯二酚的纳米流体具有最优的抗氧化性能,特丁基对苯二酚分子中存在2个酚羟基,2个酚羟基分别提供1个氢离子,在玉米油中形成稳定的醌类化合物,使得玉米油的氧化速率变缓。添加特丁基对苯二酚的含量在小于0.4%时,特丁基对苯二酚的含量不足以有效延缓油脂的氧化反应。当特丁基对苯二酚添加量超过0.7%时,仅能够小幅度的提高纳米流体的抗氧化性能,氧化诱导时间增长缓慢,相反会大幅度的增加纳米流体的黏度。制备的纳米流体具有环保、抗氧化性能好的特点,能够有效地减缓氧化物质的生成。此研究有助于环保型纳米流体抗氧化研究的进一步发展。

皖北乡村聚落环境景观评价——以安徽萧县为例

乡村景观评价是乡村景观规划与设计的重要基础,为乡村景观规划建设提供依据。综合文献查阅和实地问卷调研,从便捷性、健康性、安全性、舒适性以及文化性5个准则层及24个因子层构建皖北乡村聚落环境景观评价体系。通过对安徽萧县乡村聚落环境景观进行主客观评价分析,结果表明村民性别与“安全性”、“舒适性”呈正相关,年龄与“健康性”、“安全性”呈正相关,与“文化性”呈负相关,家庭年收入与全部指标皆呈正相关,学历、职业与各指标无显著的相关性。乡村聚落环境景观存在基础设施不健全、景观面貌杂乱及乡村文化不突出等问题,并提出相应的对策建议,以期为皖北乡村聚落环境景观改善提供参考。

Analysis of the Choice of Return Mechanism of PPP Model in Rural Human Settlement Improvement under the Rural Revitalization Strat­egy:Research Based on the Perspective of Evolutionary Game

The improvement of rural human settlement environment is a significant direction of the rural revitalization strategy.Based on the finite rational evolutionary game theory,a cooperative behavior evolutionary game model of rural human settlement environment improvement PPP model with local government,social capital and rural residents as the main game players with the reward mechanism of Government Payment and one with the reward mechanism of Viability Gap Funding are constructed.Comparing the total project revenue of two reward mechanisms,the thesis will obtain the effects of choosing the reward mechanism of rural human settlement improvement PPP.Finally,available suggestions are made to the decision of the reward mechanism of PPP project about rural human settlement environment,thus promoting the application and development of PPP in rural environmental management and to promote sustainable improvement of rural habitat improvement.

新时代“枫桥经验”在环境治理中的作用与发展

新时代“枫桥经验”是我国多元化纠纷解决机制的重要组成部分,在防止问题恶化、促进友好协商等方面有其独特优势。在我国大力推动生态文明建设的背景下,“枫桥经验”能够发挥及时调处环境纠纷、对环境进行软法治理等作用。然而,面向环境治理,新时代“枫桥经验”仍存在缺少环境保护相关的社会规范、未破解“司法迷信”以及缺乏调解效果保障机制等现实问题,有阻碍其充分发挥应然功能之虞。因此,亟须通过完善相关立法,增补环境类社会规范、避免过度依赖司法途径,以及健全调解效果保障机制等途径予以纾解。

2015~2022年兰州市中心城区大气环境容量变化特征分析

本研究利用2015~2022年气象资料,对大气环境容量计算方法--A值法进行修正,计算出兰州市中心城区不同季节的A值为春季4.14×10^(4)km^(2)、夏季3.51×10^(4)km^(2)、秋季1.28×10^(4)km^(2)、冬季1.12×10^(4)km^(2)。运用修正A值法,考虑污染物的干、湿沉降清除量和化学转化清除量,计算兰州市中心城区6种大气污染物(O3、NO_(2)、CO、SO_(2)、PM2.5和PM10)在8年间四季变化量及大气环境容量,并对修正A值法的主要参数(风速、背景值浓度、干沉降速率和降水量)在±30%范围内进行调整,系统分析污染物的大气环境容量对各参数变化的敏感性。结果表明,8年间兰州市中心城区的空气质量不断改善。除O3外,其他污染物在春、夏季的大气环境容量高于秋、冬季。O3大气环境容量一直在无环境容量上波动;NO_(2)大气环境容量呈“M”型变化,2020年达到最大值(3.59×10^(4) t);PM2.5大气环境容量呈波动增长趋势,2022年达到最大值(2.04×10^(4) t);其他污染物的大气环境容量逐年增加。在进行污染源控制时,首要任务是巩固CO和SO_(2)的防治成果,并以O3、PM10和PM2.5的污染防控为主要目标。参数敏感性分析结果显示,风速和污染物背景值浓度对大气环境容量的影响很大,污染物大气环境容量的变化范围为−40%~70%,CO、SO_(2)背景值浓度在±30%范围内变化,其大气环境容量变化分别为±13.71%和±4.52%。干沉降速率和降水量影响甚微,污染物环境容量变化仅在±4.16%以内。

Electrical Stimulation Greatly Increases Settlement, Growth, Survival, and Stress Resistance of Marine Organisms

Increasing stress from global warming, sea level rise, acidification, sedimentation, pollution, and unsustainable practices have degraded the most critical coastal ecosystems including coral reefs, oyster reefs, and salt marshes. Conventional restoration methods work only under perfect conditions, but fail nearly completely when the water becomes too hot or water quality deteriorates. New methods are needed to greatly increase settlement, growth, survival, and resistance to environmental stress of keystone marine organisms in order to maintain critical coastal ecosystem functions including shore protection, fisheries, and biodiversity. Electrolysis methods have been applied to marine ecosystem restoration since 1976, with spectacular results (Figures 1(a)-(c)). This paper provides the first overall review of the data. Low-voltage direct current trickle charges are found to increase the settlement of corals 25.86 times higher than uncharged control sites, to increase the mean growth rates of reef-building corals, soft corals, oysters, and salt marsh grass— an average of 3.17 times faster than controls (ranging from 2 to 10 times depending on species and conditions), and to increase the survival of electrically charged marine organisms—an average of 3.47 times greater than controls, with the biggest increases under the most severe environmental stresses. These results are caused by the fundamental biophysical stimulation of natural biochemical energy production pathways, used by all organisms, provided by electrical stimulation under the right conditions. This paper reviews for the first time all published results from properly designed, installed, and maintained projects, and contrasts them with those that do not meet these criteria.

Human settlement's social network analysis based on spatial trend surface model:a case study of Chongqing Municipality

Integrated with GIS and remote sensing(RS) technology,a systematic analysis and its methodology for human-settlements social environment has been introduced.This methodology has been called spatial trend field model(STFM).STFM's application history in the field of human-settlements social environment has been discussed at first.Then,some index data models have been created through STFM,which include population density trend field,human activity strength trend field,city-town spatial density trend field,urbanization ratio trend field,road density trend field,GDP spatial density trend field and PER-GDP spatial density trend field.With all above-mentioned indexes as input data,through Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis Techniques Algorithm(ISODATA),this paper makes a verification study of Chongqing municipality.The result of the case study confirms that STFM methodology is credible and has high efficiency for regional human-settlements study.

生态环境损害救济中协商机制规范的反思与调适

协商机制的运用是提高生态环境损害救济效能的重要一环。目前,生态环境损害救济政府索赔路径中的协商机制虽取得了良好的实效,但规范层级过低,难以对磋商中的证据保全以及协议的司法确认作出有效安排。行政执法路径中的法定协商空间不足,易导致行政机关通过非正式协商逃避法治约束的问题出现。两种路径中协商机制规范基础的巨大差异又破坏了环境法的体系性。解决上述问题需要正确认识生态环境损害责任的公法属性,明确行政执法路径在其中的主导地位,顺应现代行政裁量治理公私协力的模式转型。在此基础上,通过在一部能够对生态环境损害救济的两种路径进行统一调配的法律层级的规范中消除磋商制度的现有瑕疵,并基于体系化思路将政府索赔路径中的协商机制作为范本,放宽对行政执法路径中协商机制的规范限制,再辅以精准的程序约束,从而实现生态环境损害救济中协商机制的规范完善。