Clinical characteristics of community-acquired pneumonia in children caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae with or without myocardial damage:A single-center retrospective study

BACKGROUND Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)is a prevalent pathogen that causes respiratory infections in children and adolescents.AIM To assess the differences in the clinical features of MP-associated communityacquired pneumonia(CAP)in children who presented with mild or severe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP);to identify the incidence of myocardial damage between the two groups.METHODS This work is a retrospective study.We identified children between 2 mo and 16 years of age with clinical and radiological findings consistent with CAP.We admitted patients to the inpatient department of the Second Hospital of Jilin University,Changchun,China,from January 2019 to December 2019.RESULTS A total of 409 hospitalized patients were diagnosed with MPP.Among them were 214(52.3%)males and 195(47.7%)females.The duration of fever and cough was the longest in severe MPP cases.Similarly,plasma levels of highly sensitive Creactive protein(t=-2.834,P<0.05),alanine transaminase(t=-2.511,P<0.05),aspartate aminotransferase(t=-2.939,P<0.05),and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)(t=-2.939,P<0.05)were all elevated in severe MPP cases compared with mild MPP cases,and these elevations were statistically significant(P<0.05).Conversely,the neutrophil percentage was significantly lower in severe MPP cases than in mild MPP cases.The incidence of myocardial damage was significantly higher in severe MPP cases than in mild MPP cases(χ^(2)=157.078,P<0.05).CONCLUSION Mycoplasma pneumoniae is the main cause of CAP.The incidence of myocardial damage was higher and statistically significant in severe MPP cases than in mild MPP cases.

B-type natriuretic peptide in predicting the severity of community-acquired pneumonia

BACKGROUND: Although pneumonia severity index(PSI) is widely used to evaluate the severity of community-acquired pneumonia(CAP), the calculation of PSI is very complicated. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP) in predicting the severity of CAP.METHODS: For 202 patients with CAP admitted to the emergency department, BNP levels, cardiac load indexes, inf lammatory indexes including C-reactive protein(CRP), white blood cell count(WBC), and PSI were detected. The correlation between the indexes and PSI was investigated. BNP levels for survivor and non-survivor groups were compared, and a receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis was performed on the BNP levels versus PSI.RESULTS: The BNP levels increased with CAP severity(r=0.782, P<0.001). The BNP levels of the high-risk group(PSI classes IV and V) were signifi cantly higher than those of the low-risk group(PSI classes I–III)(P<0.001). The BNP levels were signifi cantly higher in the non-survivor group than in the survivor group(P<0.001). In addition, there were positive correlations between BNP levels and PSI scores(r=0.782, P<0.001). The BNP level was highly accurate in predicting the severity of CAP(AUC=0.952). The optimal cut-off point of BNP level for distinguishing high-risk patients from low-risk ones was 125.0 pg/m L, with a sensitivity of 0.891 and a specifi city of 0.946. Moreover, BNP level was accurate in predicting mortality(AUC=0.823). Its optimal cut-off point for predicting death was 299.0 pg/m L, with a sensitivity of 0.675 and a specifi city of 0.816. Its negative predictive cut-off value was 0.926, and the positive predictive cut-off value was 0.426.CONCLUSION: BNP level is positively correlated with the severity of CAP, and may be used as a biomarker for evaluating the severity of CAP.

Clinical factors associated with composition of lung microbiota and important taxa predicting clinical prognosis in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia

Few studies have described the key features and prognostic roles of lung microbiota in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia(SCAP).We prospectively enrolled consecutive SCAP patients admitted to ICU.Bronchoscopy was performed at bedside within 48 h of ICU admission,and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was applied to the collected bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.The primary outcome was clinical improvements defined as a decrease of 2 categories and above on a 7-category ordinal scale within 14 days following bronchoscopy.Sixty-seven patients were included.Multivariable permutational multivariate analysis of variance found that positive bacteria lab test results had the strongest independent association with lung microbiota(R2=0.033;P=0.018),followed by acute kidney injury(AKI;R2=0.032;P=0.011)and plasma MIP-1βlevel(R2=0.027;P=0.044).Random forest identified that the families Prevotellaceae,Moraxellaceae,and Staphylococcaceae were the biomarkers related to the positive bacteria lab test results.Multivariable Cox regression showed that the increase inα-diversity and the abundance of the families Prevotellaceae and Actinomycetaceae were associated with clinical improvements.The positive bacteria lab test results,AKI,and plasma MIP-1βlevel were associated with patients’lung microbiota composition on ICU admission.The families Prevotellaceae and Actinomycetaceae on admission predicted clinical improvements.

Desmoglein 2(DSG2) Is A Receptor of Human Adenovirus Type 55 Causing Adult Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Human adenovirus type 55(HAdV-B55) is a re-emergent acute respiratory disease pathogen that causes adult communityacquired pneumonia(CAP). Previous studies have shown that the receptor of HAdV-B14, which genome is highly similar with HAdV-B55, is human Desmoglein 2(DSG2). However, whether the receptor of HAdV-B55 is DSG2 is undetermined because there are three amino acid mutations in the fiber gene between HAdV-B14 and HAdV-B55. Here, firstly we found the 3T3 cells, a mouse embryo fibroblast rodent cell line which does not express human DSG2, were able to be infected by HAdV-B55 after transfected with pcDNA3.1-DSG2, while normal 3T3 cells were still unsusceptible to HAdV-B55 infection. Next, A549 cells with h DSG2 knock-down by siRNA were hard to be infected by HAdV-B3/-B14/-B55, while the control siRNA group was still able to be infected by all these types of HAdVs. Finally, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy indicated visually that Cy3-conjugated HAdV-B55 viruses entered A549 cells by binding to DSG2 protein.Therefore, DSG2 is a major receptor of HAdV-B55 causing adult CAP. Our finding is important for better understanding of interactions between adenoviruses and host cells and may shed light on the development of new drugs that can interfere with these processes as well as for the development of potent prophylactic vaccines.

红细胞分布宽度、胆碱酯酶、降钙素原对老年重症社区获得性肺炎病人28 d死亡风险的预测价值

目的探讨红细胞分布宽度(RDW)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)、降钙素原(PCT)对老年重症社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)病人28 d死亡风险的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2021年12月入住徐州医科大学附属医院的86例老年SCAP病人的临床资料。根据28 d转归情况将病人分为生存组(n=50)与死亡组(n=36)。比较两组病人的一般资料以及入院24 h内的化验结果。结果死亡组病人的急性生理学和慢性健康状况评价Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、脓毒症相关性器官功能衰竭评价(SOFA)、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞(NEU)计数、RDW[(15.61±1.82)%比(13.89±1.35)%]、PCT[14.71(2.37,23.64)μg/L比0.46(0.19,3.29)μg/L]、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、乳酸(LAC)大于生存组,血小板(PLT)计数、白蛋白(ALB)、CHE[2920.00(1992.00,3638.00)IU/L比4443.00(3174.00,5275.00)IU/L]、pH、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)小于生存组(P<0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示RDW、CHE、PCT是老年SCAP病人死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。Spearman相关分析显示,RDW与PCT呈正相关(r=0.30,P=0.005),RDW与CHE呈负相关(r=−0.30,P=0.005)。ROC曲线分析显示RDW、CHE、PCT预测老年SCAP病人死亡的AUC分别为0.75、0.71、0.75。联合指标行ROC曲线分析显示RDW+CHE、RDW+PCT、CHE+PCT、RDW+CHE+PCT预测老年SCAP病人死亡的AUC分别为0.81、0.87、0.84、0.92,联合指标对老年SCAP病人死亡的预测能力大于单一指标,RDW+CHE+PCT三项联合指标的预测能力最强。结论RDW和/或PCT升高、CHE降低是老年SCAP病人死亡的高危因素。而且,RDW、CHE、PCT对老年SCAP病人的28 d死亡风险存在预测价值,各指标联合预测价值更高。

Efficacy and significance of various scores for pneumonia severity in the management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in China

Background Community-acquired pneumonia （CAP） remains one of the leading causes ot death from infectious diseases around the world.Most severe CAP patients are admitted to the intensive care unit （ICU）,and receive intense treatment.The present study aimed to evaluate the role of the pneumonia severity index （PSI）,CURB-65,and sepsis score in the management of hospitalized CAP patients and explore the effect of ICU treatment on prognosis of severe cases.Methods A total of 675 CAP patients hospitalized in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were retrospectively investigated.The ability of different pneumonia severity scores to predict mortality was compared for effectiveness,while the risk factors associated with 30-day mortality rates and hospital length of stay （LOS） were evaluated.The effect of ICU treatment on the outcomes of severe CAP patients was also investigated.Results All three scoring systems revealed that the mortality associated with the low-risk or intermediate-risk group was significantly lower than with the high-risk group.As the risk level increased,the frequency of ICU admission rose in tandem and LOS in the hospital was prolonged.The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve in the prediction of mortality were 0.94,0.91 and 0.89 for the PSI,CURB-65 and sepsis score,respectively.Compared with the corresponding control groups,the mortality was markedly increased in patients with a history of smoking,prior admission to ICU,respiratory failure,or co-morbidity of heart disease.The differences were also identified in LOS between control groups and patients with ICU treatment,heart,or cerebrovascular disease.Logistic regression analysis showed that age over 65 years,a history of smoking,and respiratory failure were closely related to mortality in the overall CAP cohort,whereas age,ICU admission,respiratory failure,and LOS at home between disease attack and hospital admission were identified as independent risk factors for mortality in the high-risk CAP sub-group.The 30-day mortality of patients who underwent ICU treatment on admission was also higher than for non-ICU treatment,but much lower than for those patients who took ICU treatment subsequent to the failure of non-ICU treatment.Conclusions Each severity score system,CURB-65,sepsis severity score and especially PSI,was capable of effectively predicting CAP mortality.Delayed ICU admission was related to higher mortality rates in severe CAP patients.

儿童SCAP原学检测和危险因素分析

目的了解儿童重症社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)的病原谱,并对其致病危险因素进行分析。方法以2008年1月至2013年12月期间来武汉市第八医院儿科就诊的4 050例社区获得性肺炎患儿为研究对象,从中筛选出重症社区获得性肺炎患儿526例,采集526例患儿的痰标本进行细菌检测和病毒检测;对上述研究对象进行病毒RNA提取及基因扩增,应用非条件Logistic回归进行影响因素分析。结果重症社区获得性肺炎以幼儿发病较常见,细菌检出率39.16%,病毒检出率37.64%;年龄、合并基础疾病、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染、是否合并胸腔积液、血红蛋白浓度、症状持续时间、白细胞计数等是儿童SCAP发病的主要影响因素(OR值分别为0.652、5.660、1.890、1.310、1.580、1.390、1.450,均P<0.05);小于1岁者感染程度最高,占55.7%,到6岁以上感染程度降低到2.5%。结论重症社区获得性肺炎发病呈现明显的季节性和年龄性,细菌是主要病原,合并基础性疾病、RSV感染和革兰氏阴性菌是其发病的主要影响因素。

CRP等指标与成人重症肺炎预后关系的探讨

目的:观察重症社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)治疗期间C反应蛋白(CRP)、体温(T)、白细胞总数(WBC)、动脉血气(PaO2)、继发器官功能衰竭评分(SOFA)的变化,研究CRP与临床指标对于重症肺炎预后评估的价值。方法:回顾性分析重症监护室的SCAP患者从住院第1天至第7天CRP水平、T、WBC、PaO2及总SOFA变化,按照存活组及死亡组进行比较。结果:两组患者CRP、T、WBC、PaO2及总SOFA评分阳性率无显著差异,住院期间存活组CRP水平、WBC及SOFA评分从第3天开始明显下降、入院3 d CRP降低>50%,T及PaO2趋于正常;而死亡组CRP水平及SOFA评分下降缓慢,且T、WBC及PaO2改善不明显。两组每日CRP水平及SOFA评分差异显著。结论:连续进行CRP、SOFA监测对判断重症肺炎预后有价值。

5-羟色胺对重症社区获得性肺炎严重程度的预测研究

目的利用非靶向代谢组学分析方法,探寻重症社区获得性肺炎(SCAP)潜在预后标志物。方法采用液相色谱质谱联用分析技术(LC-MS),对2015年1月至2019年6月收集于北京协和医院的30名健康成人志愿者和68例重症社区获得性肺炎患者的血浆样本进行代谢物检测。根据临床预后,患者可分为存活组(n=1949)和死亡组(n=1919)。采用多元统计分析方法OPLS-DA和单变量统计分析方法Kruskal Wallis检验筛选差异代谢物。对差异代谢物进行预后分析和相关性分析。结果液相色谱质谱联用分析技术检测出健康成人与重症社区获得性肺炎患者共有代谢物3463个。OPLS-DA和Kruskal Wallis Test分析方法筛选出差异代谢物126个。5-羟色胺(5-HT)在存活组和死亡组间具有显著性差异(P<0.05,AUC>0.75)。5-HT与氧合指数(OI)呈正相关,与急性生理与慢性健康评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)呈负相关。结论5-HT能够预测重症社区获得性肺炎患者的预后,可作为预后预测的潜在生物标志物。

重症社区获得性肺炎的集束化治疗难点分析

重症社区获得性肺炎起病急,进展迅猛,往往表现为严重和持久的低氧血症,甚至出现急性呼吸窘迫综合征,同时也易并发严重的血流动力学异常出现循环衰竭,甚至出现多系统器官功能障碍,导致其病死率增高。其最常见的病原体仍为肺炎链球菌,而病毒、非典型病原体尤其是军团菌在致病原中的地位逐渐显现。将合并不同表现(如脓毒症休克、急性呼吸窘迫综合征)的重症社区获得性肺炎按照循证医学证据进行集束化、标准化、流程化治疗,有助于改善患者预后,可有效降低重症肺炎患者的病死率。

基于代谢组学的中医药治疗重症社区获得性肺炎的思考

重症社区获得性肺炎是常见的呼吸系统危重病,中西医结合治疗本病有一定优势。代谢组学具有的整体、系统、动态等特点与中医学的整体观和辨证论治等思想基本一致,其兴起和相关技术的发展成熟为中医药治疗重症社区获得性肺炎的研究提供了参考。文章将从代谢组学的角度探讨中医药诊治重症社区获得性肺炎,旨在为科学研究提供思路。