Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children

Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is the most frequent and important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children. It is a seasonal virus, with peak rates of infection occurring annually in the cold season in temperate climates, and in the rainy season, as temperatures fall, in tropical climates. High risk groups for severe RSV disease include infants below six mo of age, premature infants with or without chronic lung disease, infants with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease, infants with immunodeficiency or cystic fibrosis, and infants with neuromuscular diseases. Mortality rates associated with RSV infection are generally low in previous healthy infants(below 1%), but increase significantly in children with underlying chronic conditions and comorbidities. Following early RSV lower respiratory tract infection, some patients experience recurrent episodes of wheezing mimicking early childhood asthma with persistence of lung function abnormalities until adolescence. There is currently no RSV vaccine available, but promising candidate vaccines are in development. Palivizumab, a monoclonal RSV antibody that is the only tool for immunoprophylaxis in high-riskinfants, lowers the burden of RSV infection in certain carefully selected patient groups.

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Southern India

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infections among children.AIM To investigate the proportion of RSV and non-RSV respiratory viral infections among hospitalized children ≤ 5 years.METHODS Hospitalized children aged < 5 years, with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory infections(ALRI), admitted between August 2011-August 2013, were included.Cases were defined as laboratory-confirmed RSV and non-RSV respiratory viruses by direct fluorescence assay from the nasopharyngeal wash.RESULTS Of 383 1-59 mo old children hospitalized with an acute lower respiratory infection, 33.9%(130/383) had evidence of viral infection, and RSV was detected in 24.5%(94/383). Co-infections with RSV and other respiratory viruses(influenza A or B, adenovirus, para influenza 1, 2 or 3) were seen in children 5.5%(21/383). Over 90% of the RSV-positive children were under 2 years of age. RSV was detected throughout the year with peaks seen after the monsoon season.Children hospitalized with RSV infection were more likely to have been exposed to a shorter duration of breastfeeding of less than 3 mo. RSV positive children had a shorter hospital stay, although there were significant complications requiring intensive care. Use of antibiotics was high among those with RSV and non-RSV viral infections.CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence of a high proportion of RSV and other virusassociated ALRI among hospitalized children in India. RSV infection was associated with fewer days of hospital stay compared to other causes of lower respiratory infections. A high level of antibiotic use was seen among all respiratory virus-associated hospitalizations. These results suggest the need for implementing routine diagnostics for respiratory pathogens in order to minimize the use of unnecessary antibiotics and plan prevention strategies among pediatric populations.

Comparison of acute pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses in children:a retrospective multi-center cohort study during COVID-19 outbreak

Background:Until January 18,2021,coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19)has infected more than 93 million individuals and has caused a certain degree of panic.Viral pneumonia caused by common viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus,rhinovirus,human metapneumovirus,human bocavirus,and parainfluenza viruses have been more common in children.However,the incidence of COVID-19 in children was significantly lower than that in adults.The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical manifestations,treatment and outcomes of COVID-19 in children compared with those of other sources of viral pneumonia diagnosed during the COVID-19 outbreak.Methods:Children with COVID-19 and viral pneumonia admitted to 20 hospitals were enrolled in this retrospective multi-center cohort study.A total of 64 children with COVID-19 were defined as the COVID-19 cohort,of which 40 children who developed pneumonia were defined as the COVID-19 pneumonia cohort.Another 284 children with pneumonia caused by other viruses were defined as the viral pneumonia cohort.The epidemiologic,clinical,and laboratory findings were compared by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test,t-test,Mann-Whitney U test and Contingency table method.Drug usage,immunotherapy,blood transfusion,and need for oxygen support were collected as the treatment indexes.Mortality,intensive care needs and symptomatic duration were collected as the outcome indicators.Results:Compared with the viral pneumonia cohort,children in the COVID-19 cohort were mostly exposed to family members confirmed to have COVID-19(53/64 vs.23/284),were of older median age(6.3 years vs.3.2 years),and had a higher proportion of ground-glass opacity(GGO)on computed tomography(18/40 vs.0/38,P<0.001).Children in the COVID-19 pneumonia cohort had a lower proportion of severe cases(1/40 vs.38/284,P=0.048),and lower cases with high fever(3/40 vs.167/284,P<0.001),requiring intensive care(1/40 vs.32/284,P<0.047)and with shorter symptomatic duration(median 5d vs.8d,P<0.001).The proportion of cases with evaluated inflammatory indicators,biochemical indicators related to organ or tissue damage,D-dimer and secondary bacterial infection were lower in the COVID-19 pneumonia cohort than those in the viral pneumonia cohort(P<0.05).No statistical differences were found in the duration of positive PCR results from pharyngeal swabs in 25 children with COVID-19 who received antiviral drugs(lopinavir-ritonavir,ribavirin,and arbidol)as compared with duration in 39 children without antiviral therapy(median 10d vs.9d,P=0.885).Conclusions:The symptoms and severity of COVID-19 pneumonia in children were no more severe than those in children with other viral pneumonia.Lopinavir-ritonavir,ribavirin and arbidol do not shorten the duration of positive PCR results from pharyngeal swabs in children with COVID-19.During the COVID-19 outbreak,attention also must be given to children with infection by other pathogens infection.

STUDY OF T－LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS AND INTERLEUKIN－2 AND INTERLEUKIN－2 RECEPTOR OF RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS PNEUMONIA

T-Lymphocyte subsets and humoral immune and the activity of IL-2 and IL-2R in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) pneumonia in 26 cases were tested. The result showed in the patients with RSV pneumonia the averages of T3 and T4 were 37.56±1.46% and 27. 15±8. 02% respectively,They were significantly lower than 53.4 ±9.2% and 35.5±7.7% of averages of T3 and T4 in healthy controlled group (both. P< 0. 001 ), the average of T3 was 22. 73±7.06%, it was lower an 26. 7±6. 3 % of T8 in controlled group (P<0. 02 );the ratio of T4/T8 was 1. 245±0. 399 ,there was no significant difference from 1. 35 ±0. 17 of the ratio in controlled group (P > 0. 1). The mean value of IgG was 1. 177± 0. 3685g/L, it was significantly lower than 1. 427± 0. 498g/L of that in controlled group(P < 0. 005). The mean values of IgA and IgM were 0. 1136±0.0393g/L and 0. 768±0. 353g/L respectively, they were significantly lower than 0. 2706 ±0. 876g/L and 0. 122±0. 061g/L of IgA and IgM in controlled group. The activity of IL-2 and IL-2R were 17. 46 ±5. 79%, and 28. 32 ±5. 924% respectively, they were significantly lower than 30. 22 ±14. 55% and 39. 53±8. 61 % of those in healthy group (both P < 0. 001). The severe the pneuumonia, the greater the lowering of IL-2 and IL-2R. These about results suggested that RSV could greatly suppress the immune function of the patients, inducing secondary immunodeficiency, leading to repeated breather and asthma.

Qingfei oral liquid downregulates TRPV1 expression to reduce airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion injury caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection and asthma in mice

Objective:Qingfei oral liquid(QF),an experimental Chinese medicine prescription developed from the ancient priscription of traditional Chinese medicines Ma Xin Shi Gan decoction and Tingli Dazao Xie Fei decoction,has been effectively used since decades to treat patients with viral pneumonia and asthma.In our previous study,we had demonstrated that QF can significantly reduce airway hyperresponsiveness,hyperemia,lung tissue edema,inflammatory lung tissue infiltration in mice,airway mucus secretion,and peripheral airway collagen hyperplasia;however,its mechanism of action is unknown.Methods:Fifty 6–8-week-old male BALB/c mice were equally and randomly divided into five groups:the control,ovalbumin(OVA),OVA+respiratory syncytial virus(RSV),QF,and dexamethasone(Dxms)groups.The QF group was administered QF at 1.17 g·kg−1·d−1,the Dxms group received dexamethasone injections at 0.2 mg·kg−1·d−1,and the remaining groups were administered PBS.Inflammation in the lung tissue was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin(HE),periodic acid–Schiff(PAS),and Van Gieson staining.ELISA was used to evaluate the IL-13,IL-25,and IL-33 in the mice.Western blotting was used to examine changes in the proteins levels of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1(TRPV1)and mucin 5AC(MUC5AC)in the lung tissues of mice.Results:Histopathological evaluation revealed that the OVA and OVA+RSV groups exhibited lung tissue edema and inflammatory lung tissue infiltration in the HE staining and airway secretions in the PAS staining;collagen hyperplasia around the airway was increased in these two groups compared with the control group.The QF group exhibited significantly reduced lung tissue edema,inflammatory lung tissue infiltration,airway secretions,and collagen hyperplasia around the airway compared with the OVA+RSV group.We analyzed the serum levels of IL-13,IL-25,and IL-33 in the mice and found that these levels were higher in the OVA and OVA+RSV groups than in the control group(P<0.05 in the OVA group,P<0.01 in the OVA+RSV group).The QF group exhibited significantly decreased serum levels of IL-13,IL-25,and IL-33 compared with the OVA+RSV group(all P<0.05).The Dxms group also exhibited significant decreases in the serum levels of IL-13 and IL-33(all P<0.05)but no significant decrease in the serum levels of IL-25 compared with the RSV+OVA group.Finally,we examined the protein levels of TRPV1 and MUC5AC in the lung tissues of mice using Western blotting.After identifying RSV infection in the mice with asthma,the protein levels of TRPV1 and MUC5AC in the lung tissues of mice were significantly higher than those in the control group(P<0.05,P<0.01).We found that compared with RSV+OVA,QF can significantly downregulate the protein level of TRPV1;further,the protein level of MUC5AC was also significantly reduced(all P<0.001).Conclusion:QF can inhibit RSV replication and reduce airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion injury caused by RSV infection and asthma,and its mechanism of action may be associated with the downregulation of TRPV1 expression and a decrease in airway mucus hypersecretion injury.

The Association of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and Childhood Asthma: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: To explore the close relationship between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and acute attack of childhood asthma. Methods: A computer-based search of database from Pumbed, CNKI, Wanfang, Baidu Scholar, Chongqing VIP, GeenMedica was performed to screen the articles about respiratory syncytial virus infection and childhood asthma. Then the literatures were screened out by the selection criteria. The RevMan5.3 software was used to test the heterogeneity and effect values of each study, analyze the sensitivity and publication bias of the literature, and draw on Meta forest plot and Funnel plot. Results: 5 articles conformed to the selection criteria. There were totally 881 cases in the case group, 826 cases in the control group. The results of heterogeneity test showed no heterogeneity between each study (P > 0.05). The fixed-effects model showed the 6.68 (5.06 - 8.82), (Z = 13.38, P < 0.00001). Conclusion: The infection rate of respiratory syncytial virus in children with acute asthma attack is higher than that in remission period. Respiratory syncytial virus infection rate can be used as an indicator of the severity of asthma in children.

Qingkailing Injection(清开灵注射液)for Treatment of Children Pneumonia Induced by Respiratory Syncytial Virus:A Meta-Analysis of Rando mized Controlled Trials

Objective： To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Qingkailing Injection（清开灵注射液, QKL） for treatment of children pneumonia caused by respiratory syncytial virus（RSV）. Methods： Randomized clinical trials（RCTs） comparing QKL with ribavirin injection in the treatment of children pneumonia induced by RSV were searched in Pub Med, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Chinese VIP database, CNKI and Wanfang databases from their inception to March 2014. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 5.2 software. The methodological quality of the selected RCTs was evaluated by the Modified Jadad Score. The primary outcome measures were effective rate and the secondary outcomes were relief time of fever and cough. Results： Seven RCTs with 992 cases published from 2008 to 2013 were identified. The meta-analysis results indicated that QKL was more effective in cure rate [risk ratios（RR）=1.32, 95% CI（1.17, 1.50）, P〈0.01], total effective rate [RR=1.07, 95% CI（1.02, 1.13）, P=0.009] and less fever clearance time [mean difference=–0.73, 95% CI（–1.22, –0.23）, P=0.004], compared with ribavirin injection in the treatment of RSV-induced children pneumonia. No dead case was reported in all trials. There were 3 trials mentioned adverse events, 2 reported no obvious adverse event occurred while 1 reported adverse events described as skin hypersensitivity, elevation of ALT, a mild abnormal of hepatic and renal function in both QKL and ribavirin group. Conclusions： QKL was an effective and relatively safe option for the treatment of RSV-induced children pneumonia. These therapeutic effects were promising but need to be interpreted with caution due to variations in the treatment and methodological weakness in the studies.

小儿清炎合剂(716合剂)治疗呼吸道合胞病毒所致呼吸道感染疗效观察及血清学研究

目的探究小儿清炎合剂(716合剂)治疗呼吸道合胞病毒所致呼吸道感染疗效观察及血清学研究。方法将2023年1月至2023年9月江西省儿童医院收治的呼吸道合胞病毒所致呼吸道感染的80例患儿作为研究对象,根据随机对照表法将其分为观察组40例,对照组40例。对照组采用雾化吸入联合静脉输液进行治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上口服小儿清炎合剂(716合剂)。比较两组的临床疗效,治疗前后炎性因子[白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)],免疫功能水平(CD4^(+)、CD8^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)),恢复情况和不良反应。结果观察组治疗有效率为95.00%,高于对照组的80.00%(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组IL-6、IL-10、CRP、SAA、TNF-α水平均下降且观察组低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平均高于对照组,而观察组CD8^(+)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组退热、止咳、平喘以及住院时间均小于对照组(P<0.05)。两组在治疗过程中均未出现任何不良反应。结论小儿清炎合剂(716合剂)能够缓解呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿的炎性症状,增强患儿免疫功能,促进患儿恢复,安全性良好。

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病直接医疗成本分析

目的分析急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)患儿直接医疗成本及构成比,为医疗制度的改革提供参考依据,为白血病患儿的规范治疗提供保障。方法收集2015年1月至2018年4月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院血液肿瘤科收治的ALL患儿110例,描述性分析ALL患儿的直接医疗成本,探讨其主要构成比。结果ALL患儿规范治疗期间,直接医疗成本主要由门诊费用(平均23597元)、一日化疗病房治疗费用(平均23216元)及普通病房住院费用(平均158152元)三部分构成,在这些费用中,其中药品费、治疗费及化验费所占比例较大。平均报销比例为59.1%(93415/158152),从住院时长上看,ALL患儿平均住院时间为131 d,日均住院费用为1207元(158152/131)。结论降低药品费用,规范的治疗和检查能降低医疗成本。全方位、多角度为白血病患儿家庭提供支持,为患儿的治疗提供有力保障。

Evaluation by Survival Analysis on Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Children with Respiratory Syncytial Viral Pneumonia of Phlegm-Heat Blocking Fei Syndrome

Objective:To objectively evaluate the clinical effect of traditional Chinese medicine in treating children s respiratory syncytial viral pneumonia(RSVP) of phlegm-heat blocking Fei(肺) syndrome(PHBFS). Methods:A single-blinded multi-center,blocked,randomized and parallel-controlled method was adopted.The clinical study was carried out on 206 children with RSVP-PHBFS who were assigned to two groups,108 in the test group treated through intravenous dripping of Qingkailing Injection(清开灵注射液) in combination of or...

Characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus-induced bronchiolitis co-infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and add-on therapy with montelukast

Background:The influence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae(MP)infection on bronchiolitis remains unclear.Additionally,reports on the efficacies of leukotriene receptor antagonists in the treatment of bronchiolitis have been inconclusive.Methods:Children with respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)-induced bronchiolitis were divided into two groups:RSV+MP group and RSV group.Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups:one received routine and placebo treatment,while the other received routine and montelukast treatment for 9 months.The cumulative numbers of wheezing episodes and recurrent respiratory tract infections were recorded.Blood parameters were determined.Results:Patients in the RSV+MP group exhibited an older average age,fever,more frequent flaky and patchy shadows in chest X-rays,more frequent extrapulmonary manifestations,and longer hospital stays compared with patients in the RSV group.Additionally,higher baseline blood eosinophil counts,eosinophil cationic protein(ECP),total immunoglobulin E(IgE),interleukin(IL)-4,IL-5,IL-4/interferon-γratios,leukotriene(LT)B4,and LTC4,and lower baseline lipoxin A4(LXA4)/LTB4 ratios were observed in the RSV+MP group compared with the RSV group.Montelukast treatment decreased the cumulative numbers of recurrent wheezing episodes and recurrent respiratory tract infections at 9 and 12 months.This efficacy may be related to the montelukast-induced reductions in peripheral eosinophil counts,ECP and total IgE,as well as the montelukast-dependent recovery in T helper(Th)1/Th2 balance and LXA4/LTB4 ratios in children with bronchiolitis.Conclusions:RSV bronchiolitis with MP infection was associated with clinical and laboratory features that differed from those of RSV bronchiolitis without MP infection.Add-on therapy with montelukast for 9 months was benefi cial for children with bronchiolitis at 9 and 12 months after the initiation of treatment.

儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎的临床特征分析

目的 探讨儿童重症肺炎支原体肺炎(severe mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia, SMPP)的临床特征。方法回顾性收集2018年1月1日至2021年12月31日间在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿童重症监护室住院治疗的SMPP患儿的临床资料,并分析其临床特征数据。结果 84例SMPP患儿中,72月龄最常见。年长儿组人数明显多于婴幼儿组(59 vs.25,P<0.05)。SMPP检出率最高的月份是7月。主要临床表现为发热、咳嗽、肺外症状。73.8%的患儿出现了肺部体征的改变,33.3%的患儿在病程中存在肺外并发症。支气管肺泡灌洗液病原宏基因组二代测序(metagenomic next-generation sequencing, mNGS)中肺炎支原体阳性率为100.0%,核酸检测的阳性率为80.5%,高于其他检测方式。年龄、入科氧流量、入院乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)值是引起SMPP需要连续气道正压通气或有创呼吸机等高级呼吸支持的独立危险因素。结论 SMPP患儿发热以高热为主,发热时间长,可伴有严重肺外并发症。年龄越小的SMPP患儿其肺部病变越重。支气管肺泡灌洗液mNGS是一种快速、特异性高的诊断方法。

化湿败毒颗粒治疗呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎模型小鼠的脂质组学研究

目的探究化湿败毒颗粒对呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)肺炎模型小鼠的治疗作用以及对肺组织脂质代谢的影响。方法将BALB/c小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、利巴韦林组、地塞米松组、化湿败毒颗粒低剂量组和化湿败毒颗粒高剂量组。分别采集各组小鼠肺组织样本,观察其病理改变,检测肺组织中RSV-F、RSV-G、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-αmRNA表达水平。采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱联用(UPLC-Q Exactive Orbitrap MS)技术对肺组织进行脂质组学分析,寻找脂质代谢变化。结果与空白组相比,模型组小鼠肺组织出现肺间质增厚,可见明显炎症浸润。肺组织病毒载量及肺部炎症因子如IL-1β、TNF-αmRNA水平显著升高(P<0.001)。同时,与空白组相比,模型组呈现脂质代谢的明显异常,具体表现为磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、磷脂酰甘油(PG)、鞘磷脂(SM)、神经酰胺(Cer)、甘油三酯(TG)、甘油二酯(DG)、脂肪酸(FA)、醚磷脂酰胆碱(PC O)、醚溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC O)等脂质代谢紊乱。经化湿败毒颗粒(25.12 g·kg^(-1)·d^(-1))干预可以调节上述脂质紊乱。结论化湿败毒颗粒可以通过调控脂质代谢,降低RSV感染小鼠肺组织中的病毒载量,减轻炎症反应等途径治疗RSV肺炎。

重症肺炎支原体肺炎合并EB病毒感染的临床及实验室特征

目的探讨重症肺炎支原体肺炎(SMPP)合并EB病毒(EBV)感染的临床及实验室特征。方法选取2020年6月至2023年6月在山东省青岛市市立医院住院治疗的SMPP合并EBV感染患儿(89例)作为试验组,另选取在山东省青岛市市立医院确诊为单纯SMPP的患儿(281例)作为对照组。收集所有患儿的临床和实验室资料进行分析。采用多因素Logistic回归分析SMPP患儿并发EBV感染的危险因素。绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析相关因素对SMPP患儿并发EBV感染的预测价值。结果试验组住院费用、特应性体质患儿比例高于对照组,发热时间、住院时间长于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、降钙素原(PCT)、免疫球蛋白(Ig)E水平及红细胞沉降率(ESR)、CD8^(+)T淋巴细胞比例高于对照组,CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)比值低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。试验组皮疹、浅表淋巴结肿大、肝损害的患儿比例高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,合并特应性体质、发热时间延长、ALT水平升高、LDH水平升高、CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例降低是SMPP患儿并发EBV感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,发热时间、LDH、CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例、ALT预测SMPP患儿并发EBV感染的曲线下面积分别为0.831、0.803、0.653、0.762。结论SMPP合并EBV感染后导致患儿病情加重、住院时间延长、住院费用升高,从而加重经济负担。当患儿合并特应性体质,发热时间延长,LDH水平升高,CD4^(+)T淋巴细胞比例下降,ALT水平升高时提示SMPP患儿并发EBV感染的风险较高。

Chemerin在婴幼儿呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎中的调节作用

目的探讨趋化蛋白chemerin在呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）肺炎中的临床意义。方法入选RSV肺炎患儿82例,其中轻症65例,重症17例;对照组儿童40例。ELISA法检测并比较各组血清chemerin、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、细胞因子（IL-17）、IL-10及转化生长因子（TGF-β）水平。结果 RSV肺炎轻症组、重症组和对照组的血清chemerin水平分别为（539.98±65.86）pg/ml、（786.62±82.59）pg/ml和（337.24±43.37）pg/ml,差异有统计学意义（F=150.29,P=0.000）;重症组血清chemerin水平分别高于轻症组和对照组,轻症组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。三组间TNF-α、IL-17、IL-10和TGF-β水平的差异均有统计学意义（F=46.80-284.36,P均〈0.05）。RSV肺炎患儿的血清chemerin水平与TNF-α、IL-17水平均呈显著正相关（r=0.81、0.61,P均〈0.05）,而与IL-10、TGF-β则呈显著负相关（r=–0.80、–0.75,P均〈0.05）。结论 RSV肺炎患儿血清chemerin水平升高,与炎症程度相关,并与促炎细胞因子水平正相关;chemerin可能在RSV感染中发挥重要的调节作用。

老年恶性肿瘤患者院内感染和多重耐药菌感染风险的影响因素分析

目的分析老年恶性肿瘤患者发生院内感染和多重耐药菌(multi-drugresistantbacteria,MDRO)感染的影响因素,为制定有效的预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法选取2016年6月至2023年1月中国医科大学附属盛京医院收治的782例60岁及以上恶性肿瘤患者为研究对象分为无院内感染组(529例)、院内感染组(253例),其中院内感染包括MDRO感染(156例)和非MDRO感染(97例),比较两组患者临床资料,将单因素分析中有统计学意义的指标进行多因素Logistic回归分析,分析老年恶性肿瘤患者院内感染和MDRO感染的危险因素。结果老年恶性肿瘤患者发生院内感染和MDRO感染的比例分别为32.35%和61.66%。单因素分析结果表明,两组患者在慢性疾病、身体衰弱情况、侵入性操作、恶性肿瘤、住院时间≥14d、重症监护室入住时间≥1周、长期卧床、低蛋白水平的比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Logistic回归结果表明:衰弱情况、侵入性操作、恶性肿瘤、住院时间≥14d、重症监护室入住时间≥1周、长期卧床是老年恶性肿瘤患者发生院内感染及MDRO感染的主要危险因素;慢性疾病、低蛋白水平为院内感染的独立危险因素;使用抗菌药物≥3种、抗菌药物应用时间≥14d是MDRO感染的独立危险因素。结论老年恶性肿瘤患者院内感染和MDRO感染发生率较高,其影响因素多样,须对其进行科学、有效地分析,为减少感染发生率,提高患者的治疗效果和生命质量提供科学依据。

儿童呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的中、西医诊断及药物治疗综述

呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎属儿科常见呼吸系统疾病之一,具有发病急、传染性强等特点,给儿童的健康带来了严重的影响。近年来,随着医疗技术与药学研究的不断深入,临床对于儿童呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎中西医发病机制研究与药学实践也有了一定的进展。本文从中、西医的角度对儿童呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎的发病机制、病因病机、治疗等方面进行综述,总结现阶段的治疗进展,以期为完善临床诊疗方案提供有效的参考依据。

儿童呼吸道合胞病毒感染的临床特征分析

目的分析住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)感染的临床特征,为临床诊疗提供参考依据。方法收集2022年8月—2023年7月铜陵市人民医院呼吸道感染住院患儿的咽拭子标本,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术对咽拭子标本进行RSV、人腺病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、副流感病毒1型和3型、人鼻病毒、肺炎支原体等8种常见呼吸道病原体检测;分析RSV感染病例的人群分布、临床症状、实验室检查、临床诊断等。结果共收集3145例患儿咽拭子标本,检出RSV感染366例,检出率为11.64%。RSV感染病例中男性208例,女性158例;年龄1个月~10岁,年龄中位数2(1,3)岁,以2岁及以下患儿为主(218例,占59.56%)。病例数高峰期出现在2023年4—5月(276例,占75.41%)。单纯RSV感染318例(占86.89%),混合感染48例(占13.11%)。病例临床症状以咳嗽(345例,占94.26%)、发热(312例,占85.25%)、喘息(139例,占37.98%)为主。实验室指标中,白细胞计数、中性粒细胞比例、淋巴细胞比例、单核细胞比例及血小板计数大多在正常值范围,超敏C反应蛋白主要表现为升高(184例,占50.27%)。临床诊断前3位依次为支气管肺炎(208例,占56.83%)、急性支气管炎(93例,25.41%)、急性毛细支气管炎(39例,占10.66%)。结论RSV感染病例主要为2岁及以下儿童,感染类型以单纯感染为主;临床特征以咳嗽、发热和喘息及超敏C反应蛋白升高为主,临床上应予以关注,以降低重症发生的风险。

非药物干预措施对儿童呼吸道合胞病毒感染的影响

目的探究非药物干预对儿童呼吸道合胞病毒感染的临床特征的影响,为疫情放开后预防呼吸道合胞病毒感染提供依据。方法选取2018年至2021年期间我院住院患儿中确诊为RSV感染者960名,按时间分为无非药物干预期间(2018年至2019年)和非药物性干预(non-pharmaceutical interventions,NPIs)期间(2020年至2021年)两组,收集两组患儿的病例信息,分析两组临床特征情况。结果共有960例患儿,其中无NPIs期间400例,NPIs期间560例,<6月龄组儿童发病率最高(54.3%),重症率为4.2%,无死亡病例。无NPIs期间RSV感染全年散发,NPIs期间RSV感染率随NPIs执行程度变化而变化,无明显季节性变化。无NPIs期间患儿喘息的发生率较高(43.8%vs 37.1%)、患肺炎比例较高(73.0%vs 65.7%)、淋巴细胞百分比,血小板计数、血红蛋白及谷丙转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶、谷草转移酶的异常频率所占比例较高,住院天数较长[(5.4±1.6)d vs(5.1±1.6)d],差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。无NPIs期间RSV感染患儿呼吸频率(respiratory rate,RR)较高,达峰时间比(time to peak tidal expiratory flow as a proportion of expiratory time,TPEF/TE)、达峰容积比(volume to peak expiratory flow as a proportion of exhaled volume,VPEF/VE)较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),重症发生率两个时期比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论NPIs期间RSV感染流行季节被扰乱,且RSV患儿的气道损伤较轻,两个时期重症率无变化。

南昌地区儿童重症呼吸道合胞病毒肺炎临床特征及发生危重症的危险因素分析

目的:总结分析南昌地区儿童重症呼吸道合胞病毒(Respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)肺炎的临床特征,探讨其发生危重症的危险因素。方法:回顾性分析2019年1月1日至2021年12月31日收入江西省儿童医院住院治疗的439例重症RSV肺炎患儿的临床资料,分为重型组240例和危重型组199例,对2组患儿的一般临床资料、实验室指标、临床表现与并发症、影像学表现、治疗与转归等信息进行比较,总结儿童重症RSV肺炎的临床特征。采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨发生危重症的危险因素。结果:2组患儿男女比例2.54∶1,中位年龄2.6(1.6,6.6)月,其中≤6月患儿322例(73.4%);全年均有发生,冬春季节为流行季节。危重型组血红蛋白(Hb)、pH、动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))较重型组低,而血小板计数(PLT)与降钙素原值(PCT)较重型组高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组患儿在混合感染方面比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),合并病毒感染检出率明显高于细菌,以巨细胞病毒感染占优势,细菌感染以军团菌最常见。2组患儿主要临床表现(发热、咳嗽、气喘气促)比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而次要临床表现(发绀、吐沫、呼吸困难、抽搐等)比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),危重型并发症以呼吸衰竭[160例(80.5%)]居多。2组患儿影像学表现均以肺部斑片状阴影为主,危重型组较重型组更易出现肺不张,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。危重型组氧疗率高于重型组(100%vs 95.4%),其中危重型组有创呼吸机辅助通气比例和时间均明显高于重型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);危重型组使用丙种球蛋白比例高于重型组(85.9%vs36.7%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);危重型组三联及以上抗生素使用比例高于重型组(47.2%vs15.4%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但使用时间2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);重型组住院和住ICU天数均短于危重型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示合并基础性疾病、混合感染是发生危重症RSV肺炎的独立危险因素。结论:⑴南昌地区儿童重症RSV肺炎好发年龄≤6月,男性居多,全年均有发生,冬春季节为主。⑵发热、咳嗽、气喘气促为主要临床表现,并发症以呼吸衰竭居多。⑶低Hb、pH值下降、PaO_(2)下降、高PLT、高PCT更能反映疾病严重程度;影像学以肺部斑片状阴影为主,危重型患儿更易出现肺不张。⑷合并基础性疾病、混合感染为危重症RSV肺炎的独立危险因素。⑸多数重症RSV肺炎患儿均能好转出院,危重型患儿疾病负担更重。