Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury at HGZ 46, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Period from March 1, 2021 to December 31, 2022

Introduction: A traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by a forceful bump, blow, or jolt to the head or body, or by an object that pierces the skull and interrupts the normal function of the brain. Severe TBI is estimated at 73 cases per 100,000 people. The mortality of severe TBI can be reduced if a timely diagnosis and treatment of the injuries are made through prognostic factors. Objective: To determine the prognostic factors related to mortality in severe traumatic brain injury at the Hospital General de Zona No. 46. Material and Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study in beneficiaries admitted to the Hospital General de Zona (HGZ) No. 46 of the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS by its acronym in Spanish), with a diagnosis of severe TBI;the possible prognostic factors related to mortality of severe TBI were obtained from their records. Measures of central tendency and chi square were used for data analysis. Results: The study sample consisted of 60 subjects diagnosed with severe traumatic brain injury, of which 5 (8%) were women and 55 (92%) were men, and all 60 (100%) patients died. The average age of the sample was 26 with a standard deviation of 9 years. The variables that had a p value less than or equal to 0.05 were: Mydriasis, seizures, Hyperglycemia, Normoglycemia, Hypothermia and Hypotension. This means that these variables were associated with mortality. Conclusion: Statistical significance is demonstrated in prognostic factors of mortality in severe traumatic brain injury with p < 0.05 in the case of mydriasis, seizures, hyperglycemia, normoglycemia, hypothermia and hypotension.

Early Enteral Combined with Parenteral Nutrition Treatment for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury:Effects on Immune Function,Nutritional Status and Outcomes

Objective To compare the conjoint effect of enteral nutrition (EN) and parenteral nutrition (PN)with single EN or PN on immune function, nutritional status, complications and clinical outcomes of patientswith severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).Methods A prospective randomized control trial was carried out from January 2009 to May 2012 inNeurological Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Patients of STBI who met the enrolment criteria (Glasgow ComaScale score 6~8; Nutritional Risk Screening ≥3) were randomly divided into 3 groups and were administratedEN, PN or EN＋PN treatments respectively. The indexes of nutritional status, immune function,complications and clinical outcomes were examined and compared statistically.

Dynamic changes in peripheral blood-targeted miRNA expression profiles in patients with severe traumatic brain injury at high altitude

Background:The aim of this work is to detect and compare the peripheral blood mi RNA expression profiles in patients with severe traumatic brain injury(s TBI)2,12,24,48,and 72 h after injury at high altitude and to predict the target genes of differential expressed mi RNAs.Methods:Twenty s TBI patients from high-altitude areas were randomly selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were divided into five groups:the 2-h group,12-h group,24-h group,48-h group,and 72-h group.Peripheral blood mi RNA expression profiles were detected using real-time quantitative PCR(q RT-PCR).Results:The expression levels of mi R-18 a,mi R-203,mi R-146 a,mi R-149,mi R-23 b,and mi R-let-7 b in peripheral blood showed significant differences between the 2-h group and the 12-h group.The expression levels of mi R-203,mi R-146 a,mi R-149,mi R-23 b,and mi R-let-7 f in peripheral blood were up-regulated in the 24-h group.In the 48-h group,the expression levels of mi R-181 d,mi R-29 a,and mi R-18 b were upregulated.In the 72-h group,the expression levels of mi R-203,mi R-146 a,mi R-149,mi R-23 b,and mi R-let-7 f changed.The main target genes of the differentiation expressed mi RNAs were genes that regulate inflammatory responses,apoptosis,and DNA damage/repair.Conclusions:mi RNAs may be involved in the pathogenesis of s TBI by dynamically regulating the target genes that regulate inflammatory responses,apoptosis,and DNA damage/repair pathways.

Differences in pathological changes between two rat models of severe traumatic brain injury

The rat high-impact free weight drop model mimics the diffuse axonal injury caused by severe traumatic brain injury in humans,while severe controlled cortical impact can produce a severe traumatic brain injury model using precise strike parameters.In this study,we compare the pathological mechanisms and pathological changes between two rat severe brain injury models to identify the similarities and differences.The severe controlled cortical impact model was produced by an electronic controlled cortical impact device,while the severe free weight drop model was produced by dropping a 500 g free weight from a height of 1.8 m through a plastic tube.Body temperature and mortality were recorded,and neurological deficits were assessed with the modified neurological severity score.Brain edema and bloodbrain barrier damage were evaluated by assessing brain water content and Evans blue extravasation.In addition,a cytokine array kit was used to detect inflammatory cytokines.Neuronal apoptosis in the brain and brainstem was quantified by immunofluorescence staining.Both the severe controlled cortical impact and severe free weight drop models exhibited significant neurological impairments and body temperature fluctuations.More severe motor dysfunction was observed in the severe controlled cortical impact model,while more severe cognitive dysfunction was observed in the severe free weight drop model.Brain edema,inflammatory cytokine changes and cortical neuronal apoptosis were more substantial and blood-brain barrier damage was more focal in the severe controlled cortical impact group compared with the severe free weight drop group.The severe free weight drop model presented with more significant apoptosis in the brainstem and diffused blood-brain barrier damage,with higher mortality and lower repeatability compared with the severe controlled cortical impact group.Severe brainstem damage was not found in the severe controlled cortical impact model.These results indicate that the severe controlled cortical impact model is relatively more stable,more reproducible,and shows obvious cerebral pathological changes at an earlier stage.Therefore,the severe controlled cortical impact model is likely more suitable for studies on severe focal traumatic brain injury,while the severe free weight drop model may be more apt for studies on diffuse axonal injury.All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Animal Experiments of Tianjin Medical University,China(approval No.IRB2012-028-02)in Febru ary 2012.

Relationship of calcitonin gene-related peptide with disease progression and prognosis of patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Calcitonin gene-related peptide（CGRP） has been implicated in multiple functions across many bioprocesses; however, whether CGRP is associated with severe traumatic brain injury（TBI） remains poorly understood. In this study, 96 adult patients with TBI（enrolled from September 2015 to December 2016） were divided into a mild/moderate TBI group（36 males and 25 females, aged 38 ± 13 years） and severe TBI group（22 males and 13 females, aged 38 ± 11 years） according to Glasgow Coma Scale scores. In addition, 25 healthy individuals were selected as controls（15 males and 10 females, aged 39 ± 13 years）. Radioimmunoassay was used to detect serum levels of CGRP and endothelin-1 at admission and at 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, and 7 days after admission. CGRP levels were remarkably lower, but endothelin-1 levels were obviously higher in the severe TBI group compared with mild/moderate TBI and control groups. Levels of CGRP were remarkably lower, but endothelin-1 levels were obviously higher in deceased patients compared with patients who survived. Survival analysis and logistic regression showed that both CGRP and endothelin-1 levels were associated with patient mortality, with each serving as an independent risk factor for 6-month mortality of severe TBI patients. Moreover, TBI patients with lower serum CGRP levels had a higher risk of death. Thus, our retrospective analysis demonstrates the potential utility of CGRP as a new biomarker, monitoring method, and therapeutic target for TBI.

Severe bilateral anterior cingulum injury in patients with mild traumatic brain injury

The cingulum,the neural tract connecting the orbitofrontal cortex with the medial temporal lobe,plays an important role in cognition（Bush et al.,2000）.It is also important in memory because it provides cholinergic innervations to the cerebral cortex after obtaining innervation from the medial septal nucleus,the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert via the medial cholinergic pathway （Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Naidich and Duvernoy, 2009; Hong and Jang, 2010a）.

Sarcopenia diagnosed using masseter muscle area predictive of early mortality following severe traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury（TBI）represents a global pandemic and is currently a leading cause of injury related death worldwide.Unfortunately,those who survive initial injury often suffer devastating functional,social,and economic consequences.

Epidemiological Analysis of 135 Cases of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Managed at a Surgical Intensive Care Unit

This study was a retrospective analysis of the epidemiologic profile of severe traumatic brain injuries managed at the surgical intensive care unit of the University Hospital Center of Yaoundé, Cameroon, between January 2011 and December 2015. All the patients admitted at the surgical intensive care unit for a traumatic brain injury with an initial Glasgow coma scale score ≤ 8 were included. One hundred and thirty-five cases were enrolled. One hundred and fourteen were males and 21 were females. Their mean age was 32.75 years. Forty-four patients were aged between 16 to 30 years. Road traffic accidents represented the first mode of injury with 101 cases and most of the patients were pedestrians hit by a car. Pupils and students were the most involved. Twenty-three patients had additional extracranial injury. On admission, 97 (71.85%) patients had GCS 7-8. A brain CT scan was done for 115 patients. Intracranial and intracerebral hemorrhages were the most frequent radiological findings with 57 cases. The overall mortality was 32.59% with 44 deaths. Thirty-two of the deaths occurred in patients with GCS 7 - 8 on admission. Ninety-one (67.40%) patients survived, 74 (54.81%) had persisting disabilities, while only 17 (12.59%) recovered fully. The following factors had an impact on the outcome: GCS at admission, pupillary anomalies, length of hospital stay, endotracheal intubation and surgery. Severe TBI remains a heavy socio-economic burden worldwide. In Cameroon where the health system is poorly organized, the outcome of individuals who sustained a severe TBI was dismal.

Clinical Effect of Intelligent Emergency Nursing Mode in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective: Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is one of the common acute and critical diseases in neurosurgery. So we aim to explore the clinical effectiveness of an intelligent emergency care model in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods: Eighty patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) who were treated in Zhuji People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province from January 2019 to December 2021 were selected as the study subjects. The patients were divided into an observation group and a control group with 40 patients in each group according to the random number table method. Patients in the control group received conventional first-aid nursing mode intervention, and the intelligent emergency nursing mode was used for the observation group based on the control group. Comparisons were conducted between the two groups on the time of arrival to the emergency room, the time from the emergency room to the operating room, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score before surgery, GCS score when leaving the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the average length of ICU stay, the average length of hospital stay, the total hospital costs. Results: The time of arrival to the emergency room, the time from the emergency room to the operating room, the average length of ICU stay, the average length of hospital stay, and the total hospital costs in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (All P Conclusion: Intelligent emergency nursing mode can shorten the time of sTBI rescue, the length of ICU stay, and the average length of hospital stay, reduce the total hospitalization cost, improve the prognosis, with good efficacy, reduce the total cost of hospitalization, and improve the prognosis with better efficacy.

The effects of decompressive craniectomy on cerebral blood flow volume and brain metabolism in different aged patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Objective To explore effects of decompressive craniectomy on cerebral blood flow volume and brain metabolism in different aged patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods 71 cases were divided into three groups according age: group A( 【 30 years) ,group B ( 30 ～ 50 years) 。

Study on difference between intravascular cooling system and traditional moderate hypothermia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

Objective To study difference between intravascular cooling system and traditional moderate hypothermia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods Eighty sTBI patients were randomly divided into intravascular hypothermic groups (IVT) and traditional moderate hypothermia groups(HT) . Inclusion criteria included a Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS) score ≤8 and time from injury to admission must be within 12 hours.

Quantitative electroencephalography in predicting on outcome of awakening in long-term unconscious patients after severe traumatic brain injury

Objective To explore quantitative electroencephalography in unconscious patients after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) to predict awakening. Methods All cases were divided into two groups(the awake group 19 cases and the unfavourable prognosis group 22 cases).Two weeks after admission the original EEGs were preformed in 41 patients suffering from severe TBI with duration of disturbance of

Effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury

To study the effect of mild hypothermia on glucose metabolism and glycerol of brain tissue in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).Methods All 33 patients with sTBI(GCS≤8) were randomly divided into hypothermic group and control group.Microdialysis catheters were inserted into the cerebral cortex of perilesion,relative normal brain tissue and subcutaneous tissue of abdomen in order to analyze the concentrations of lactate/pyruvate (L/P),lactate/glucose (L/G) and the glycerol(Gly) in extracellular fluid (ECF).Results In comparison with the control group,the concentration of L/G,L/P and Gly in periphery and that of L/P in ECF of the “normal brain tissue” were significantly decreased in the hypothermic group.In control group,concentration of L/G,L/P and Gly in periphery were higher than those in relative normal brain.In the hypothermic group,L/P concentration in periphery was higher than that in relative normal brain.Conclusion Mild hypothermia protects brain by decreasing concentrations of L/G,L/P and Gly in periphery and L/P concentration in “normal brain tissue”.The energy crisis and membrane phospholipid breakage in periphery are easier to happen after TBI,where mild hypothermia exerts significant protgective role.12 refs,3 tabs.

Effect of Prone Position Ventilation in Patients with Severe Craniocerebral Injury Complicated with Pulmonary Infection

Objective:To investigate the effects of prone ventilation in patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with pulmonary infection.Methods:A total of 100 patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with pulmonary infection in the hospital were randomly divided into a prone ventilation group and a conventional ventilation group,with 50 patients in each group.The Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)score,APACHE II score,sputum culture results,oxygenation indicators,and prognosis were compared between the two groups.Data were processed using SPSS 25.0 statistical software,and t-tests and chi-square tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables,respectively.Results:The experimental group showed better oxygenation indicators,a lower positive rate of sputum cultures,and reduced intracranial pressure compared to the control group(all P<0.05).Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that GCS score,APACHE II score,and prone ventilation were independent risk factors affecting patient prognosis(all P<0.05).Conclusion:Prone ventilation can improve oxygenation,reduce the risk of pulmonary infection,and decrease intracranial pressure in patients with severe traumatic brain injury combined with pulmonary infection,thereby improving patient prognosis.GCS score and APACHE II score can serve as important indicators for prognostic evaluation.

多模态监测结合NSE对急性期sTBI治疗的指导价值

目的 探讨无创多模态监测结合神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE),对急性期重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)者治疗的指导价值.方法 发病24h入ICU成人sTBI者50例.排除GCS=3,额叶去骨瓣,眼球及颅脑外其他部位严重损伤者.随机分为观察组26例与对照组24例,入科24h行急性生理与慢性健康评分(APACHEⅡ),第1周连续测脑电双频指数(BIS);每天7AM送检血NSE,10AM、3PM超声测视神经鞘直径(ONSD)及搏动指数(PI);第7天6AM停镇痛镇静,11AM行GCS及APACHEⅡ,半年后电话随访行格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS).干预:1周内观察组NSE≥28ng/mL,或ONSD≥5.5mm,或PI≥1.25,加强镇痛镇静、选合适BIS,酌情用乌拉地尔、甘露醇、高渗盐及亚低温(33℃≤T≤35℃),确保65mmHg≤平均动脉压(MAP)≤90mmHg;对照组按传统法评估,管理血压及/或颅内压(ICP);2组均维持T≤37.5℃,床头抬高30°~45°,35mmHg≤PaCO_(2)≤40mmHg,100mmHg≤PaO_(2)≤200mmHg,145 mmol/L≤血钠≤155mmol/L.比较两组临床资料并行相关性分析.结果 发病7d内sTBI者NSE升高与PI增高的时间段呈正相关(P<0.05);观察组用呼吸机时间比对照组短,住ICU时间比对照组短(P<0.05);半年后2组GOS差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 无创多模态监测结合NSE,对急性期sTBI者的治疗有指导价值,可缩短sTBI患者用呼吸机时间及住ICU时间.

改良大骨瓣减压术中渐进减压治疗sTBI的价值

目的:探讨改良大骨瓣减压术中渐进减压治疗重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)的价值。方法:选取2018年1月-2019年10月90例本院收治的sTBI患者,按照随机数字表法分为对照组和研究组,各45例。对照组予以改良大骨瓣减压术常规减压治疗,研究组予以改良大骨瓣减压术中渐进减压治疗。比较两组神经功能、颅内压水平、术后并发症情况及术后6个月预后情况。结果:术后1、7 d及术后1个月,研究组GCS评分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。术后1、3、5 d,研究组颅内压均低于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后并发症发生率(15.56%)低于对照组(35.56%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组术后6个月预后情况优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:改良大骨瓣减压术中渐进减压治疗sTBI可显著改善患者神经功能,降低颅内压,且并发症发生率低,患者具有良好的预后。

Initial leucocytosis and other significant indicators of poor outcome in severe traumatic brain injury: an observational study

Background:Globally,severe traumatic brain injury(TBI)has been the principal cause of mortality among individuals aged 45 and below.The incidence of road traffic accidents in Malaysia is one of the highest in the world with thousands of victims sustaining severe disabilities.The aim of this study is to determine the association between leucocytosis and extended Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOSE)scores as well the relationship of other factors and the outcomes of severe TBI.Methods:This was a retrospective observational study.A total of 44 consecutive patients who were admitted to Sarawak General Hospital from January 1,2018,to September 30,2018,with severe TBI were included.Data were collected from discharge summaries and hospital medical records.Chi-square and t test were used.SPSS was employed.Results:Of a total of 44 patients with severe TBI,18 patients(41%)died during the same admission.The mean age of patients was 37.1 years with 93.2%of affected patients being male.56.9%of patients presented with a Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS)of 6 and less.A large percentage(86.3%)were discharged with a GOSE of less than 7.Older age and low admission GCS(6 and less)were significantly associated with poor GOSE scores on discharge and after 6 months(p<0.05)on multivariate analysis.Leucocytosis on admission was also associated with poor outcomes where patients with higher total white counts on presentation attaining lower GOSE scores(p<0.05).Conclusion:We concluded that leucocytosis was significantly associated with poor outcomes in severe TBI patients in addition to other factors such as advanced age and poor GCS on arrival.

A mouse model of weight-drop closed head injury:emphasis on cognitive and neurological deficiency

Traumatic brain injury（TBI） is a leading cause of death and disability in individuals worldwide.Producing a clinically relevant TBI model in small-sized animals remains fairly challenging.For good screening of potential therapeutics,which are effective in the treatment of TBI,animal models of TBI should be established and standardized.In this study,we established mouse models of closed head injury using the Shohami weight-drop method with some modifications concerning cognitive deficiency assessment and provided a detailed description of the severe TBI animal model.We found that 250 g falling weight from 2 cm height produced severe closed head injury in C57BL/6 male mice.Cognitive disorders in mice with severe closed head injury could be detected using passive avoidance test on day 7 after injury.Findings from this study indicate that weight-drop injury animal models are suitable for further screening of brain neuroprotectants and potentially are similar to those seen in human TBI.

持续颅内压监测在SICU中sTBI儿童患者中的应用

目的探讨持续有创颅内压(ICP)监测在儿童外科重症监护室(SICU)中重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)患儿中的应用,为以后的临床诊疗提供经验。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2019年12月南京医科大学附属儿童医院外科重症监护室收治的46例重型颅内损伤患儿,按照是否行有创颅内压监测分为监测组和对照组,其中监测组21例,对照组25例,记录两组患儿性别、年龄、体质量、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、颅内出血类型、甘露醇使用量、钠代谢异常发生率、计算机断层扫描(CT)检查次数以及ICU住院时长,并进行分析。结果两组患儿在性别、年龄、体质量、GCS评分及颅内出血类型方面均无明显差别(P>0.05),监测组甘露醇使用量(4.43±2.63)g/kg,对照组甘露醇使用量(10.76±3.21)g/kg;钠代谢异常发生率,监测组为6/21(28.6%),对照组为15/25(60%);监测组患儿CT检查次数及ICU住院时间分别为(2.52±0.60)次和(7.28±1.9)d,对照组分别为(4.24±0.97)次和(10.44±3.18)d,两组患儿在甘露醇使用量、钠代谢异常发生率、CT检查次数及ICU住院时长的差别均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论颅内压监测作为一种监测手段,能通过指导临床诊疗而减少甘露醇使用量、影像学检查次数、钠代谢异常发生率及降低ICU住院日,对重型颅内损伤患儿的诊疗有益。

渐进减压配合改良大骨瓣减压术对sTBI患者颅内高压及其脑脊液动力学的影响

目的:基于颅内高压及脑脊液动力学情况探析渐进减压配合改良大骨瓣减压术(MLBFD)治疗重型颅脑损伤(sTBI)的效果。方法:选取2018年7月—2022年6月于都县人民医院神经外科收治的sTBI患者72例,随机分为对照组和观察组,各36例。两组均行MLBFD,对照组使用常规减压,观察组行渐进减压,比较两组手术前后颅内压、脑脊液动力学、血清学指标的差异性,并对治疗安全性和患者的预后进行评价。结果:与术前比较,术后1、3、5 d两组颅内压均下降(P<0.05),且观察组术后1、3、5 d的颅内压均较对照组更低(P<0.05)。术后5 d,观察组足向流动(收缩期)终止时间(SE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)水平均高于对照组,足向流动(收缩期)最大流速(MSV)、头向流动(舒张期)最大流速(MDV)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、一氧化氮(NO)、内皮素(ET)、脑钠肽(BNP)、组织型纤溶酶原激活物(t-PA)、纤溶酶原激活剂抑制物-1(PAI-1)均低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组术后并发症发生率为6.25%,较对照组的25.00%更低(P<0.05)。两组术后3个月恢复良好率分别为62.50%和87.50%,观察组较对照组更高(P<0.05)。结论:渐进减压配合MLBFD可帮助sTBI患者降低颅内压,改善脑脊液动力学情况,降低血清因子水平,促进预后,较为安全。