PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM-GRAFTED-POLYACRYLONITRILE:SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS USE FOR SOLID REMOVAL FROM SEWAGE WASTEWATER

Plantago psyllium mucilage(PSY),an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acidobtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium(Plantago family),was grafted with acrylonitrile(AN).Graft copolymers wereprepared by ceric ion initiated solution polymerization technique and were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,scanningelectron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.These copolymers are good flocculating agents for removal ofsuspended(SS)and total dissolved solid(TDS)in sewage wastewater treatment.The effects of copolymer dose,pH andcontact time on flocculation capacity of one selected copolymer sample were studied by jar test method.The suitable pHrange for maximum solid removal was 7.0 to 9.2 and the optimum copolymer dose was 1.2 mg/L.The overall process forsolid removal took 4 h.X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns of grafted copolymer,PSY grafted polyacrylonitrile(PSY-g-PAN)and solid waste,before and after treatment are used to suggest the interaction of the solid waste with PSY-g-PAN copolymer.

Providing Appropriate Solutions for Treatment and Sewage of Wastewaters in Cargo Terminals of Shorelines: An Emphasis on Terminal Bandar

Low volume of produced wastewater and specific regional, environmental and economic condition in small communities determines the methods of treatment of sewage in such communities including shorelines of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr, Imam Khomeini Harbor and Chabahar Harbor. Ineffective methods of treating and sewing wastewater in aforesaid terminals as well as limitations of methods of wastewater treatment such as high level of underground waters doubled the necessity of considering alternative methods. In this paper, investigation of current conditions was performed through field observations and data collection regarding wastewater production in terminals and determination of qualitative specifications using sampling and carrying out pH, TSS, COD, BOD and temperature tests from inlet to outlet of available sewage system of abovementioned terminals and comparison with environmental organization standards corresponding to wastewater sewage and it was found out that conditions of available systems of wastewater treatment are not suitable. In this regard, modifying solutions for the sake of improving performance of systems of wastewater treatment of terminals is presented in this research. Finally, for wastewater treatment system of Bandar Abbas terminal, if there is no limitation for allocating lands, it is recommended to use artificial canebrake system with underground flow.

Chemically Induced Bioremediation of Heavy MetalContaminated Sewage-irrigated Soils in Tianjin Municipality

Festuca arundinacea L.was planted in sewage-irrigated soils from the sewage irrigation regions of Tianjin.Different concentrations of nitrilotriacetic acid（NTA）and sodium dodecylsulphate（SDS）were applied in bioremediation of Cd,Cu and Zn in sewage irrigation regions.According to the results,under the treatment of 15 mmol/kg NTA＋1 mmol/kg SDS,the concentrations of Cd and Zn reached the highest in shoots of F.arundinacea,which were 3.03 and 9.28 times over that in control,respectively;the concentrations of Cd and Zn in roots of F.arundinacea displayed the same trend as shoots.The combined addition of surfactant SDS and chelator NTA significantly increased Cd concentration in F.arundinacea,but the effect was not significant on Cu enrichment.Considering comprehensively the biomass,bioaccumulation effect and economic cost,it is economical and effective to remediate heavy metal-contaminated sewage-irrigated soils with 5mmol/kg NTA＋1 mmol/kg SDS or 10 mmol/kg NTA＋1 mmol/kg SDS.

Biomass production from microalgae Chlorella grown in sewage,kitchen wastewater using industrial CO_(2)emissions:Comparative study

Microalgae cultivation using organic wastewater like kitchen wastewater(KWW)and sewage wastewater(SWW)are recommended for wastewater treatment along with simultaneous biomass production which is a cost effective strategy.KWW is rich in nutrients which might be an efficient wastewater feedstock for microalgae cultivation to achieve reasonably high biomass yield for energy generation.KWW has not been investigated extensively for microalgae cultivation till now because of high concentration of ammonia as it could inhibit algae growth.In order to make KWW suitable for microalgae growth,a common method is to dilute with water.Hence,in the present study,KWW was diluted with water at dilution ration 1:1 and compared with SWW for microalgae biomass growth,biomass yields and nutrient removal efficiency specifically using Chlorella.Both KWW and SWW showed highest biomass productivity in mixotrophic cultivation mode.The average biomass productivity in SWW was 0.6 g/L which was higher when compared to KWW.Fourier infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)of algal biomass revealed the presence of certain organic compound groups such as eOH,eCOOH,NH_(2),and ■O.It was concluded from the results that Chlorella was very effective in the treatment of KWW,SWW and industrial flue gas on the other hand the biomass obtained is a sustainable green energy source for biofuels.

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration(DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration（DSMF）, with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 1013m^（-1） in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore,the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand（COD）concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.

A CLEAN MOTHER RIVER

The Yangtze’s environmental protection is paramount regardless of its economic development The Yangtze River,flowing more than6,300 km across China,has been witness to many epic events,inspired numerous idyllic poems,and nurtured a large number of booming towns during the country’s long history.