Accounting for Polychromatic Light in Virtual Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensing

Virtual Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing(vSHWS)has some significant advantages and is promising for aberration measurement in the field of biomedical optical imaging.The illumination sources used in vSHWS are almost broadband,but are treated as monochromatic sources(only using center wavelength)in current data processing,which may cause errors.This work proposed a data processing method to take into account the multiple wavelengths of the broadband spectrum,named multiple-wavelength centroid-weighting method.Its feasibility was demonstrated through a series of simulations.A wavefront generated with a set of statistical human ocular aberrations was used as the target wavefront to evaluate the performance of the proposed and current methods.The results showed that their performance was very close when used for the symmetrical,but the wavefront error of the proposed method was much smaller than that of the current method when used for the asymmetrical spectrum,especially for the broader spectrum.These results were also validated by using 20 sets of clinical human ocular aberrations including normal and diseased eyes.The proposed method and the obtained conclusions have important implications for the application of vSHWS.

High accuracy deep learning wavefront sensing under highorder turbulence

We explore an end-to-end wavefront sensing approach based on deep learning,which aims to deal with the high-order turbulence and the discontinuous aberration caused by optical system obstructions commonly encountered in real-world ground-based telescope observations.We have considered factors such as the entrance pupil wavefront containing high-order turbulence and discontinuous aberrations due to obstruction by the secondary mirror and spider,realistically simulating the observation conditions of ground-based telescopes.By comparing with the Marechal criterion(0.075λ),we validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.Experimental results show that the deep learning wavefront sensing approach can correct the distorted wavefront affect by high-order turbulence to close to the diffraction limit.We also analyze the limitations of this approach,using the direct zonal phase output method,where the residual wavefront stems from the fitting error.Furthermore,we have explored the wavefront reconstruction accuracy of different noise intensities and the central obstruction ratios.Within a noise intensity range of 1%–1.9%,the root mean square error(RMSE)of the residual wavefront is less than Marechal criterion.In the range of central obstruction ratios from 0.0 to 0.3 commonly used in ground-based telescopes,the RMSE of the residual wavefront is greater than 0.039λand less than 0.041λ.This research provides an efficient and valid wavefront sensing approach for high-resolution observation with ground-based telescopes.

Large dynamic range Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor based on adaptive spot matching

The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor(SHWS)is widely used for high-speed,precise,and stable wavefront measurements.However,conventional SHWSs encounter a limitation in that the focused spot from each microlens is restricted to a single microlens,leading to a limited dynamic range.Herein,we propose an adaptive spot matching(ASM)-based SHWS to extend the dynamic range.This approach involves seeking an incident wavefront that best matches the detected spot distribution by employing a Hausdorff-distance-based nearest-distance matching strategy.The ASM-SHWS enables comprehensive spot matching across the entire imaging plane without requiring initial spot correspondences.Furthermore,due to its global matching capability,ASM-SHWS can maintain its capacity even if a portion of the spots are missing.Experiments showed that the ASM-SHWS could measure a high-curvature spherical wavefront with a local slope of 204.97 mrad,despite a 12.5%absence of spots.This value exceeds that of the conventional SHWS by a factor of 14.81.

多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜调控方法

为了更好地实现多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜波前像差抑制、提升望远镜探测能力极限,本文基于望远镜视场边缘内置的错位型曲率传感器进行波前感知,并利用功率谱对波前感知结果进行分析,进而基于波前像差的空间频率特征进行调控。首先,基于复光场理论分析了非瞳面对系统波前调控的影响机理。其次,分析了本方法在多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜调控过程中的精度特性。再次,利用桌面实验对多镜面大视场主动光学望远镜调控的可行性进行了验证。最终,波前重建结果与理论波前相关性高于0.85。利用功率谱对各个视场的空间频率特性进行了分析,与单纯使用均方根对多镜面影响敏感度进行分析的方法相比,灵敏度提升了20%。

基于投影光瞳分布的星地激光通信波前探测

为了解决星地自由空间光学通信系统中的提前角问题,采用了一种基于光强传输的新型波前探测技术——投影光瞳面分布(Projected Pupil Plane Pattern,PPPP),并通过实验室实验验证了该技术的可行性。PPPP基于TIE光强传输公式,根据不同传输距离下光强分布的变化反解出大气湍流引起的波前畸变。由于PPPP采用的是上行通信激光本身的后向瑞利散射,其测量的大气湍流方向与通信卫星方向一致,因此可以有效解决星地激光通信中的提前角问题。实验模拟了1 m口径的地基望远镜作为上行激光发射装置和后向散射光斑成像设备,通过等效高度分别为10 km和17 km的上行激光后向散射光斑图像来实现对10 km以下大气湍流的波前探测。实验采用的波前畸变模拟装置包括空间光调制器和透明塑料片,实验结果表明,对不同的波前畸变PPPP和通用的夏克-哈特曼波前探测器可以实现相似的波前重构,两者重构相位的残差约为初始相位的30%。

Hyperspectral compressive wavefront sensing

Presented is a novel way to combine snapshot compressive imaging and lateral shearing interferometry in order to capture the spatio-spectral phase of an ultrashort laser pulse in a single shot.A deep unrolling algorithm is utilized for snapshot compressive imaging reconstruction due to its parameter efficiency and superior speed relative to other methods,potentially allowing for online reconstruction.The algorithm’s regularization term is represented using a neural network with 3D convolutional layers to exploit the spatio-spectral correlations that exist in laser wavefronts.Compressed sensing is not typically applied to modulated signals,but we demonstrate its success here.Furthermore,we train a neural network to predict the wavefronts from a lateral shearing interferogram in terms of Zernike polynomials,which again increases the speed of our technique without sacrificing fidelity.This method is supported with simulation-based results.While applied to the example of lateral shearing interferometry,the methods presented here are generally applicable to a wide range of signals,including Shack-Hartmann-type sensors.The results may be of interest beyond the context of laser wavefront characterization,including within quantitative phase imaging.

Application of phase-diverse phase retrieval to wavefront sensing in non-connected complicated pupil optics

Baseline algorithm, as a tool in wavefront sensing （WFS）, incorporates the phase-diverse phase retrieval （PDPR） method with hybrid-unwrapping approach to ensure a unique pupil phase estimate with high WFS accuracy even in the case of high dynamic range aberration, as long as the pupil shape is of a convex set. However, for a complicated pupil, such as that in obstructed pupil optics, the said unwrapping approach would fail owing to the fake values at points located in obstructed areas of the pupil. Thus a modified unwrapping approach that can minimize the negative effects of the obstructed areas is proposed. Simulations have shown the validity of this unwrapping approach when it is embedded in Baseline algorithm.

Single-pixel wavefront sensing via vectorial polarization modulation[Invited]

The Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor(SHWFS)is commonly used for its high speed and precision in adaptive optics.However,its performance is limited in low light conditions,particularly when observing faint objects in astronomical applications.Instead of a pixelated detector,we present a new approach for wavefront sensing using a single-pixel detector,which is able to code the spatial position of a light spot array into the polarization dimension and decode the polarization state in the polar coordinate.We propose validation experiments with simple and complex wavefront distortions to demonstrate our approach as a promising alternative to traditional SHWFS systems,with potential applications in a wide range of fields.

Accuracy characterization of Shack-Hartmann sensor with residual error removal in spherical wavefront calibration

The widely used Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor(SHWFS)is a wavefront measurement system.Its measurement accuracy is limited by the reference wavefront used for calibration and also by various residual errors of the sensor itself.In this study,based on the principle of spherical wavefront calibration,a pinhole with a diameter of 1μm was used to generate spherical wavefronts with extremely small wavefront errors,with residual aberrations of 1.0×10^(−4)λRMS,providing a high-accuracy reference wavefront.In the first step of SHWFS calibration,we demonstrated a modified method to solve for three important parameters(f,the focal length of the microlens array(MLA),p,the sub-aperture size of the MLA,and s,the pixel size of the photodetector)to scale the measured SHWFS results.With only three iterations in the calculation,these parameters can be determined as exact values,with convergence to an acceptable accuracy.For a simple SHWFS with an MLA of 128×128 sub-apertures in a square configuration and a focal length of 2.8 mm,a measurement accuracy of 5.0×10^(−3)λRMS was achieved across the full pupil diameter of 13.8 mm with the proposed spherical wavefront calibration.The accuracy was dependent on the residual errors induced in manufacturing and assembly of the SHWFS.After removing these residual errors in the measured wavefront results,the accuracy of the SHWFS increased to 1.0×10^(−3)λRMS,with measured wavefronts in the range ofλ/4.Mid-term stability of wavefront measurements was confirmed,with residual deviations of 8.04×10^(−5)λPV and 7.94×10^(−5)λRMS.This study demonstrates that the modified calibration method for a high-accuracy spherical wavefront generated from a micrometer-scale pinhole can effectively improve the accuracy of an SHWFS.Further accuracy improvement was verified with correction of residual errors,making the method suitable for challenging wavefront measurements such as in lithography lenses,astronomical telescope systems,and adaptive optics.

Integrated Test System for Large-aperture Telescopes Based on Astrophotonics Interconnections

This study aims to improve the integrated testing of large-aperture telescopes to clarify the fundamental principles of an integrated testing system based on astrophotonics.Our demonstration and analyses focused on element-position sensing and modulation based on spatial near-geometric beams,high-throughput step-difference measurements based on channel spectroscopy,distributed broadband-transmittance testing,and standard spectral tests based on near-field energy regulation.Comprehensive analyses and experiments were conducted to confirm the feasibility of the proposed system in the integrated testing process of large-aperture telescopes.The results demonstrated that the angular resolution of the light rays exceeded 5arcsec,which satisfies the requirements for component-position detection in future large-aperture telescopes.The measurement resolution of the wavefront tilt was better than 0.45μrad.Based on the channel spectral method—which combined a high signal-to-noise ratio and high sensitivity,along with continuous-spectral digital segmentation and narrowband-spectral physical segmentation—a resolution of 0.050μm and a range of 50μm were obtained.After calibration,the measurement resolution of the pupil deviation improved to exceed 4%accuracy,and the transmission measurements achieved a consistency of over 2%accuracy.Regarding fringe-broadband interferometry measurements,the system maintained high stability,ensuring its operation within the coherence length,and robustly detected the energy without unwrapping the phase.The use of a projector for calibrating broadband-spectrum measurements led to a reduction in contrast from 0.8142 to 0.6038,which further validates the system's applicability in the integrated testing process of large-aperture telescopes.This study greatly enhanced the observational capabilities of large-aperture telescopes while reducing the integrated system's volume,weight,and power consumption.

Surface Measurement Using Compressed Wavefront Sensing

Compressed sensing leverages the sparsity of signals to reduce the amount of measurements required for its reconstruction. The Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor meanwhile is a flexible sensor where its sensitivity and dynamic range can be adjusted based on applications. An investigation is done by using compressed sensing in surface measurements with the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The results show that compressed sensing paired with the Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor can reliably measure surfaces accurately. The performance of compressed sensing is compared with those of the iterative modal-based wavefront reconstruction and Fourier demodulation of Shack-Hartmann spot images. Compressed sensing performs comparably to the modal based iterative wavefront reconstruction in both simulation and experiment while performing better than the Fourier demodulation in simulation.

Target-independent dynamic wavefront sensing method based on distorted grating and deep learning

A real-time wavefront sensing method for arbitrary targets is proposed,which provides an effective way for diversified wavefront sensing application scenarios.By using a distorted grating,the positive and negative defocus images are simultaneously acquired on a single detector.A fine feature,which is independent of the target itself but corresponding to the wavefront aberration,is defined.A lightweight and efficient network combined with an attention mechanism[AM-EffNet]is proposed to establish an accurate mapping between the features and the incident wavefronts.Comparison results show that the proposed method has superior performance compared to other methods and can achieve high-accuracy wavefront sensing in varied target scenes only by using the point target dataset to train the network well.

适用于波前处理器的自适应光学系统非共光路像差补偿方法

提出了一种适合硬件形式波前处理器的非共光路像差校正方法.讨论了非共光路像差的产生原因和运用相位差异技术检测非共光路像差的方法.根据波前处理器的工作流程,推导了将非共光路像差折算到波前探测器参考点偏移量的算法,编写了实现算法的主控计算机软件模块.在望远镜光路中以光源为目标开展实验,用本文算法校正后,目标能量集中度提高了17.6%,证明了该方法的可行性.

交流系统故障导致直流线路保护动作的分析

利用直流保护的数字式波形回放系统,分析了2008年6月18日广东电网罗洞变电站发生500kV电流互感器爆炸事故期间高坡站的直流线路行波保护和直流线路电压突变量的保护动作行为。按照直流保护动作原理和逻辑,直流保护的动作行为符合设计逻辑,但违背了交流系统故障期间直流保护应可靠地不动作的设计规范,并就直流线路电压突变量保护提出了改进方案。所提出的增加保护动作延时的措施已用于天广、高肇、兴安直流工程。

相位差波前探测与图像重建

相位差技术可以直接利用两幅或多幅图像的强度信息,重构出波前相位信息和目标清晰图像,具有光路简单、成本较低、适用于扩展目标等优点,在望远镜的系统像差检测和目标图像重建方面得到了大量应用。相位差波前探测的关键在于求解非线性代价函数的最优化问题,需要避免陷入局部极值并降低计算时间,才能满足动态变化波前实时探测的需求。同时在重建目标清晰图像时,通常需要做正则化和去噪处理,来提高重建图像的质量。本文主要介绍相位差技术的基本原理,以及近年来的研究进展,并对该技术未来的发展进行了展望。

基于光纤自适应操控的激光相控阵技术研究进展(特邀)

当前,基于多光束相干合成的激光相控阵技术面临着实际湍流环境下远距离传输的应用需求和挑战,需同时校正系统内部光源噪声和外部动态湍流像差,并解决远距离传输光延迟和系统规模增大导致的有效带宽急剧下降的问题。现有的技术手段如目标在回路技术和延迟SPGD算法无法应对湍流带来的动态倾斜像差,而这一点对在远场目标处获得高质量相干合成光束至关重要。文中介绍了中国科学院光电技术研究所在多孔径激光传输控制技术上的最新研究进展,新技术实现了对光纤阵列激光出射光束倾斜像差的并行和高效校正,并提出了基于主动波前测量的光纤激光阵列外部像差预补偿校正的方法,为光纤激光相控阵技术的实际大气传输应用打下基础。

自适应光学技术在深层动态荧光显微成像中的应用和发展

荧光显微成像技术是开展微观生命科学研究的重要手段和工具,使用该技术可以观察生物体内的精细结构、动态追踪生物体内组织、细胞、细胞核、蛋白、小分子等不同尺度的生命活动过程。其中,研究深层组织高时空分辨率荧光显微成像技术,是当前成像领域一个前沿问题。应用自适应光学技术实时补偿经由不透明散射、非均匀生物组织传播而引入的复杂波前畸变已被证实是实现上述技术的一种有效途径。文中首先归纳了深层动态荧光显微成像的需求和特点,随后分别介绍了自适应光学技术近几年在共聚焦显微成像、随机光学重构显微成像、光激活定位显微成像、受激辐射光淬灭显微成像、双光子/多光子激发显微成像中的相关应用,并对今后的研究问题和发展方向提出展望。

相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感器波前重构新方法

对相关哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的波前重构方法进行了研究,提出了一种基于相邻子图像间相对平移量的波前重构新方法。与常用的基于单一参考子图像的波前重构方法相比,新方法的动态范围有了很大提高。在8×8去4角的子孔径划分下,测量离焦波面时,新方法的动态范围可提高约16倍,子孔径数目越多,动态范围提高的倍数也越高。精度分析表明,两种波前重构方法在8×8去4角的子孔径划分下精度相近,在子孔径数目更多时,相邻子图像处理法的波前重构精度低于单一参考子图像法。

相位变更方法发展简述

相位变更(Phase diversity,PD)波前传感是一种较新的波前传感方法,它使用相对简单的光学系统,运用最优化计算方法,借鉴图像处理中的一些技术手段,在得到波前信息的同时,还可以得到目标的清晰像。PD方法经过20多年的发展,在理论上和技术上日臻完善,已经在空间望远镜共相位调整,目标成像清晰化处理等多个领域得到了应用。但PD方法也存在计算量大,探测动态范围小等缺点,其在实际光学系统中的应用仍有待于进一步的研究和探讨。

相位差法波前传感系统自身误差的分析及消除方法

针对附加像差为离焦的情况,对焦面位置误差、离焦量误差、图像对准误差以及图像噪声等因素带来的波前传感误差进行了数值模拟,并给出了确定焦面位置、对准焦面图像和离焦面图像、精确计算分光比、确定离焦量以及处理图像噪声的方法。使得传感结果的均方根误差分别由0.088 8λ,0.059 0λ,0.128 4λ,4.170 6λ,0.152 6λ降为0.002 1λ,0.002 1λ,0.002 1λ,0.002 1λ,0.029 2λ。结果表明:这些方法可以有效地减小传感误差,大大提高了传感精度,为相位差法的实际应用提供了重要的技术支持。