Detailed sedimentary structure of the Mianning segment of the Anninghe fault zone revealed by H/V spectral ratio

The Anninghe fault is a major left-lateral strike-slip fault in southwest China and a seismic gap with a potential earthquake larger than MW 7.0 lies in the Mianning-Xichang segment according to recent observations.The shallow structure of this region can offer a glimpse into the geometry of the fault,which plays an important role in earthquake hazard mitigation.To further investigate the sedimentary structure of the Anninghe fault zone,two dense linear arrays with a station spacing of around 80 m were deployed across the fault.In this study,the H/V spectral ratio(HVSR),together with its peak frequency at each station site,was obtained by applying the Nakamura method.Our findings demonstrate that the peak frequency behaves in high correlation with lithology and is controlled by topography.HVSR in foothills or regions with magmatic intrusion shows a single peak at about 2–3 Hz.In locations with abundant Quaternary sedimentation,such as Anninghe valleys and fracture zones,another low-frequency peak around 0.4 Hz can be noticed in HVSR.By using the empirical relationship,the thickness of the sedimentary layer around the fault fracture zone is estimated to be 300–600 m.Furthermore,the sedimentary interface shows a downward dip to the east,possibly influenced by the east-west extrusion stress.Considering the resonance effect,buildings with 6–9 stories in the valley area of the Anninghe require additional attention in earthquake hazard prevention.

Coupling Effects on Gold Mineralization of Deep and Shallow Structures in the Northwestern Jiaodong Peninsula, Eastern China

For understanding the possible deep-seated processes and geodynamic constrains on gold mineralization, comprehensive physicochemical and geochemical studies of gold mineralization have been undertaken within the paleo-lithosphere framework during the metailogenic epoch from the northwestern part of the Jiaodong Peninsula in this paper. A general image of the paleo-crust has been remained although it has been superimposed and reformed by post-metailogenic tectonic movements. The gold ore deposits occur usually in local uplifts and gradient belts featuring a turn from steep to gentle in granite-metamorphic contact zones, relative uplifts of gradient zones of the Curier isothermal interfaces, depressions of the Moho discontinuity and areas where depth contours are cut by isotherms perpendicularly. Gold mineralization and lithogenesis are characterized by high temperature, low pressure and high strength of thermal flux. The depth of mineralization ranges from 0.8 to 4.5 km. The depth of the top interface of the granitic complex in the metallogenic epoch is about 3 km. There is a low-velocity layer （LVL） at the bottom of the upper crust with a depth close to 19.5 km, which may be a detachment belt in the crust. The appearance of the LVL indicates the existence of paleo-hyperthermal fluid or relics of molten magma chambers, which reflects partial melting within the crust during the diagenetic and metallogenic epochs and the superposition effects of strike-slip shearing of the Taulu fault zone. The subsidence of the Moho is probably attributed to the coupling process of the NW-SE continental collision between North China and the Yangtze Block and the strike-slip movement of the Tanlu fault accompanied with underplating of mantle magma in the northwestern part of the Jiaodong Peninsula. The underplating of mantle magma may result in partial melting and make granite magma transfer upwards. This is favorable for the migration of metallogenic materials from deep to shallow to be enriched to form deposits. Coupling interactions between the strike-slip of the Taulu fault, the underplating of mantle magma, partial melting within the crust, and hyperthermal fluid, etc. may be the important factors controlling the gold mineralization and spatial structures in the metailogenic system.

Imaging shallow structure with active-source surface wave signal recorded by distributed acoustic sensing arrays

Distributed acoustic sensing(DAS) is one recently developed seismic acquisition technique that is based on fiber-optic sensing. DAS provides dense spatial spacing that is useful to image shallow structure with surface waves.To test the feasibility of DAS in shallow structure imaging,the PoroTomo team conducted a DAS experiment with the vibroseis truck T-Rex in Brady’s Hot Springs, Nevada, USA.The Rayleigh waves excited by the vertical mode of the vibroseis truck were analyzed with the Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves(MASW) method. Phase velocities between5 and 20 Hz were successfully extracted for one segment of cable and were employed to build a shear-wave velocity model for the top 50 meters. The dispersion curves obtained with DAS agree well with the ones extracted from co-located geophones data and from the passive source Noise Correlation Functions(NCF). Comparing to the co-located geophone array, the higher sensor density that DAS arrays provides help reducing aliasing in dispersion analysis, and separating different surface wave modes. This study demonstrates the feasibility and advantage of DAS in imaging shallow structure with surface waves.

3-D shear wave velocity structure in the shallow crust of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Lujiang,Anhui,and adjacent areas,and its tectonic implications

The Tan-Lu fault zone is a large NNE-trending fault zone in eastern China.Investigations of the structures of the fault zone and its surrounding areas have attracted much attention.In this study,we used dense-array ambient noise tomography to construct a threedimensional shear wave velocity model of shallow crust in an area about 80km×70km in Lujiang,Anhui Province,eastern China.For approximately one month we collected continuous ambient noise signals recorded by 90 short-period seismographs in the region,and obtained the short-period Rayleigh wave empirical Green's functions between stations by the cross-correlation method;we also extracted 0.5–8 s fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity and phase velocity dispersion curves.Based on the direct surface wave tomography method,we jointly inverted the group velocity and phase velocity dispersion data of all paths and obtained the 3-D shear wave velocity structure in the depth range of 0–5 km.The results revealed important geological structural features of the study area.In the north region,the sedimentary center of the Hefei Basin—the southwestern part of the Chaohu Lake—shows a significant low-velocity anomaly to a depth of at least 5 km.The southwestern and southeastern regions of the array are the eastern margin of the Dabie orogenic belt and the intrusion area of Luzong volcanic rocks,respectively,and both show obvious high-speed anomalies;the sedimentary area within the Tan-Lu fault zone(about 10 km wide)shows low-velocity anomalies.However,the volcanic rock intrusion area in the fault zone is shown as high velocity.Our shallow crustal imaging results reflect the characteristics of different structures in the study area,especially the high-speed intrusive rocks in the Tan-Lu fault zone,which were probably partially derived from the magmatic activity of Luzong volcanic basin.From the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary,the Tan-Lu fault zone was in a period of extensional activity;the special stress environment and the fractured fault zone morphology provided conditions for magma in the Luzong volcanic basin to intrude into the Tan-Lu fault zone in the west.Our 3-D model can also provide important information for deep resource exploration and earthquake strong ground motion simulation.

Study on coupling between deep and shallow structures of Xingtai area and some significant questions

In the light of results from study on coupling between deep and shallow structures in Xingtai earthquake area during the 'Ninth Five-Year Plan' period and other previous results from deep seismic refraction/reflection and seismic prospecting of petroleum, we infer that there exist a series of shallow faults in the upper crust above the 8 km-deep detachment surface in Xingtai macroseismic focal region, where none of the faults, including Aixinzhuang fault reaches the Quaternary stratum, except that the Xinhe fault cuts through the mid-Pleistocene formation upwards. Aixinzhuang fault and other faults extend downwards into Xinhe fault whereas the Xinhe listric fault stretches downwards at a low dip angle into the detachment surface. The abyssal fault with high dip angle under the detachment surface cutting through the middle and lower crust to Moho is the causative fault for the large Xingtai earthquake, whose dislocation can cause strong earthquakes, shallow fault activity and the motion of surface material. The shallow faults in the upper crust are not causative faults for strong earthquakes, although they may be active faults. The existence of the detachment surface brings about a special relationship between shallow and deep structures, i.e. they are relatively independent of each other and have effects on each other It not only transmits partial energy and deformation between the upper and lower crust,but also has a certain decoupling effect. Finally we conclude that active faults do not necessarily reach the latest stratum, and the age of uppermost faulted stratum cannot represent the latest active period of the fault. This put to us a significant question in regard to the age determination and study of active faults. Other noticeable questions are also inferred to in this study.

Roof structure theory and support resistance determination of longwall face in shallow seam

This paper presents the structure models founded in shallow seam, the roof asymmetry arch with three articulations in roof first weighting and the step voussoir beam in roof periodic weighting. These structure models are differ from classic theory, it establishes the new roof control theory of instability structure roof, especially in shallow seam. Based on the new roof structure theory, the support working state of "given sliding load" is put forward, and the factor of load transmitting is introduced to determine the load on roof structure. Therefore, the proper and accurate calculating methods of support resistance are established. Based on this, the dynamic structure theory in shallow seam could be predicted.

Study on relationship between deep and shallow structures along north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan basin

Based on the results of surface geology, shallow and deep seismic survey, features of micro-earthquake activity along the north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan sub-basin and their relationship with the surface active faults and the deep-seated crustal structure are analyzed using the recordings from the high-resolution digital seismic network. The focal mechanism solutions of micro-earthquakes, whose locations are precisely determined by the seismic network, have confirmed the structural characteristics to be the rotational planar normal fault and demon-strated the surface traces of the north boundary fault of Yanqing-Fanshan sub-basin. By using the digital recordings of earthquakes with the high resolutions and analyzing the mechanism solutions, our study has revealed the rela-tionship between the geological phenomena in the shallow and deep structures in Yanqing-Huailai basin and the transition features from the brittle to ductile deformation with the crustal depth.

P-wave tomography and relation between shallow and deep structures beneath the Songliao basin

We selected relative travel-time residuals from teleseismic waveform data using the waveform correction method and imaged the P wave velocity structure beneath Northeast China. In combination with other geophysical data, we discussed the relation between the shallow and deep structures of the area. The results show that there is a primary high-velocity zone with some high- and low-ve- locity distribution characters beneath the Songliao basin. The low-velocity anomalies may extend down to the upper mantle, and may be the result of material upwelling. The low-velocity anomaly beneath the southern part of the Songliao basin is connected to those beneath the Chang- baishan and A＇ershan volcanic areas. It may be an upwelling channel from the mantle beneath the Songliao basin and adjacent area. This finding indicates the Songliao basin was a result of asthenospheric upwelling caused by subduction of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate.

Research on the Characteristics of Deep and Shallow Structures in Shenyang City and Their Relationship with Seismic Activities

Deep and shallow tectonic data in Shenyang and its relationship with seismic activity shows that the NE trending faults developed on the surface control the formation and development of the fault-uplift and fault-depression.The uplift and depression of the bedrock at a depth of 7km underground are consistent with the surface structure.12 planar listric normal faults have developed above a depth of 18km ～ 20km and two deep faults have developed in the lower crust.Because of the deep incision and new activities,the surface Wanggangpu-Xinchengzi fault and Yongle-Qingshuitai fault,which correspond to the deep F3 fault and F6 fault,might be related to seismic activity in Shenyang.

A two-step multi-frequency receiver function inversion method for shallow crustal S-wave velocity structure and its application across the basin-mountain range belts in Northeast China

A shallow crustal velocity structure(above 10 km depth) is essential for understanding the crustal structures and deformation and assessing the exploration prospect of natural resources, and also provides priori information for imaging deeper crustal and mantle structure. Passive-source seismic methods are cost-effective and advantageous for regional-scale imaging of shallow crustal structures compared to active-source methods. Among these passive methods, techniques utilizing receiver function waveforms and/or body-wave amplitude ratios have recently gained prominence due to their relatively high spatial resolution. However, in basin regions, reverberations caused by near-surface unconsolidated sedimentary layers often introduce strong non-uniqueness and uncertainty, limiting the applicability of such methods. To address these challenges, we propose a two-step inversion method that uses multi-frequency P-RF waveforms and P-RF horizontal-to-vertical amplitude ratios. Synthetic tests indicate that our two-step inversion method can mitigate the non-uniqueness of the inversion and enhance the stability of the results. Applying this method to teleseismic data from a linear seismic array across the sedimentary basins in Northeast China, we obtain a high-resolution image of the shallow crustal S-wave velocity structure along the array. Our results reveal significant differences between the basins and mountains. The identification of low-velocity anomalies(<2.8 km s^(-1)) at depths less than 1.0 km beneath the Erlian Basin and less than 2.5 km beneath the Songliao Basin suggests the existence of sedimentary layers. Moreover, the high-velocity anomalies(~3.4–3.8 km s^(-1)) occurring at depths greater than 7 km in the Songliao Basin may reflect mafic intrusions emplaced during the Early Cretaceous. Velocity anomaly distribution in our imaging result is consistent with the location of the major faults, uplifts, and sedimentary depressions, as well as active-source seismic results. This application further validates the effectiveness of our method in constraining the depth-dependent characteristics of the S-wave velocity in basins with unconsolidated sedimentary cover.

Study on shallow structural features in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region

A seismic survey by 10 shallow profiles and 6 ultra-shallow profiles was performed in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region in 2002. The result shows that there are three （in some areas as many as seven） stable interfaces in the survey region, but no reflection phases are found in depths greater than 500 m. The number of interfaces in the southwestern part is obviously greater than in the northwestern part of Tianchi volcano, which suggests that the faults in the southwest have a stronger controlling power over the flow direction of volcano-spewed lava as compared with those in the northwest. Six shallow faults exist in the survey region. The shallow faults are nearly vertical graben-like faults and are mostly distributed on the southwest of Tianchi crater, indicating that volcanic activities in the southwest are stronger than in the northwest. On this ground, it could be further deduced that the NE-trending major fault of Tianchi volcano （ the Liudaogou-Tianchi-Zengfengshan fault） is more active than the NW-trending Baishanzhen-Tianchi-Jince fault.

The heterogeneous characteristics of crust-mantle structures and the seismic activities in the northwest Beijing region

In this paper, the abnormal characteristics of the crustal structures in the seismic active region, Yanqing-Huailai and Zhangbei-Shangyi, are obtained by means of comprehensively interpreting and studying the data of deep seis- mic sounding profiles passing through the northwestern part of Zhangjiakou-Bohai seismic zone. The results show that the fluctuation of crystalline basement in the study region is obvious and that there exist considerable differ- ences in depth in different geological units. The locally abrupt variation of crystalline basement depths may be regarded as a mark of existence of crystalline basement faults. These crystalline basement faults and deep crustal faults provide a pass for the magma upwelling, resulting in the strong inhomogeneity of crustal structures. These phenomena of the complex seismic reflected waves and locally discontinuous reflection zones with different en- ergy indicate that the intensive squeeze and deformation of crust took place, which have led to the complex crustal structures and offered the dynamic source for the earthquake occurrence in this region. The low velocity bodies in different depths of crust and the local interface C1 in Zhangbei-Shangyi region may result from repeated magmatic activities. The certain stress accumulation in the brittle upper crust can cause the occurrence of earthquake under the action of local tectonic activity.

Dynamic evolution in mechanical characteristics of complex supporting structures during large section tunnel construction

The shallow tunnelling method(STM)often uses temporary supports to divide large section tunnels into several closed or semiclosed sections so as to share the upper load.The complex support system composed of primary and temporary supports can ensure safety during tunnel construction.Based on the large section tunnel of Beijing Subway Line 12,the mechanical characteristics of support system by the double-side-drift method(DSDM)during excavation and demolition were analyzed through numerical simulation and monitoring.The study showed that the middle cave excavation was the most critical stage of the DSDM,during which the load on the supporting structure increased significantly.The temporary vertical support bore most of the new load during middle cave excavation.During the demolition stage,the load was redistributed,which caused arch settlement and section convergence.The removal of the temporary vertical support exerted the greatest impact in this process.The lateral temporary inverted arch changed from axial compression to axial tension after the middle and lower caves were excavated.Based on the mechanical characteristics of the support system,some engineering suggestions were proposed for large section tunnel construction.These research results can provide reference for the design and construction of similar large section tunnels.

Structural Mapping of Kakobola and Its Surroundings by Analyzing Geomagnetic Data

This study focuses on the Kakobola region and its surroundings where cavities discovered in its basement may represent a major risk for the hydroelectric dam erected on the Lufuku River near the Kakobola city and the civil engineering works in the study area. In order to deepen the studies related to this understudied region and provide decision-makers with information that will enable them to make the necessary and appropriate decisions regarding the development of this area, a study based on the analysis of geomagnetic data was carried out using certain methods revealing more shallow than deep structures, and others highlighting the limits of both shallower and deeper structures. Total magnetic anomalies and reduced to equator (RTE) magnetic anomalies were used to map the subsurface of the Kakobola region and its surroundings. In order to detect the edges of magnetized structures, the horizontal gradient magnitude (HGM), the analytic signal (AS), the horizontal gradient of tilt angle (HGTA), the tilt angle (TA), the theta map (TM), the enhanced total horizontal derivative of the tilt angle (ETHDR), the tilt angle of the horizontal gradient (TAHG), and the tilt angle of analytic signal (TAAS) were used. The study area is characterized by two areas of low values of magnetic anomalies and two other sources of high magnetic anomalies located in the bed and the neighborhood of the two major rivers in the region. The shallow sources of magnetic anomalies are lying in the bed and the vicinity of the same rivers in the study area. The magnetic sources in the study area are connected and almost linear. Several magnetic lineaments identified in this region by different methods present several preferential directions, but the most predominant directions are NE-SW, NW-SE, W-E and NE-SW.

龙门山双复杂区表层结构调查方法研究

龙门山山前带地表地质条件复杂,浅表层速度及厚度差异大,给激发、接收和静校正等工作带来较大困难。表层调查工作直接影响到地下介质成像效果。为使该地区进行的地震勘探攻关能够获取准确的静校正量数据,给井深设计提供依据,研究适合该区域的表层调查方法,结合地质剖面、浅震、小层析、地面微测井、钻井取心、高密度电法、三分量共振表层调查方法的工作原理,分别应用不同方法做比对,分析了不同调查方法的应用效果。通过不同表层调查的比对,分析了不同方法的适用范围,为该区选择合适的表层调查方法及方法参数选取提供依据,同时为其他地表复杂区域进行表层调查提供参考。

基于短周期密集台阵的广州—佛山地区地壳浅部三维S波速度结构研究

广州—佛山地区位于珠三角经济区的核心地带,三条区域性断裂从中交错穿过.广州—佛山地区精细的地壳浅部三维S波速度结构,对于研究区内的城市规划建设、地震灾害评估、强地面运动模拟等具有重要意义.本文利用布设于广州—佛山地区短周期密集地震台阵中的1104个台站记录到的连续波形数据,采用背景噪声互相关方法计算了台站对间的互相关函数并进一步提取到周期范围在0.1~5 s内的39488条高质量面波群速度频散曲线,然后通过基于射线追踪的面波直接反演方法计算得到了研究区内0.3~3 km深度的高分辨率三维S波速度结构.结果显示:研究区内地壳浅部S波速度横向差异显著,其中南部的珠江三角洲断陷盆地S波速度结构相对较为复杂,而北部的广花盆地内部S波速度结构则表现相对简单.研究区内的低速异常主要位于断裂附近,且大都位于断裂的下降盘.珠江三角洲内三水盆地东缘表现为马鞍状低速异常,向下最大延伸至2 km,低速体南北两侧边界与控盆断裂位置基本一致.广花盆地内部存在两个平行排列的高速异常,中间夹持一平行构造走向的低速异常,总体速度结构特征符合广花盆地为一复式向斜的地质构造背景.低速异常向下延伸至1.4 km深度处,可能指示了卷入向斜地层的最大埋深.沿广州—从化断裂发育条带状低速异常,与沿断裂形成的沉积地层有关.条带状异常在浅部分为两段,表明广州—从化断裂在历史上可能具有分段活动性.玉带公园周围被高速异常环绕,异常向上延伸至距地表约1.3 km处,结合研究区已有资料推测该高速异常可能为早期岩浆侵入在地壳浅部的反映.

岩溶管道构造影响下浅部地层温度数值模拟研究

当含水岩溶构造体存在时,浅部地层温度场会产生变化。浅层测温法可以简单快速地获得浅层地温数据,通过温度差异反演出岩溶构造的分布。为了研究以贵州省盘州市某场地及其周围场地为对象时,浅层测温技术探测岩溶管道构造体的可行性,笔者采用数值模拟方法。结果表明:构造体不同的埋深会显著改变浅部地层的温度,对于单个岩溶构造体(等效直径为0.5 m,水温12℃),可探测深度极限约为66 m;在管道内流体的温度为12℃时,岩溶管道构造体有效流动截面积的增大会降低浅部地层温度,等效直径在0.1~1.0 m区间内改变时,2.0 m处地层温度的变化在0.02℃以内,这使得利用浅层测温法识别岩溶构造体的有效流动截面积变得困难;流体温度在一定范围内(12~18℃)的变化会改变浅部地层温度,尤其是低温流体的影响更为明显。

浅水受限区水下油气田开发方案

针对国内浅水油气资源开发环境影响及空间受限等问题,本文提出了国产浅水水下生产系统的总体设计方案。通过对浅水水下生产系统关键设备结构进行分析,提出了一种满足受限区海域开发要求的环境友好型设计思路。结果表明:通过系统和总体布置的设计,国产浅水水下生产系统与深水相比在单体重量、作业方式、维护检修方面更加经济。

川西新场构造带须二段浅水三角洲砂体结构特征及控制因素

川西新场构造带上三叠统须家河组二段砂体分布广泛、砂体类型多样且厚度差异较大,导致气藏层间隔层、层内夹层分布不均,储集层分布非均质性强烈,因此需对储集砂体沉积微相与砂体分布特征及砂体结构展开精细研究,为下一步储集层预测和气藏高效开发奠定基础。作者以Cross高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,结合岩心、测(录)井、三维地震、分析测试等资料,系统阐明了川西新场构造带须二段砂体结构特征及其控制因素。研究结果表明:研究区整体处于浅水三角洲前缘亚相带,主要发育水下分流河道砂体,河口坝砂体次之,河道砂体侧向迁移频繁,垂向多期叠置、横向上广覆连片。不同位置水下分流河道特征差异大,结合其典型特征,将水下分流河道砂体进一步细分为削截型水下分流河道和完整型水下分流河道。总结出研究区共发育2大类9小类砂体垂向叠置样式和3种侧向接触样式。砂体结构特征和发育样式主要受基准面升降、河流能量控制。最终建立了川西新场构造带须二段沉积微相及砂体结构发育模式,这对浅水三角洲前缘的气藏勘探开发具有指导意义。

受邻近开挖影响的浅基础砌体结构三阶段分析法

浅基础砌体结构的材料力学行为和受力体系决定了其对变形极其敏感,尤其是邻近深基坑工程施工时,需在基坑开挖前对影响范围内的砌体结构建筑进行安全评价。鉴于此,提出一种用于受邻近深开挖影响的浅基础砌体结构变形和损伤分析的三阶段分析法。三阶段分析法依托于数值模拟,根据影响因子权重依次构建地基结构模型、荷载结构模型和分离式砌体模型,在减少计算量的同时,尽可能准确预测砌体结构的变形和损伤风险。本文依托杭州市某深基坑工程,采用该分析法对受深开挖影响的砌体结构建筑进行深入分析,结合实测数据验证计算结果。结果表明,三阶段分析法能较好地反映因基坑开挖引起的周边建筑物的变形和表观损伤情况,在评价浅基础砌体结构损伤、预测结构变形等方面有较好的适用性,可为基坑开挖与周边建筑物相互影响的超前预测提供一种思路。