Petroleum geochemistry and origin of shallow-buried saline lacustrine oils in the slope zone of the Mahu sag, Junggar Basin, NW China

Recently, significant oil discoveries have been made in the shallower pay zones of the Jurassic Badaowan Formation (J_(1)b) in the Mahu Sag, Junggar Basin, Northwest China. However, little work has been done on the geochemical characteristics and origins of the oil in the J_(1)b reservoir. This study analyzes 44 oil and 14 source rock samples from the area in order to reveal their organic geochemical characteristics and the origins of the oils. The J_(1)b oils are characterized by a low Pr/Ph ratio and high β-carotene and gammacerane indices, which indicate that they were mainly generated from source rocks deposited in a hypersaline environment. The oils are also extremely enhanced in C_(29) regular steranes, possibly derived from halophilic algae. Oil-source correlation shows that the oils were derived from the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation (P_(1)f) source rocks, which were deposited in a strongly stratified and highly saline water column with a predominance of algal/bacterial input in the organic matter. The source rocks of the Middle Permian lower-Wuerhe Formation (P_(2)w), which were deposited in fresh to slightly saline water conditions with a greater input of terrigenous organic matter, make only a minor contribution to the J_(1)b oils. The reconstruction of the oil accumulation process shows that the J_(1)b oil reservoir may have been twice charged during Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous and the Paleogene–Neogene, respectively. A large amount volume of hydrocarbons generated in the P_(1)f source rock and leaked from T_(1)b oil reservoirs migrated along faults connecting source beds and shallow-buried secondary faults into Jurassic traps, resulting in large-scale accumulations in J_(1)b. These results are crucial for understanding the petroleum system of the Mahu Sag and will provide valuable guidance for petroleum exploration in the shallower formations in the slope area of the sag.

Ground motion duration effect on responses of hydraulic shallow-buried tunnel under SV-waves excitations

Although intensive research of the influence of ground motion duration on structural cumulative damage has been carried out, the influence of dynamic responses in underground tunnels remains a heated debate. This study attempts to highlight the importance of the ground motion duration effect on hydraulic tunnels subjected to deep-focus earthquakes. In the study, a set of 18 recorded accelerograms with a wide-range of durations were employed. A spectrally equivalent method serves to distinguish the effect of duration from other ground motion features, and then the seismic input model was simulated using SV-wave excitation based on a viscous-spring boundary, which was verified by the time-domain waves analysis method. The nonlinear analysis results demonstrate that the risk of collapse of the hydraulic tunnel is higher under long-duration ground motion than that of short-duration ground motion of the same seismic intensity. In a low intensity earthquake, the ground motion duration has little effect on the damage energy consumption of a hydraulic tunnel lining, but in a high intensity earthquake, dissipation of the damage energy and damage index of concrete shows a nonlinear growth trend accompanied by the increase of ground motion duration, which has a great influence on the deformation and stress of hydraulic tunnels, and correlation analysis shows that the correlation coefficient is greater than 0.8. Therefore, the duration of ground motion should be taken into consideration except for its intensity and frequency content in the design of hydraulic tunnel, and evaluation of seismic risk.

Dynamic Response of Shallow-Buried Tunnels Traversing High Loess Slopes

Considering the existence of numerous shallow-buried tunnels traversing high slopes in the loess area in western China and the fact of high seismic intensity there,we investigate the dynamic response rules of a shallow-buried loess tunnel and its slope under the action of seismic waves with different intensities.Through large-scale shaking table model tests,we successfully analyze the characteristics and process of the destabilization of tunnels and slopes,and propose valuable suggestions regarding the reinforcement parts of a tunnel for reducing seismic damage.The results show that the main seismic damage on a slope include the failure of the sliding surface between the top and foot and the stripping of the soil around the tunnel entrance,while the damage on a tunnel is mainly manifested as the seismic-induced subsidence at the portal section and the cracking deformation at the joint areas.Finally,we propose that the“staggered peak distribution”phenomenon of the maximum acceleration values at the vault and inverted arch area can be considered as a criterion indicating that the tunnel enters into the threshold of dynamic failure.

Bedrock outcropping in the accumulation zone of the largest glacier in Mexico(Glaciar Norte of Citlaltépetl),as evidence of a possible accelerated extinction

The highest volcano in Mexico,at the same time the third largest mountain in North America(Citlaltépetl,5610 m a.s.l.),is home to the largest glacier in the country.Because of the extinction of the Popocatépetl glacier(5500 m a.s.l.)caused by eruptive activity,and the almost disappearance of the Iztaccíhuatl glaciers(5220 m a.s.l.)due to the lower elevation of the mountain,the Glaciar Norte of Citlatépetl has been the only glacier that has shown a certain degree of stability as a response to the altitude in which it is located.However,as occurs in almost all glaciers on the planet,the retreat of its glacier terminus has been continuous.Furthermore,during the last years the thickness of its upper part began to decrease rapidly until its bedrock was exposed for the first time in 2019.Due to its ecosystem importance and because it is the main glacier in Mexico,as well as the only one in the world located at latitude 19°N,in this work its current dimensions are updated,as well as the local climatology that governs the current state of the glacier is pointed out.The study was based on the analysis of high-resolution Sentinel-2 optical images,as well as through Sentinel-1 SAR images,with the support of climatological information from the study area.Therefore,the outcropping of the bedrock in the accumulation zone and the consequent horizontal retreat of the upper part of the glacier are documented;at the same time,the decrease in the thickness of the ice along it is noted.The rocky outcrop in the accumulation zone suggests that the flow dynamics of the ice towards the ablation zone will be considerably less,accelerating the retreat of the glacier terminus.Finally,the ascent of the glacial front to 5102 m a.s.l.and the modelled altitude of the equilibrium line to 5276 m a.s.l.are reported as a warning signal in terms of snow catchment and mass balance;likewise,the decrease of 23%of its surface is also indicated regarding the surface reduction monitoring that has been done until 2017.These findings may indicate that the future of this glacier is related to its possible extinction sooner than previously thought,with severe environmental consequences,especially in terms of the provision of drinking water for thousands of inhabitants of the slopes of the volcano.This research is expected to help reflect on the impacts of current climate variability and at the same time serve as a reference for the tropical glaciers on the planet.

Salt-Lake Basin Bedrock Weathered Crust Gas Reservoir in the Altun Mountains Front of the Qaidam Basin,Western China

The bedrock weathered crust in front of the Altun Mountains in the Qaidam Basin,western China,is different from others because this is a salt-lake basin,where saline water fluid infiltrates and is deposited in the overlying strata.A large amount of gypsum infills the bedrock weathered crust,and this has changed the pore structure.Using core observation,polarized light microscopy,electron probe,physical property analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy experiments,the characteristics of the weathered bedrock have been studied.There are cracks and a small number of dissolved pores in the interior of the weathered crust.Matrix micropores are widely developed,especially the various matrix cracks formed by tectonics and weathering,as well as the stress characteristics of small dissolved pores,and physical properties such as porosity and permeability.This‘dual structure’developed in the bedrock is important for guiding the exploration of the lake basin bedrock for natural gas.

我国黄土高原地区地震动衰减关系研究的若干进展

地震动的衰减关系是指地震动随震级、距离和场地条件等变化的经验关系,近年来在我国亦被称为地震动预测方程,是估计地震动及其影响场的主要方法之一,在地震区划和重大工程场地地震安全性评价中被广泛应用。黄土是一种特殊土,在我国广泛分布。我国黄土高原地区地质构造复杂,新构造活动强烈,中强地震频发,地震动的衰减关系有其特殊性,总结我国黄土高原地区地震动衰减关系的研究成果对促进黄土高原地区抗震研究有重要意义。在简要介绍国内外地震动衰减关系研究的基础上,全面系统地总结我国学者在黄土高原地区的地震烈度衰减关系,基岩和土层场地地震动峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值位移以及反应谱衰减关系方面的研究成果;评述和讨论在黄土覆盖地区地震动衰减研究领域存在的问题和今后的研究方向。文章的研究工作对从事黄土高原地区地震工程研究的科技人员有重要参考价值。

重结晶碳酸盐ESR年代学在碳酸盐岩基岩区断层和滑坡活动性研究中的应用进展

开展发震断层活动历史研究是地震、滑坡等自然灾害研究和防治的基础,年代测定一直是断层活动历史研究的热点和难点。在缺乏第四纪沉积物的碳酸盐岩基岩区,宇生核素暴露测年是确定断层活动历史的主要手段,但测年结果受曝露面表面风化、侵蚀和溶蚀作用影响较大。碳酸盐是ESR年代学研究的主要测年矿物之一,可以测量碳酸盐的结晶年龄。在碳酸盐岩基岩区的大型断层面和滑坡滑动面上,因高速摩擦生热可形成重结晶碳酸盐,为ESR测年提供了可靠的测年计时零点,有望通过ESR测年法获得重结晶碳酸盐的结晶年龄,即断层和滑坡最近一次的活动时代。以往用于ESR测年的碳酸盐都是自生碳酸盐,如珊瑚、石笋、文石等,尚未对断层和滑坡滑动面上的重结晶碳酸盐开展过相关研究。因此,文中介绍了重结晶碳酸盐ESR测年的最新研究,以丽江-小金河断裂剑川剖面的断层面和小江断裂与则木河断裂交会处的巧家滑坡后缘滑动面上的重结晶碳酸盐为研究对象,通过微观结构观察、热退火实验、光晒退实验及与前人的沉积物14C和光释光测年结果进行比对等,对将重结晶碳酸盐ESR测年法用于碳酸盐岩基岩区断层和滑坡活动性分析的可行性和可靠性进行分析和论证,并建立了重结晶碳酸盐ESR测年技术,该技术可广泛地用于碳酸盐岩基岩区的断层和滑坡活动历史研究。

海拉尔盆地油气勘探新领域、新层系及资源潜力

海拉尔盆地是“十四五”(2016―2020年)大庆油田持续有效发展资源接替的重要领域,历经多年勘探,已在乌尔逊凹陷的苏仁诺尔构造带、乌东斜坡带和贝尔凹陷的贝中次凹、苏德尔特构造带、霍多莫尔构造带、呼和诺仁构造带及巴彦塔拉构造带等富油凹陷的主体构造提交了储量。面临剩余更加复杂的勘探对象,按照以往常规油气勘探思路已不能满足勘探发现的需要。为了搞清楚海拉尔盆地的剩余资源类型、成藏特征、潜力,基于盆内钻井岩心岩屑、测井、地震等资料,总结全层系、全盆地主力源岩分布、不同类型储层特征及源储组合特征,指出潜在资源类型、控制要素、分布模式、增储潜力。结果表明:富油凹陷的深凹区致密油、侏罗系塔木兰沟组、基岩潜山还具备较大勘探潜力,剩余资源总量达9.08×10^(8)t;已经在构造带提交的常规油藏储量1.5×10^(8)t只占总资源量的14.2%,其中致密油资源依托南屯组一段为主要源岩,源上、源下致密类型在深凹区叠置连片分布,剩余资源潜力为3.84×10^(8)t;侏罗系塔木兰沟组自生自储,近源成藏,剩余资源潜力为2.37×10^(8)t;潜山油藏通过通源断层、生油层不整合覆盖,源储侧接,内幕及表层一体化成藏,剩余资源潜力为2.87×10^(8)t。研究成果可推动海拉尔盆地及其类似断陷盆地全油气资源的高效勘探,并提供技术和勘探实践参考。

松辽盆地北部基岩储层有效性评价技术

针对松辽盆地北部基岩岩性复杂、储层致密、裂缝发育以及储层参数计算精度低、储层有效性评价难等问题,提出“原岩+成分+结构”的三维岩性识别新方法;利用声波-密度交会图计算斜率M,利用中子-密度交会图计算斜率N,建立了基于M、N的变骨架密度有效孔隙度模型;通过研究基岩导电机理,校正裂缝附加导电性,建立了含裂缝储层含气饱和度模型;综合考虑有效孔隙度、次生孔隙度及裂缝发育程度,确定了基岩储层有效厚度标准及有效储层分类标准。应用结果表明:该套技术岩性解释符合率可达87.5%,气层识别符合率达88.5%,孔隙度、饱和度计算精度满足储量规范要求。研究结果可为松辽盆地北部基岩储层地质勘探及储量评价提供技术保障。

厚冲积层薄基岩条件下采动井稳孔工艺与应用

以平煤股份八矿煤层气采动井01井为研究对象,借助钻井窥视仪获取了不同层位的套管变形破坏特征,分析了导致套管变形的主要影响因素。在此基础上,设计了基于“抗、让、防”稳孔工艺的井身结构和稳孔措施,并对同一井场的05井应用。结果表明,同产气周期下,基于稳孔工艺设计的采动井套管完整度高、变形小、产气量稳定。此稳孔工艺可为相似地质条件下的采动井井身结构设计提供经验参考。

X区基岩物性参数解释模型建立

基岩的岩性复杂,在平面上与纵向上差别很大。在基岩内部发育基质孔隙、溶孔和裂缝等,且油层、气层和水层的响应规律复杂,对于计算基岩的物性参数具有挑战性。针对研究区概况,采用常规测井资料、核磁测井资料、成像测井资料对研究区的物性参数进行计算,建立适用于研究区的物性参数解释模型。在建立孔隙度解释模型的过程中,根据常规测井资料以及核磁测井资料来建立孔隙度解释模型,采用核磁资料计算总孔隙度以及有效孔隙度,用常规测井资料计算中子、密度和声波孔隙度,运用中子和密度孔隙度采用气层校正公式计算有效孔隙度;对于渗透率解释模型,采用核磁测井资料KSDR以及KTIM公式来计算,用RQI和FZI来定量计算渗透率。结果表明,采用气层校正公式计算孔隙度的效果较好,采用RQI和FZI计算渗透率结果较好。

厚松散层薄基岩综放开采覆岩破坏与地裂缝发育规律

开采引起的覆岩移动、破坏及地表变形裂缝的研究对于煤矿安全生产和采动损害保护具有重要意义。以郑煤集团某矿12203工作面为工程背景,采用理论分析、现场实测与数值模拟等方法分析了覆岩受采动影响演化机制,给出了回采距离与覆岩发育高度之间的函数关系以及覆岩充分破坏埋深与回采距离之间关系,分析了该地质情况下的地裂缝分布特征。结果表明:①厚松散层薄基岩覆岩破坏演化可分为开始、快速增加阶段、缓慢增加及稳定4个阶段;覆岩破坏高度与回采距离存在Logistic函数关系、与煤层厚度存在线性函数关系,该地质条件下覆岩充分破坏时,回采距离等于埋深;②覆岩裂隙演化中,基岩部分比松散层部分破坏程度剧烈;③地裂缝形态主要为拉伸裂缝与台阶裂缝,二者交互存在,工作面边缘裂缝整体随工作面回采呈现椭圆形—圆形—椭圆形动态变化;地裂缝发育超前工作面一段距离出现,动态超前裂缝距为84.07 m,动态超前裂缝角为73.15°。

金州台水准与地下水位响应性对比分析

以地下水作为加卸载动力,对每年地下水位上升与下降期间,金州台水准高差的响应情况进行对比分析研究。结果表明:当地下水位在覆盖层内变化时,水准与水位相关性较高;当地下水位在基岩层与覆盖层间交替变化或在强风化岩层内变化时,水准与水位相关性一般;但当地下水位在基岩层内变化时,水准与水位相关性则相对较差。

浅层二维地震勘探技术在鄂尔多斯中北部地质调查中的应用

浅部地层地质构造条件对地表建筑物选址及地下钻探工程意义重大。针对鄂尔多斯中北部某新能源项目选址及工程建设问题,对浅层地下基岩面、硬质岩及断层分布开展二维地震勘探。在地形地貌及沉积地层等地质条件分析基础上,选定地震测线布置范围;基于干扰波调、地震采集测试及小折射浅层速度分析结果,确定目标地层深度并进行地震观察系统设计;在高精度地震资料处理基础上,进行地震地质剖面解释追踪基岩界面并识别岩性和断层。初至波层析反演对高速异常体的识别结果,验证了地质剖面解释的合理性,为场址选区及工程建设提供重要参考。

裸漏基岩边坡护坡设计与应用

公路工程建设过程中,裸露基岩边坡如不及时采取防护措施极易造成水土流失、滑坡等灾害的发生。结合某三级公路,工程区总体属中低山剥蚀地貌,工程沿线大部分地段基岩裸漏。裸露基岩边坡防护工程的设计与施工,对施工现场高边坡防护、防排水措施等要点进行了论述,通过边坡生态护坡设计,达到施工质量安全双优目标。

岩性特征对混凝土坝体-基岩原位直剪试验力学特性影响分析

以广西巴马县坡月水库工程为研究对象,采用平推法开展不同法向应力(0.4、0.8、1.2、1.6、2.0 MPa)下混凝土坝体-基岩原位直剪试验,探究岩性特征对混凝土坝体-基岩力学特性的影响。结果表明,不同法向应力下试样的剪切应力-位移曲线均表现出试样内部初始缺陷受力微裂纹扩展的稳定扩展阶段、微裂缝逐渐扩展形成宏观裂缝的不稳定扩展阶段及混凝土与岩体分离的开裂阶段3个阶段;法向应力、岩体岩性对试样的断裂能均有显著影响。不同法向应力下,试样断裂能的范围为16.65~177.28 N/m,断裂能随着法向应力或灰色砂岩含量增大而增大,随泥质粉砂岩含量或风化程度增大而减小;混凝土坝体-基岩的抗剪强度随基岩中灰色砂岩含量增大而增大,随泥质粉砂岩含量或基岩风化程度增大而减小。研究结果可为类似研究提供试验参考。

木寨岭隧道板岩特征探析

针对木寨岭隧道二叠系板岩夹炭质板岩的大变形问题,通过掌子面素描、磨片鉴定、X射线检测、电镜扫描、点荷载强度测试及大剪试验等手段,详细研究了板岩夹炭质板岩的宏、微观结构和工程力学性质,探析其产生大变形的内在原因,加深对挤压性围岩的判析和认知。研究表明:(1)板岩、炭质板岩由变余碎屑物、泥炭质、绢云母组成,矿物颗粒在较为强烈定向应力作用下,形成“层流结构”,各向异性显著;(2)岩体完整性较差,强度低,变形破坏形式以弯曲、塑性流动为主;(3)为高地应力~弱膨胀复合型软岩,属较典型挤压性围岩。

东营凹陷北带基岩风化壳储层发育特征及控制因素

东营凹陷北带西段王庄潜山油藏的发现,揭示了太古宙基岩储层极大的油气勘探潜力。本文基于露头、岩心、薄片、测井、成像测井、孔渗数据以及试油资料,对东营凹陷北带太古宙基岩风化壳储层发育特征进行了总结,对其主控因素进行了深入探索,取得了以下主要认识:(1)太古宙基岩主要为二长花岗岩和花岗闪长岩,局部发育花岗片麻岩,岩石脆性较强,容易产生裂缝,具备形成优质储层的岩性基础。(2)基岩风化壳储层纵向上可划分为崩解型储层、溶蚀崩解型储层以及残积崩解型储层三类。(3)崩解型储层主要以构造缝、溶蚀缝和节理缝为主,储层物性较差,平均孔隙度为2.2%,平均渗透率为0.25 mD,主要分布在构造高部位;溶蚀崩解型储层表现为明显的双层结构,上覆溶蚀层发育厚度为50~150 m,储层物性好,平均孔隙度为4.7%,平均渗透率为1.3 mD,储集空间以溶蚀孔、溶蚀增强缝为主,下伏的崩解层物性差,储集空间以裂缝为主,主要分布在构造中低部位;残积崩解型储层表现为上薄下厚特点,上覆残积层厚度分布在10~43 m,岩体松散破碎,储集空间以溶蚀孔为主,平均孔隙度为4.5%,平均渗透率为1.7 mD,下伏崩解层致密,块状结构明显,储集空间以各种成因的裂缝为主,主要分布在研究区临近构造高部位的缓坡带。(4)基岩风化壳储层物性及分布主要受控于4个因素:富含高脆性矿物含量的岩石影响裂缝的发育程度,构造应力控制裂缝的形成及产状分布,发达的断裂体系加速了基岩风化壳有效储层的形成,古海拔高程最终控制了基岩风化壳储层分布。研究成果对于东营凹陷以及其他断陷盆地基岩风化壳储层评价和油气勘探具有重要的借鉴意义。

桂北典型岩溶区植物alpha和beta多样性特征及影响因素

母岩对景观演化和生物定植起着决定性作用,但母岩对区植物多样性是否产生影响是地学、植物学和生态学共同关注的热点。以桂北冠岩、恭城两个典型岩溶区3种母岩(灰岩、碎屑岩、灰岩夹白云岩)天然次生林为研究对象,基于野外调查数据,分析了岩溶区植物alpha和beta多样性特征及影响因素。结果显示:(1)研究区内物种相对丰富,共记录乔木86种、灌木93种、草本56种,灰岩植物alpha多样性最高,碎屑岩次之,灰岩夹白云岩最低;(2)不同母岩和同一母岩区的植物群落相异性均较高,物种周转组分对beta多样性贡献(82.86%—84.49%)显著高于物种丰富度组分(15.51%—17.14%);(3)Pearson和Mantel分析表明,母岩、基岩裸露率和土壤厚度与桂北岩溶区植物alpha和beta多样性显著相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,桂北岩溶森林林分异质性较高,碳酸岩混合沉积区植物多样性显著低于纯灰岩和碎屑岩。植物组成差异主要取决于物种周转过程,母岩、基岩裸露和土壤厚度是主要影响因素。本研究从母岩的角度评估了岩溶森林的植物多样性特征及主要影响因素,为桂北乃至中国西南岩溶地区植被保护和重建提供科学依据和理论支持。

雄安新区基岩热储钻探施工技术探讨

针对雄安新区基岩热储钻探中风化壳钻进、地层大量漏失封堵及基岩取心的钻探工程难点,通过对所处牛驼镇地热田、容城地热田和高阳地热田地热地质状况、岩性特点的分析,提出了基岩热储地热钻探有效解决方案,包括采用小径探孔施工工法、采用封隔器有效完成水泥浆堵漏、借鉴金刚石满眼取心钻具技术等。