The MW5.5 earthquake on August 6,2023,in Pingyuan,Shandong,China:A rupture on a buried fault

On August 6,2023,a magnitude MW5.5 earthquake struck Pingyuan County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province,China.This event was significant as no large earthquakes had been recorded in the region for over a century,and no active fault had been previously identified.This study collects 1309 P-wave arrival times and 866 S-wave arrival times from 74 seismic stations less than 200 km to the epicenter to constrain the spatial distribution of the mainshock and its 125 early aftershocks by the double difference earthquake relocation method,and selects 864 P-waveforms from 288 stations located within 800 km of the epicenter to constrain the focal mechanism solution of the mainshock through centroid moment tensor inversion.The relocation and the inversion indicate,the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake was caused by a rupture on a buried fault,likely an extensive segment of the Gaotang fault.This buried fault exhibited a dip of approximately 75°to the northwest,with a strike of 222°,similar to the Gaotang fault.The rupture initiated at the depth of 18.6 km and propagated upward and northeastward.However,the ground surface was not broken.The total duration of the rupture was~6.0 s,releasing the scalar moment of 2.5895×1017 N·m,equivalent to MW5.54.The moment rate reached the maximum only 1.4 seconds after the rupture initiation,and the 90%scalar moment was released in the first 4.6 s.In the first 1.4 seconds of the rupture process,the rupture velocity was estimated to be 2.6 km/s,slower than the local S-wave velocity.As the rupture neared its end,the rupture velocity decreased significantly.This study provides valuable insights into the seismic characteristics of the Pingyuan MW5.5 earthquake,shedding light on the previously unidentified buried fault responsible for the seismic activity in the region.Understanding the behavior of such faults is crucial for assessing seismic hazards and enhancing earthquake preparedness in the future.

Sedimentary Characteristics,Ages,and Environmental Significance of Gravel Deposits and Loess in Shandong,Eastern China:Regional Response to Global Change Since the Last Glacial Period

Investigation of rarely studied gravel layers found in the loess in Shandong Province,eastern China,reveals the fabric characteristics of two gravel layers(G1,G2)and the sedimentary characteristics of loess at the typical and well-preserved Heiyu section(HY),where,to determine the paleoclimatic changes during Marine Isotope Stage 3a.Optically stimulated luminescence dates of the HY formation range from 0.26±0.02 ka to 39.00±2.00 ka.In addition,the ages of G1 and G2 were estimated using the Bayesian model to be 39.60-40.50 and 29.00-29.50 ka.G1 and G2 are mainly composed of fine and medium gravel,both of which were subangular to subrounded limestone,with gravel directions to NE and E.The average flow velocity,average depth,and flood peak flow of G1 are 1.10 m/s,0.49 m,and 37.04 m^(3)/s,respectively,calculated using the flow energy method,whereas those of G2 are 0.98 m/s,0.38 m,and 18.38 m^(3)/s,respectively.Analysis of climate proxy indices show that the sedimentary environment of the gravel and loess in HY might be a regional response to global change.

Analysis on the Development Model of Relic and Museum Tourism Products Based on ERP Analysis:A Case Study on Shandong Province

In recent years, the trend of people choosing relic and museum tourism during their vacationand leisure time is growing day by day, mainly because it touches people's feelings about historical relicsand cultural heritage. The development of relic and museum tourism products is not only the inheritanceof culture and the protection of cultural relics, but also the promotion of tourism consumption under thebackground of cultural tourism integration, which has promoted the development of regional economy.With the relic and museum tourism resources in Shandong Province as the research object, through theanalysis of its resources, market and products, this paper put forward three applicable modes of relic andmuseum tourism product development, including independent development, joint development, and artauthorization, and proposed specific suggestions around the three modes.

Characteristics of Dry and Wet Climate in Shandong Province Based on Standardized Precipitation Index

Based on the monthly precipitation data of 116 meteorological stations in Shandong Province during 1970-2021,standardized precipitation index(SPI)was calculated,and the methods of linear fitting,mutation test and Morlet wavelet analysis were used to analyze the change trend and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of SPI index in the past 52 years.The results show that there were more normal years in Shandong Province,and the frequency reached 38.46%.There was severe drought in the 1980s and more wet years after 2003.SPI index showed an upward trend in spring,summer and winter but a weak arid trend in autumn.In addition,intense dry weather was more frequent in summer.Spatially,the climate was normal or humid in most areas of Shandong Province.The regions with more wet years were located in the central and northeast Shandong and the peninsula,while the climate was normal in the southwest and north of Shandong.The areas with more dry years were mainly located in the northwest of Shandong Province.There was mainly local and global drought in Shandong Province,and the arid area showed a decreasing trend.In the past 52 years,Shandong Province experienced quasi-4 times of alternation between dry and wet climate.The long period of 21 a was the first main period,and the climate would be still wet in Shandong Province in the future.In terms of mutation,the climate in Shandong Province became humid after 2003,and 2003 was the mutation point.After the abrupt change,the climate changed from gradually drying to wetting.

Analysis of the Characteristics and Development Direction of Services Trade in Shandong Province of China

Shandong is a significant province for foreign trade in China;however,it still faces shortcomings in the development of its service trade,as outlined below.Firstly,the scale of service trade is limited.Shandong’s service trade volume ranked sixth in China in 2022,lagging considerably behind Shanghai,Guangdong,Beijing,Zhejiang,and Jiangsu.Secondly,the proportion of service trade in Shandong compared to the overall national services trade volume falls below the national average,with the per capita scale even lower than the national average.Thirdly,Shandong’s service trade accounts for less than 10% of the province’s foreign trade,which is 3 percentage points below the national average.The insufficient development of Shandong’s service trade is mainly attributed to the weak performance of its own service industry and the limited scale of attracting foreign services investment.Accelerating the development of producer services in Shandong,promoting the intelligent upgrading of consumer services,and continuously promoting reform and opening up in the service sector will be conducive to achieving high-quality development of services trade in Shandong.

Sustainable Intensification and Large-scale Operation of Cultivated Land Use at the Farmers’ Scale:A Case Study of Shandong Province,China

Sustainable intensification of cultivated land use(SICLU) and large-scale operations(LSO) are widely acknowledged strategies for enhancing agricultural performance.However,the existing literature has faced challenges in precisely defining SICLU and constructing comprehensive indicators,which has hindered the exploration of factors influencing LSO within the SICLU framework.To address this gap,we integrated self-efficacy theory into the design of an index framework for evaluating SICLU.We subsequently employed econometric models to analyze the significant factors that impact LSO.Our findings reveal that SICLU can be divided into four key dimensions:intensive management,efficient output,resource conservation,and ecological environment optimization.Furthermore,it is crucial to incorporate belief-based cognitive factors into the index system,as farmers’ understanding of fertilizer and pesticide application significantly influences their willingness to engage in LSO.Moreover,we identify grain market turnover as the most influential factor in promoting LSO,with single-factor contribution rates reaching 70.9% for cultivated land transfer willingness and 62.5% for the total planting areas.Interestingly,unlike irrigation and agricultural machinery inputs,increased labor inputs correspond to larger planting areas for farmers.This trend may be attributed to reduced labor availability because of rural labor migration,whereas the reduction in irrigation and agricultural input is contingent on innovations in production practices and the transfer of cultivated land management rights.Importantly,SICLU dynamically influences LSO,with each index related to SICLU having an optimal range that fosters LSO.These insights offer valuable guidance for policymakers,emphasizing farmers as their central focus,with the adjustment of input and output factors as a means to achieve LSO as the ultimate goal.In conclusion,we propose research avenues for further enriching the SICLU framework to ensure that it aligns with the specific characteristics of regional agricultural development.

Application of Immersive Media Technology in Ideological and Political Theory Courses Instruction at Shandong Vocational Colleges

This paper describes how virtual classrooms and out-of-classroom instruction can be used to help students in ideological and political theory courses strengthen their identities and improve the efficiency of their assignments.By using immersive media technology,the course is turned into a form of entertainment,enriched with content,and combined with methods such as digital video editing and manipulation to meet the needs of students in university ideological and political theory courses.Virtual reality technology can create realistic virtual environments created by computers,enabling students to perceive and manipulate a variety of virtual objects,interact with them,and create a sense of immersion in the virtual environment.Research has shown the potential benefits of using immersive media technologies and augmented reality in education.The potential of virtual reality in education has been increasingly emphasized and has been widely researched and applied.

山东省地域功能类型识别与发展路径研究

文章通过构建地域功能评价指标体系,采用Arc GIS自然断裂点分级法,分析了2020年山东省90个县区农业生产、非农生产、社会保障和生态服务4类功能的空间格局特征,定量识别了主导功能类型。研究表明,(1)地域功能差异性和空间集聚性特征明显,非农生产与社会保障功能在空间分布上具有相似性,东部沿海和胶济沿线地区的两类功能指数较高,农业生产功能较高的区域集中在省会经济圈的西北部和鲁南经济圈的西部地区,胶东丘陵地区、泰鲁沂山地丘陵地区以及沿黄河和运河地区的生态服务功能较高。(2)地域功能类型可以分为7类,不同类型县区发展路径不一。农业生产主导、弱综合型县区是重要的农业生产地区;非农生产主导、强综合型、非农生产-社会保障型县区是县域经济发展的重点地区;生态服务主导型、社会保障-生态服务型县区是生态保护格局的主体。

基于行业水权分配的山东省沿黄区域水资源承载阈值探讨

以山东省黄河流域为研究对象,提出6项指标,采用AHP-TOPSIS法对2025年沿黄9个地级市进行行业水权分配,并结合定额法分析2025年各地级市的水资源承载阈值,对现状承载状态进行分析。结果表明:1)沿黄9个地级市农业、工业、生活、生态行业水权分别为98.28亿、25.15亿、27.52亿、14.77亿m^(3),各行业用水量较现状年(2022年)分别提升10.1%、20.5%、27.5%、13.5%。2)9个地级市人口规模承载阈值为4519.55万~5956.20万人,其中济南承载阈值上限最大;工业增加值阈值为16540.37亿~19353.23亿元,整体提升15%~35%;灌溉耕地面积承载阈值为228.55万~379.54万hm^(2),只有菏泽、东营超出阈值上限;城镇建设用地阈值为38.42万~62.55万hm^(2),现状年滨州超出阈值上限,淄博接近上限,整体有较大承载空间。3)2022年9个地级市中人口规模、灌溉耕地面积承载能力鲁西南地区最弱;工业增加值较现状年均呈现不同幅度的上升,均处于可承载状态;城镇建设用地承载能力鲁西南地区最强,滨州、淄博承载能力较弱。

区域旅游业绿色创新发展网络优势匹配与组态提升路径——以山东半岛城市群为例

人与自然和谐共生背景下,绿色创新作为旅游业绿色化转型的重要引擎,是对旅游发展方式转变和生态环境问题改善的积极回应,直接关系到旅游业经济增长与资源环境的协调发展。频繁的要素流动推动城市间绿色创新联系增强,探究区域旅游业绿色创新网络优势匹配的路径有助于因地施策推进区域旅游业可持续发展。探索构建区域旅游业绿色创新发展分析框架,综合运用超效率SBM模型、社会网络分析法、哈肯模型和核密度估计等方法,选择山东半岛城市群为研究案例地,测度和分析其旅游业绿色创新效率及其网络优势度和二者协同特征,进一步基于非对称创新理论和模糊集定性比较分析法识别区域旅游业绿色创新发展网络优势匹配的组态路径。研究发现:旅游业绿色创新效率在空间上具有“沿海沿边”的集聚分布规律;旅游业绿色创新效率网络优势度“马太效应”显著,形成以济南、东营为主的点状格局;二者协同度区域差异明显,可分为高度协同型、中度协同型和低度协同型3大类;旅游业绿色创新效率、网络优势度及二者匹配的提升路径可归纳为政府支撑的外向型市场拓展模式、政府扶持的内源型动力驱动模式和内外部环境双元驱动下的动态优化调整模式等7种。

山东省石灰岩成矿规律及找矿方向

山东省石灰岩矿产地分布于9个地市45个县(区、市),其中,济南市28处、济宁市24处、枣庄市26处、临沂市21处、淄博市21处、泰安市15处、潍坊市12处、烟台市7处、日照市3处。已发现石灰岩矿床157处,资源储量大。山东省内石灰岩含矿层位多,出露范围广泛。不同成矿作用生成的石灰岩矿床主要赋存于奥陶纪马家沟群八陡组、五阳山组、北庵庄组;寒武-奥陶纪九龙群张夏组;震旦纪蓬莱群香夼组,这些矿床属于浅海相碳酸盐岩含矿沉积建造。矿床类型为:海相化学沉积型、海相机械沉积型和海相生物沉积型,其中主要为海相化学沉积型。山东省产出的石灰岩新鲜面颜色呈黑色和灰色,隐晶质结构,块状构造。岩石主要矿物为方解石,少量白云石、黏土矿物和石英等。其中奥陶纪马家沟群中的块状石灰岩的化学成分比较稳定、质量省内最佳,CaO含量比较高,一般为50%~55%,最高达56%。炒米店组石灰岩含矿率较高,一般为70%(水泥用)、90%(建筑石料用);崮山组石灰岩含矿率最低。石灰岩矿石类型划分为块状(泥晶)、鲕粒状、豹皮状、竹叶状、条带状、角砾状和叠层石等7种。本文总结了山东省石灰岩矿的岩石矿物学特征及成矿规律,明确了山东省石灰岩矿的找矿方向。

山东地区村镇社区宜居单元公共服务设施空间布局机制研究

村镇社区化是新型城镇化背景下乡村居民点的空间重构方式,也是乡村振兴的必由之路,其具体措施之一即提高乡村的公共服务设施水平。本文以山东地区乡村为研究对象,以提升乡村人居环境品质为目标,解析村镇社区宜居单元的概念,解决适宜的公共服务设施空间布局问题。引入生活圈理论,结合实地调研,运用ArcGIS网络分析法构建5min基础生活圈,指导村镇空间宜居单元划分;以空间句法为分析工具,探讨宜居单元与现状公共服务设施的布局关系及成因;通过构建量化指标体系,对单元内部公共服务设施布局机制进行研究,总结归纳村镇社区宜居单元公共服务设施的空间布局类型与模式。研究成果可以作为乡村社区化转型的空间重构策略与政策制定、规划设计的参考依据。

Analysis of the Impact of Off-farm Employment of Agricultural Labor on Grain Production in Shandong Province and Henan Province

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the impact of off-farm employment of agricultural labor on grain production. [Method] Impact of off-farm employment of agricultural labor on grain production was investigated based on path analysis by using data from 200 counties and cities in Shandong Province and Henan Province in 2000 and 2008. [Result] Off-farm employment of agricultural labor affects grain production through agricultural land use patterns, off-farm employment of agricultural labor has negative impacts on grain production through multiple cropping index and positive impacts through the proportion of grain planting area. The positive impacts were greater in 2008. [Conclusion] Prerequisite of the positive impacts of off-farm employment on grain production is the substitution of agricultural mechanization development and agricultural technology advancement for agricultural labor. Orderly land circulation and scale land use should be promoted to avoid the lack of agricultural labor due to off-farm employment.

The Variation of Extreme Temperature and Precipitation in Shandong Province during 1961-2008

We drew on data of daily average temperature,average maximum temperature,average minimum temperature and precipitation from 78 meteorological stations during 1961-2008 of Shandong Province,analyzed the variation of extreme temperature and precipitation events.The results showed that although extreme cold days decreased by 0.23 d/a on average,after the average temperature steadily passed 10 ℃ in spring,it would still appear 1-2 days of frost,wheat and fruit trees would still suffer frozen injury every year in the central Shandong and the inland of Shandong Peninsula.Although the number of annual extreme hot days has an increasing trend obviously in Shandong and increased by 0.19 days a year.After 2000,aimed at the days of daily maximum temperature ≥ 35 ℃,the mean value and standard deviation of daily maximum temperature in summer decreased comparing with the normal year in West Shandong,and decreased by 1-3 days.In recent 50 years,the extreme precipitation trend increased,but not statistically significant.The number of light rain days has a decreasing trend and decreased by 0.17 days every year,in contrast,the frequency of downpour has an increasing trend.

Ecological Restoration and Landscape Construction of Wetland——A Case Study of Planning and Design of Mi River Wetland Park in Linqu of Shandong

Based on geological characteristic of Mi River Wetland Park in Linqu of Shandong,the paper had illustrated historical and cultural spirits of Linqu,and then proposed planning strategies and contents of Mi River Wetland Park.It discussed new approaches for wetland restoration and landscape construction from the perspectives of ecological restoration of wetland system,overall construction of leisure system,and full display of regional characteristic.The construction of wetland system laid stress on water system design,terrain treatment,vegetation construction,and biological diversity creation.Wetland system would be overlaid with leisure system,divided into wetland leisure zone,wetland entertainment zone,humanity landscape zone,wetland science popular zone and wetland experience zone,all of which would be constructed with characteristic respectively.On the basis of site character,the paper had searched an energy balance and substance transformation method between rivers,plants,earth and humans,of certain practicality.

Evaluation on Solar Radiation Resource and Photosynthetic and Thermal Potential Productivity in Shandong Province

To evaluate scientifically the change of photosynthetic and thermal potential productivity caused by climate variation,based on comparison with mean of previous 30 years(1971-2000),the change of total solar radiation,sunshine hours,photosynthetic active radiation,photosynthetic and thermal potential productivity since 2001 were analyzed through data of radiation,sunshine and temperature in Shandong Province from 1971 to 2007,and the change trend was also tested by Mann-Kendall non-parametric statistical met...

Energy-based marine ecological footprint in Shandong province, China

An energy-based ecological footprint model was set up to monitor the sustainable development status of a specific marine system. This model used unit energy value and energy density to convert the consumption into ecological productive areas. It can reflect the utilization degree of resources in the regional development. Then, the quantitative analysis of sustainable development was done by comparing the size of the areas. We defined the concept of energy-based ecological footprint of marine and built energy-based ecological footprint model of marine. Then we applied this model to marine ecological system of Shandong province to evaluate its sustainable development statue. The results showed that the energy-based marine ecological footprint of the marine ecological system in Shandong province was 1.74 × 106 hm^2 in 2010, and the energy-based ecological carrying capacity of this area was 1.60×107 hm^2 per capita. Thus, the marine ecological system of Shandong province has strong sustainability.

Soil Quality Evaluation and Technology Research on Improving Land Capability——A Case Study on Huanghuaihai Plain in Shandong Province

Based on the geochemical data obtained from the national project about the prevention and control of soil contamination, this paper explored the properties of soil chemical elements in Huanghuaihai Plain, Shandong Province. The results showed that among the grade-one nutritive elements in soil, organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were relatively deficient while potassium was rich. Meanwhile, as the grade-two nutritive elements, calcium oxide and magnesium oxide were relatively short and sulfur’s content was abundant. About the other beneficial and trace nutri-tive elements, iron oxide, manganese, molybdenum and boron were deficient, but the content of chlorine was high, hardly lack. The main barriers to improving land productivity were soil salinization and soil heavy metal contamination. The values of soil integrated fertility index that most of the soil in the study area is middle-lower fertilized. Specifical y, the low fertility area and lower fertility area are 6 1604 and 1 244 km2 respectively, occupying about 97.43% and 1.97% of the total area. The moderate fertility soil has an area of 172 km2, occupying about 0.27% of the total area. The higher fertility soil covers an area of 128 km2, while the high fertility area of only 76 km2. This article proposed scientific fertilization, elimination of soil obsta-cle, remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil and other effective measures to improve land productivity according to the basic investigation results, which provides a good technological support for the planning and development of good-quality and high-benefit agriculture.

Solar Energy Resource Characteristics of Photovoltaic Power Station in Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to analyze characters of solar energy in photo- voltaic power stations in Shandong Province. [Method] The models of total solar radiation and scattered radiation were determined, and solar energy resources in pho-tovoltaic power stations were evaluated based on illumination in horizontal plane and cloud data in 123 counties or cities and observed information in Jinan, Fushan and Juxian in 1988-2008. [Result] Solar energy in northern regions in Shandong proved most abundant, which is suitable for photovoltaic power generation; the optimal angle of tilt of photovoltaic array was at 35°, decreasing by 2°-3° compared with local latitude. Total solar radiation received by the slope with optimal angle of tilt exceeded 1 600 kw.h/（m2.a）, increasing by 16% compared with horizontal planes. The maximal irradiance concluded by WRF in different regions tended to be volatile in 1 020-1 060 W/m2. [Conclusion] The research provides references for construction of photovoltaic power stations in Shandong Province.

山东省生猪养殖与屠宰环节猪圆环病毒流行情况调查

为了解山东省猪圆环病毒(porcine circoviruses,PCV)流行情况,对采自山东省16个地市的191份样品进行猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)和猪圆环病毒3型(PCV3)检测,并对阳性样品进行ORF2基因测序及遗传演化分析。结果显示;PCV2的个体阳性率和场群阳性率分别为19.90%(38/191)和68.75%(22/32),PCV3分别为13.09%(25/191)和62.50%(20/32),PCV3和PCV2混合个体阳性率为5.24%(10/191);有11个地市检出PCV2,10个地市检出PCV3;从不同环节来看,养殖环节的PCV2、PCV3个体阳性率分别为16.25%、8.75%,屠宰环节分别为38.71%、35.48%,屠宰环节的PCV2、PCV3个体阳性率及混合阳性率均显著高于养殖场(P<0.05);遗传演化分析显示,PCV2属PCV2d基因亚型,PCV3属PCV3c基因亚型。结果说明;山东省猪群中存在PCV2和PCV3的共同流行且分布广泛,屠宰环节的感染情况较养殖环节严重;PCV2流行毒株与我国当前流行毒株优势基因型相符。建议持续开展PCV监测工作,追踪PCV变异情况,重点加强屠宰场的消毒灭源工作,防控PCV传播。