商汤灭夏战争的军事战略思想探析

汤革夏命,是中国历史上的一件大事。关于这一战争及其军事战略思想,史学界向有涉及,但多以文献材料证之。从豫西地区的考古新发现,特别是二里头遗址和郑州商城遗址发现的反映这一战争的考古实物,帮助廓清历史迷雾。以历史文献整合考古资料,从四个方面论证了商汤灭夏战争胜利的军事战略思想。从天下大势看,商汤占尽天时、地利、人和之利;从战略战术上看,伐夏战争措施得当,采取的是远交近攻,各个击破的方针;从战前动员的效果来看,统一思想,赏罚严明,使得将士用命,上下一心;在实际的军事行动上,东联东夷,联合对夏战争。最后商汤一战而胜,夏灭商立,中国历史进入一个新的阶段。

唐代“三李”诗歌的精神流变

盛唐李白、中唐李贺、晚唐李商隐是唐代诗歌不同时期的杰出代表。李白盛世长歌的昂扬之气,李贺孤寂苦吟的萧瑟之意,李商隐风流晚唱的凄凉之态,构成了唐代诗歌精神的流变过程。唐诗由盛唐的昂扬首变为中唐的萧瑟,再变为晚唐的凄凉,这实际上也正是唐代士子由奋发蹈历乐观进取,转而为消沉冷漠枯寂渊默,直至暮气沉沉的心路历程。

中华养生文化的历史沿革(上)

中华养生文化历经数千年,上古夏商时期食养、导引、针药养生萌芽,春秋战国百家争鸣,道家崇尚自然、提倡返朴归真、自然无为,重视精气神调护;儒家守中庸,致中和,重视寡欲的精神调摄。《黄帝内经》为养生理论奠定基础,强调未病先防、既病防变、病后防复,法于阴阳、天人相应、顺应四时、饮食有节、起居有常、形与神俱。秦汉时期养生理论初步形成,《伤寒杂病论》重视顺应四时、避邪慎养,固护脾胃、饮食调摄,未病先防、防微杜渐。《春秋繁露》进一步发展气-阴阳-五行养生观;《论衡》提出生死寿夭,延年之道,《淮南子》倡导形、气、神兼养,中国养生理论和体系初步形成。魏晋南北朝时期养生理论发展,《养生论》提出形神兼养、清虚静泰,《黄庭经》提倡积精保精、吐纳服气、存思内视,《抱朴子》重视玄道守一、积善累德、兼采众术,《养性延命录》兼融三家、认为我命在我、守静食诫,孙思邈融通各家论养生。宋金元时期养生理论不断丰富发展,程朱理学、金元四大家在食养、机体不同阶段养生方面提出新的观点。明清时期养生理论日趋完善,脏腑养生突显,药物养生渐进发展,综合调摄推动养生全面发展。近现代养生理论与实践加快发展,促进养生事业日渐繁荣。通过系统梳理中华养生历史源流,体现了儒释道医四大流派养生思想及其衍化发展,以期为健康服务事业作出贡献。

传闻异辞与文献性质、叙述目的关系考论——以“商汤灭夏”为例

从叙述学角度切入,分析商汤灭夏史实在《竹书纪年》、《帝王世纪》、《吕氏春秋》、《清华简》、《尚书》中载述的差异,并推断造成差异的原因在于文献的性质和叙述目的不同。同时,运用统计学方法,考察商汤灭夏的肇因、前期准备、战争过程在不同文献载述中所占比例,反观文献的叙述目的及特点,并确定《清华简·尹至》乃是后人追述伊尹功绩的文章。总结出史书类文献偏重叙述事件肇因,重视戒鉴意涵;政书类文献偏重全面概述和论说,缺乏细节;记言类文献以铭记个人功绩为目的,详记人物的优秀事迹,其余则少论及等特点。

中华养生文化的历史沿革(下)

中华养生文化历经数千年,上古夏商时期食养、导引、针药养生萌芽,春秋战国百家争鸣,道家崇尚自然、提倡返朴归真、自然无为,重视精气神调护;儒家守中庸,致中和,重视寡欲的精神调摄。《黄帝内经》为养生理论奠定基础,强调未病先防、既病防变、病后防复,法于阴阳、天人相应、顺应四时、饮食有节、起居有常、形与神俱。秦汉时期养生理论初步形成,《伤寒杂病论》重视顺应四时、避邪慎养,固护脾胃、饮食调摄,未病先防、防微杜渐。《春秋繁露》进一步发展气-阴阳-五行养生观;《论衡》提出生死寿夭,延年之道,《淮南子》倡导形、气、神兼养,中国养生理论和体系初步形成。魏晋南北朝时期养生理论发展,《养生论》提出形神兼养、清虚静泰,《黄庭经》提倡积精保精、吐纳服气、存思内视,《抱朴子》重视玄道守一、积善累德、兼采众术,《养性延命录》兼融三家、认为我命在我、守静食诫,孙思邈融通各家论养生。宋金元时期养生理论不断丰富发展,程朱理学、金元四大家在食养、机体不同阶段养生方面提出新的观点。明清时期养生理论日趋完善,脏腑养生突显,药物养生渐进发展,综合调摄推动养生全面发展。近现代养生理论与实践加快发展,促进养生事业日渐繁荣。通过系统梳理中华养生历史源流,体现了儒释道医四大流派养生思想及其衍化发展,以期为健康服务事业作出贡献。

评述郑州商城与偃师商城几个有争议的问题

Concerning Xia and Shang sites, there has long been controversy in academic circles. It involves the nature of the Erlitou site and the Shang city-sites in Zhengzhou and Yanshi, and especially the relationship between the two Shang cities. Debates have also been provoked on the questions of which of the two cities can be taken as the demarcation line between the Xia and Shang and where the Shang Tang capital of Bo was located. Based on the already obtained excavation and research achievements, the present paper elaborates a comparative study of the two Shang cities in the aspects of their rise and decline courses, architectural layout, cultural features and mutual relationship. It concludes that the Shang city in Yanshi, being smaller on scale and earlier in date, must have been the center in the region of the early Shang culture. Its construction can be taken to be the demarcation line between the Xia and Shang, and it was just the Shang Tang capital of Bo.

夏商考古研究的新进展——《偃师商城初探》读后

With their rich connotation, the archaeological discoveries from the Shang city-site at Yanshi have greatly widened the view of Shang-Zhou archaeology. Alongside the emergence of new data, the study of the site is continuously deepening in academic circles. In this stream, the Preliminary Study of the Shang City at Yanshi is so far the first academic monograph on the city, reflecting new advances in archaeological researches on the Xia and Shang period. As the available study results suggest, the city was built in the fourth phase of Erlitou culture, earlier than the Shang city at Zhengzhou. It can be identified as Xibo, capital of the Shang Dynasty in Tang's reign. As the only demarcation between the Xia and the Shang cultures, it has great academic value, which absolutely should not be underestimated.

偃师商城遗址再考察——答刘绪先生疑惑八问

本文就刘绪先生向偃师商城西亳说提出的八个问题,结合考古发掘资料和以往研究成果,分考古学和文献学两个方面进行了针对性回答。强调偃师商城遗址为商汤所建之早商都城,偃师商城的始建为夏商交替的唯一界标。