The Shanghai Cooperation Organization （SCO）： Prospects and Problems in Russia-China Relations

After the collapse of Soviet Union, both Russia and China started to normalize their bilateral relations. Russia lost her geopolitical sphere and China started to broaden his influence in Asian-Pacific and Central Asian regions. The function of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization （SCO） is changing from symbolic to more substantial cooperation. It seems to be that the SCO plays multiple roles in Russia-China relations both in anti-terrorism and in energy economy. This paper is devoted to exploring the functions of the SCO and to seeing the problems in furthering Russia-China relations

Interconnectivity in the Region of Eurasia:Mongolia’s Presence in the SCO(Shanghai Cooperation Organization)

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was formed in 2001 after breakdown of the socialist system and the Soviet Union as a new form of cooperation between former socialist countries in Eurasian region.Mongolia joined the SCO in 2005 with an observer member status.Since 2007,Presidents of Mongolia began to participate every year to the Summit of the heads of SCO member states.By the initiative of Mongolian President,in 2014 the tripartite format of the meetings of the leaders of three countries:Russia,China,and Mongolia were established.In June 2016,during the third meeting of the leaders of Russia,China,and Mongolia in Tashkent(Uzbekistan),“The Russia-China-Mongolia Economic Corridor Program”document was signed.This program is aiming to develop the infrastructure of three countries,ensuring the competitiveness of products on the world market,and strengthening the Eurasian integration.The content of this program is combining the main ideas of Chinese“Belt-Road”megaproject,Russian initiative for developing of Eurasian economic integration and Mongolian“Steppe Road”project.The main goal of the“Steppe Road”initiative is to involve Mongolia to become the transit territory for transportation of natural gas,oil,and other products between Russia and China.In conclusion,the author gives some comments regarding the issue of full membership status of Mongolia to the international organization—SCO.

Deepening Economic Cooperation in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization:Opportunities,Barriers and Approaches

Over the past 17 years, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization has made significant progress in regional economic cooperation. The membership expansion has brought opportunities, but the internal and external negative factors that hinder in-depth development of economic cooperation still need to be properly addressed.

Maritime Security:A New Field of Cooperation for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization?

As an important force in global security governance, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization needs to continue tapping the potential and expand the space of cooperation following its admission of new members. Non-traditional maritime security is undoubtedly an important choice with both necessity and feasibility.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: Opportunities and Challenges

Founded on June 15,2001, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, a new-type regional cooperation

China’s Regional and Global Policy Through the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

China,as a new global power,is expanding its influence across the globe and regions through various strategies and means,including regional and global organizations,in the post-Cold War era.As a result,since the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO)was established in 2001,China,as one of its major founders,had attempted to use the SCO as a platform for influence beyond its borders.This paper aims to investigate China’s growing influence and diplomatic prowess through the SCO.

Research on the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity among the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation countries

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation(SCO)is the most extensive and populous comprehensive regional cooperation organization in the world,covering about half of the world's population,with not only a huge consumer market,but also rich natural resources and strong productivity.As one of the important platforms for the implementation of the Green Belt and Road Initiative,it is an important opportunity for the SCO to actively participate in global governance and contribute to building a community of global life.To investigate the status of biodiversity conservation in the SCO countries,we used literature analysis approach.We surveyed the performance and international cooperation status of the SCO countries in the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD),listed facing problems and threats to biodiversity conservation,including not optimistic biodiversity conservation project implementation status,contradiction between ecological protection and economic development,impacts of human activities,lack of funds and talents,etc.,and analyzed the biodiversity protection needs of the SCO countries from the perspectives of project and policy implementation status and international cooperation.According to the cooperation between China and the other SCO countries on biodiversity conservation and the post-2020 global biodiversity framework goals,we gave some recommendations:(1)promoting access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing;(2)integrating multiple funds and innovating the implementation of funding mechanism;(3)developing talent training and exchange programs and deepening multilateral cooperation;(4)strengthening cross-border cooperation and improving cooperation network;and(5)establishing a coordination mechanism for biodiversity conservation within the framework of the SCO.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Gulf: Will India Prefer a Further Westward Expansion of the SCO or its Consolidation?

The admission of India and Pakistan as full members in the SCO in June 2017 is a landmark event in the evolution of Eurasian identity and its institutionalization and an event set to change the geopolitical and geo-economic patterns of the world.India,given the nature of its interests and ambitions in Asia,would have serious misgivings about any Eurasian project that would bring the Gulf and Central Asia into a single institutional framework.India is aware that at the global level,it is the weakest of the four global players,namely,the US,Russia,China,and India.In this context,India appears to be pursuing diplomacy along two parallel axes simultaneously:to balance China in the Indo-Pacific region with American support and assistance and to balance China in Eurasia with Russian support and assistance.This article also focuses on the nature of India’s bilateral relations with China,Pakistan,Russia,the US,and the EU to gauge India’s attitude toward the SCO’s further expansion westwards.While India may welcome Iran into the fold of the SCO for geo-economic reasons,it may not be too keen on Saudi Arabia and the GCC membership in the SCO.In economic terms,India may prefer a dense network of economic collaboration and cooperation activities with other states and regional entities,as the SCO looks further west,rather than absorbing them into the SCO’s fold.In security terms,India will probably try to direct the SCO efforts towards dealing with nonconventional threats like terrorism,energy security,and environmental protection rather than developing conventional military capabilities and doctrines,which could be perceived as anti-NATO.

WHERE IS THE SCO HEADING?——The Shanghai Cooperation Organization should clearly define its political characteristics and functions

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SOC), made up of six member countries, is reinventing itself and banding together to deal with the region's security and economic development. Operating under the "Shanghai Spirit"-the essence of state-to-state relations where trust and equality are key to members looking out for each other-questions need to be asked and answered at the organization's fifth anniversary. Despite the best intentions, a clear road map is needed to clarify the SCO's future.

MEMBER PRIVILEGES——Each of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization members finds its own national interests served within the regional organization

Facing common security threats, leaders of six countries-Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan-established the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in June 2001 to maintain regional stability and security, fight terrorism and extremism, prevent conflicts and enhance economic cooperation. The SCO's primary goals are economic cooperation and fighting terrorism.

Highlights of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

June 14-15, 2001-The first Shanghai Cooperation Organization-(SCO) summit is held in Shanghai, involving the presidents of China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The six leaders issued a joint statement that announced Uzbekistan's participation in the "Shanghai Five," the launch of the SCO and the Shanghai treaty to crack down on terrorism, separatism and extremism.

COOPERATING,WITH COMPLICATIONS——The Shanghai Cooperation Organization still has a long way to go before it can operate effectively

On June 15,2001, the Declaration on the Establishment of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization was signed, marking the formal launch of the regional organization. Its history can be traced back to 19% when Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan formed the Shanghai Five, later renamed the Shanghai Forum. After Uzbekistan joined, the forum changed

The Qingdao Summit:the Beginning of a New Journey for the Shanghai Cooperation Organization

The 18th meeting of the Council of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO),chaired by Xi Jinping,was successfully held in Qingdao,Shandong Province from June 9 to 10.This was the first SCO summit held since the organization's membership was expanded.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization on Turkey’s Energy Agenda

Turkey’s energy policy has attracted a growing scholarly interest.In line with this tendency,this article aims at the assessment of Turkey’s energy relations with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO).As the SCO has appeared more frequently in Turkish foreign policy discourse in the recent years,it can be considered a relevant direction where Turkey’s active energy diplomacy can be assessed.Provided that Turkey’s energy aspirations are predominantly assessed from a Western point of view,the uniqueness of this article is that it combines the study of Turkey’s advancing Eastern relations and its energy policy endeavours.A central argument in this article is about the existing number of energy connections established between Turkey and the member states,observers and dialogue partners of SCO,which overwhelmingly operate at the bilateral level,while the energy framework of the SCO is yet to be filled with multilateral meaning for Turkey.

上海合作组织(SCO)区域经济合作发展模式研究

上海合作组织的成立源于各成员国存在广泛的内在合作基础和经济全球化的推动。建立自由贸易区,既是着眼于各成员国的现状,又是充分考虑未来20年内各成员国的发展潜力、市场规模、技术水平等因素的合理选择,从长远来看,建立自由贸易区是上海合作组织区域经济合作的最终选择模式。但是,由于各种条件的限制,这一目标近期难以实现,因此,上海合作组织区域经济合作需要一个过渡性安排———贸易投资便利化,这是当前上海合作组织区域经济合作的主要任务,也是近期最现实的选择。贸易投资便利化的有效实施将直接关系到未来自由贸易区的建立。

SCO成员国跨国旅游合作探析

在"丝绸之路经济带"大背景下,处于丝路沿线的SCO成员国跨国旅游合作成为成员国间经贸合作的极佳切入点。本文通过分析SCO成员国区域旅游合作的现状及影响因素,认为成员国政治与经济利益的博弈、旅游基础设施落后、旅游合作便利化程度低、语言沟通不畅、旅游安全隐患等制约了SCO成员国跨国旅游合作的发展。为此本文认为,应建立SCO跨国旅游城市联盟,实现跨国旅游合作的便利性;建立跨国旅游协会,发挥行业协会对跨国旅游合作的促进作用;构建跨国旅游企业联盟,发挥其在旅游合作中的主体作用,从而为SCO成员国之间的跨境旅游合作奠定良好的基础。