Urban Spatial Restructuring in Transitional Economy——Changing Land Use Pattern in Shanghai

For almost three decades, China has been undergoing significant transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Fast-paced economic growth and urbanization, interacting with market-oriented reforms in land re- sources allocation, have caused profound spatial restructuring of Chinese cities. This paper examines urban expansion and land use reconfiguration in Shanghai’s central city from 1979 to 2002, with a special focus on the effect of the adoption of the land-leasing system in 1988. The empirical research, which employs GIS-based spatial analysis tech- niques to explore land use data for multiple years, indicates fundamental changes in the spatial characteristics of urban development in Shanghai after this important land policy reform.

Optimization and Regulation Policy for Land Use Changes Based on Low-carbon Emission in Developed Regions of China

Land use and cover change(LUCC) is one of the important causes of the Earth’s carbon cycle imbalances resulting from failure in optimizing land use. The solution to this problem has been the hotspot of research in land and environmental science. We took 'low carbon', 'energy saving' and 'high-efficiency' as the goals of land use optimization,and integrated Markov-CA(Cellular Automaton),the Grid-Fractal model and GIS,in order to study carbon emission objective function,to establish a simulation method for land use spatial allocation optimization,to evaluate the effect of the method on carbon emissions. Regulation policy on three types of land use spatial allocation was proposed,including 'low-carbon type', 'low-carbon-economic type' and 'economic type'. We applied the method to analyze the land use spatial allocation in Taixing City of the 'Yangtze River Delta' regions in China,and obtained the following results:(i) The three optimization types would improve carbon emissions by 3. 21%,1. 80% and 0. 36% respectively in 2020,compared with 2010;(ii) The actual planning for 2020 was close to the 'low-carbon-economic type';(iii) The optimization method and regulation policy,combining local optimization and global control,could meet the sustainable multi-objective requirements for low-carbon constraints of land use spatial allocation. The result of this research could also serve as a reference for exploration into patterns of regional low-carbon land use and measures for energy saving and emission reduction.

Why did China Benefit from a Joint Venture Policy? A Case Study of Shanghai

Mandatory joint venture requirements have played an important role in many developing countries ＇foreign investment policies. However, such policies have been criticized in some of the economic literatures on the grounds that they deter investment and lead to the development of inefficient industries. A significant amount of foreign direct investment in Shanghai has been in the form of joint ventures. Yet, by many measures, Shanghai has benefited enormously. This article argues that there are three reasons to explain Shanghai＇s successful use of the joint venture for its industrial development. First, local firms and industries have had the capability and willingness to learn from joint ventures and other foreign invested firms. Second, the joint venture policy has been more likely than not to have ＂crowded in ＂ local investment rather than crowd it out. Third, investment authorities in Shanghai have had sufficient bureaucratic capacity and political insulation to prevent the joint venture policy from being manipulated by rent seekers.

Policy Changes and Economic Logic of Industrial Land Renewal in Shanghai

The change in the policy of industrial land renewal in many mega-cities is the result of a game between government and market.The principle of government policy-making is to balance its long-term benefits(tax revenue) and short-term benefits(land revenue).The policy of industrial land renewal is made to achieve this balance.And the renewal policy is gradually improved in terms of spatial indicators,self-ownership proportion,holding periods,and land management.And it can influence the industrial park typology.The industrial park typology has gone through three generations,from land sale-oriented,building sale-oriented,to park sale-oriented.The paper explains the changes of the industrial land renewal policies in Shanghai,and takes the construction of industrial parks in different periods as an example to explore the impact of policy changes on park forms and typologies.

Planning Policies Towards Shanghai's Rapid Urban Development

The central core of Shanghai is expanding rapidly. The industrial area in the outskirtsmapped out in the overall planning of 1959 has become part of the two wings of the cen-tral city in the overall planning of 1984. The satellite town of Minhang, together with Wuj-ing, Baoshan and the towns in the neighborhood, tends to be joined together with thecentral city. More than one thousand multi-storey residential buildings have been put upin the central city,60 percent of which are erected in the old distrlcts. This, again, turnsthe old districts into overpopulated areas. In order to control the population density ofthese old areas and to develop Pudong(on the east of Huangpu River). Shanghai will beexpanded to the eastern side of Huangpu River. The central city, thus, will become a beltof dense population with Huangpu River as its axis: and it will outgrow, in size and inpopulation, its limits set by the overall planning. In the next century, how will the structure of city planning change? How to readjustthe planning of regional functions. urban traffic systems and infrastructural facility sys-tems? How to control unsystematic development in the city and in the outskirts? How toremove some of the residents from the central city to Pudong? How to change HuangpuRiver into a city axis? The following article will hold a discussion on the above problems.

Study on Implementation of Urban-Rural Land Linking Policy from Perspective of Urbanization

China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.

面向高质量发展的产业用地政策设计与建议

在高速增长阶段,土地要素投入发挥了重要的支撑作用,但存在边际效益影响,土地粗放利用、以地融资依赖、以审批代监管等资源错配问题逐渐凸显。从高速增长阶段进入高质量发展阶段,为了以产业用地保障产业发展,加强对创新企业、实体经济的支持,政策设计要兼顾市场思维和规划思维。结合北京、上海、深圳的实践,提出产业用地政策设计要点和建议,在规划层面加强统筹引导,在项目层面突出精准支持,在利用层面健全效益监管,进一步推动规划、土地、产业的政策协同。

“标准地”出让改革如何影响工业用地利用效率——基于渐进双重差分模型的估计

研究目的:“标准地”出让改革是土地要素市场化配置中的政策创新,以全国各地级市层面“标准地”出让改革的实施作为准自然实验,探究该政策对工业用地利用效率的影响,为产业用地节约集约利用和制造业高质量发展提供决策依据。研究方法:超效率的SBM-Undesirable模型、渐进双重差分模型。研究结果:(1)研究期内,“标准地”出让改革显著提升了工业用地利用效率;(2)“标准地”出让改革对工业用地利用效率的提升效应呈现逐年积累的特征;(3)“标准地”出让改革对工业用地利用效率的提升作用具有明显的异质性:其中,“标准地”出让改革的提升效应在中西部地区和产业结构高度依赖制造业的地区更加显著。研究结论:地方政府应全面深化土地要素市场化配置改革,因地制宜地推行“标准地”出让模式,促进工业用地提质增效,赋能制造业高质量发展。

Long-term Dynamics of Cultivated Land Resources and Their Driving Forces of Guyuan City in Upper Reaches of Jinghe River

The land use patterns in Guyuan City,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China,have changed greatly over the years,due to population growth and farming and stock raising development.This study,using 50-year statis-tical data of cultivated land and 14-year spatial data of land use pattern,analyzed the developmental stages,the char-acter,and the spatial variance of farmland in the city,and discussed the driving forces of cultivated land changes based on empirical and conceptual statistical models.First,the change of cultivated land area went through different stages of rapid increase,fluctuating change,decrease and rapid decrease from 1949 to 2004,additionally,social and economic policies in different stages had an important impact on farmland variance.Second,from 1986 to 2000,the quantity of cultivated land increased,but its quality decreased.Third,social and economic factors are determinant factors in culti-vated land transition.Five constructed paths explain cultivated land transition.Factors that have direct or indirect ef-fects on farmland include the economy(Xeco),the population(Xpop),agricultural output(Xagr),and scientific input(Xsci).The sequence of impact was Xeco>Xpop>Xsci>Xagr.Among all these impacts,Xeco was the major positive one,and Xpop was the major negative one.It is urgent to take measures or adopt a policy to stop the vicious cycle in eco-environment and agriculture production.Otherwise,negative patterns of farmland use will increase,and high-quality cultivated land will continue to decline.

土地发展权配置视角下宅基地集中归并的治理困境:以上海为例

宅基地集中归并事关宅基地发展权二次配置和农民住房权益保障。文章借助土地发展权配置的理论工具解析村庄规划驱动下宅基地归并的土地发展权运作机制,以上海革新村为例,基于问卷调查、深度访谈和案例分析,剖析宅基地区位、村民代际差异和家庭资产配置选择对村民宅基地归并意愿的影响,揭示村庄规划刚性管控面临的治理困境。研究发现:基于增减挂钩政策,减量化行动推动的宅基地发展权配置成本高昂,忽视了村民住房权益的选择权,导致公平性缺失。以户为单位的宅基地归并难以析出宅基地冗余需求,引致财政补贴和宅基地资源的错配。实用性村庄规划编制应关注人地关系变化,量化宅基地发展权益,推动村民住房权益按需转换。

城市存量工业用地现状特征及更新优化策略——以土地发展权为视角

城市存量工业用地是推动城市工业经济发展的基础,土地发展权作为推进城市工业用地更新、解决城市工业用地更新困境的重要手段,为城市工业用地更新优化提供了新的观察视角与思考路径。文章以苏州市为研究范围,通过主体、空间和权益三个角度梳理苏州存量工业用地的现状特征,分析其问题所在,最后以土地发展权为视角提出城市工业用地更新优化策略,以期为城市存量工业用地更新提供新思考,促进更新工作的有效落实,推进城市工业用地的转型与发展。

福建土地征收成片开发政策的实践分析

在分析土地征收成片开发政策制定背景及福建省情基础上,从空间布局、程序合法合规和土地集约节约的宏观管控,以及保障公益利益、保障符合规划和靶向服务的微观管制等角度,对福建土地征收成片开发进行了剖析,已批复土地征收成片开发呈现以项目定开发增多、批次规模减少、报批难度增加等特征,并从扩展公益性认定标准、简化申报材料检查内容、严格成片开发实施监管等方面,提出了完善土地征收成片开发管理体系的政策建议,对促进提升国土空间规划具有重要的意义。

新时期“土地-技术-政策”协同优化的可持续粮食安全政策探析

在全球气候变化日益加剧和自然资源日益匮乏的现实背景下,确保粮食生产的稳定性和高效性显得尤为重要。我国百姓膳食结构的升级和对于农副产品的大量需求都说明了处理粮食安全问题是现阶段粮食生产的重头戏,因此,本文从“藏粮于地”“藏粮于技”“藏粮于政”三方面剖析我国“土地-技术-政策”协同优化的可持续粮食安全的发展路径以及政策选择。

浅议国土空间规划背景下的全域土地综合整治

国土空间规划是对一定区域国土空间开发保护在空间和时间上作出的安排,是国家空间发展的指南、可持续发展的空间蓝图,是各类开发保护建设活动的基本依据。全域土地综合整治是以科学规划为前提,以乡镇为基本实施单元,以农用地整理、建设用地整治和乡村生态保护修复等为主要内容,将山水林田湖草等全要素作为作用对象,以保护耕地、集约节约用地、改善生态环境为核心目标的土地整治模式。文中在国土空间规划背景下,对全域土地综合整治的内涵、目标、现状及挑战进行分析,并提出相应的政策建议。

区域性物流设施规划建设的若干思考——以东京都市圈物流设施规划建设为例

随着城市进入存量发展的新阶段,资源环境约束日趋明显,要求物流设施转变过去粗放式的发展模式,在适应不断增长的物流需求的同时兼顾综合、效率等目标。东京都市圈推动物流设施规划建设已有50多年的历史,形成了一套以用地和资金要素配置为核心的规划体系和政策机制。聚焦区域性物流设施规划,总结东京都市圈从规划统筹到实施细则的主要措施策略:以数字化为手段开展量化评估,使规划决策精准符合市场行为规律;健全规划实施传导机制,贯通顶层设计到底层实施,确保规划细化落地;建立激励与约束机制,激发市场力量,推进物流设施综合化和效率化开发。最后,从充分把握物流设施规划建设的市场化规律入手,提出加快推动物流设施规划技术转型、加快建立物流调查制度等中国区域性物流设施规划建设的建议。

上海新型产业用地政策的演进逻辑研究

新型产业用地政策是支撑新型产业发展的重要保障。文章通过梳理上海新型产业用地政策演变的历程,发现新型产业用地政策制定经历了政策补丁和政策创设两个过程,政策演进逻辑呈现出在政策导向上由政府管理转向市场需求、在规划管理上由刚性管控转向弹性适应、在土地管理上由统一管理转向精细管理、在审批监管上由单一管理转向共享协同4个特征,同时认为土地要素市场化配置和政府精细化管理是新型产业用地政策创新的重要方向,因此在后续的政策创新过程中应注意3个转变,即规划管理由小类管控向大类管控转变、土地管理由政府管控向市场配置转变、审批监管由事前审批监管向事前承诺转变。

土地混合利用及其规建管一体制度创新

随着经济发展、产业转型及人群需求的升级,土地混合利用在提升城市活力等方面发挥的积极作用得到广泛认可,是城市建设开发的重要方式与方向。国内相关研究主要侧重于规划编制中的技术性探索和实践过程中的政策性引导。然而,土地混合利用不仅仅是规划编制的技术问题,具体到落地实施中还涉及相关配套政策的密切配合与系统跟进,亟待在规划管控层面形成整体性改良思维。本文在探讨土地混合利用现实需求的基础上,结合典型地方实践总结其演进趋势;进而梳理土地混合利用实施过程中的核心议题与主要政策矛盾,并据此提出面向土地混合利用需求的规划管控制度创新路径,以期为土地混合利用的实施推进提供参考。

农业补贴政策的发展与完善

农业是一个国家的基础,合理有效的农业政策可以促进农业的发展与农民的收入增长。而农业补贴又是一个国家对其农业进行支持发展与保护的过程中最基本且最重要的一种手段。农业补贴在释义上分为狭义的补贴以及广义的补贴,狭义的农业补贴就是国家对粮食等农业产品提供保护性补贴。广义的农业补贴就是国家对农业产业进行全方位的保护支持如农林牧渔,该文论述我国的农业补贴政策类型有哪些,我国的补贴政策有什么特点,又有哪些不足以及针对这些不足的对策,如何随着时代的发展进行完善。

站域土地商业开发与政策效益之间的耦合关系——以上海为例

在城市更新的背景下,轨道交通的白热化发展推动了城市空间的变革,缓解了人口、交通和土地问题。在此背景下,如何通过政策引导站域土地开发成为当下城市发展聚焦的热点之一。文章选择轨道交通政策制度相对健全的上海为研究对象,通过对近10年代表土地商业开发情况的POI数据的分类梳理,在ARCGIS平台上进行渔网计算和UNA计算,将政策与土地开发之间的关系进行量化分析,探讨两者之间的作用关系。结论认为:站域土地开发强度逐年提高,越靠近站点,土地利用混合程度越高,可达性越好。政策与站域土地开发有着紧密的联系:宏观政策对土地商业开发起着明显的促进作用;微观政策对土地商业开发起着反馈促进作用,土地开发在此有了特定的质的提高。

县域土地利用协调发展度评价——以河北省曲周县为例

土地利用协调发展度评价对指导区域土地资源利用具有重要意义。以河北省曲周县为例,从土地利用的社会经济发展水平和生态环境质量两个方面建立土地利用协调发展度评价指标体系,并构建评价模型,对曲周县域的土地利用协调发展度进行综合评价。研究结果表明,曲周县土地利用属于中级协调发展类经济滞后型,土地利用的社会经济水平与生态环境质量状况间处于高度协调状态,但土地利用的综合效益水平低下,与生态环境效益相比,其社会经济效益略显滞后。在此基础上,运用经济学中的库兹尼茨曲线进行区域土地利用模式的选择,表明曲周县土地利用应选择跨越式发展模式,即沿着库兹尼茨曲线中的NSFYPW轨迹曲线发展。