Distribution of High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein Status in an Urban Population in China

Objectives To evaluate the distribution by age and sex of serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein(hsCRP)in an urban Chinese population and to provide a profile prediction for the risk of bacterial infection,inflammatory diseases,or tissue damages in the body.Methods Serum hsCRP was determined using the Roche Tina-quant immuno-turbidimetric assay on a Hitachi 7600–010 automatic biochemical analyzer(Roche Diagnostics)in 1,572 males and 1,800 females,including 78 pregnant women,who were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in2010–2012.Results The average hsCRP concentration in urban China was 0.68 mg/L for males and 0.65 mg/L for females.Significant differences in hsCRP were found among different age groups(P<0.05).Monitoring results showed no significant differences among the 6–11,45–59,and≥60-year-old groups in the comparison of hsCRP between males and females in large cities.However,hsCRP concentration was significantly higher in men aged 12–17 and 18–44 years than in women.Conclusion The distribution of the hsCRP status of residents in large cities in China was influenced by age and gender,and the hsCRP levels of both sexes increased gradually with age.In addition,hsCRP concentration was higher in healthy pregnant women than in non-pregnant women.Basing on our results,we recommend that this parameter be included in future national and international screening for early detection of various illnesses.

Dynamic Analysis on Population Suburbanization and New Town Development in Shanghai

This paper studies the suburbanization process of Shanghai from 2000 to 2010 and the population aggregation of its five suburban new towns including Jiading,Songjiang,Qingpu,Nanqiao,and Lingang.It finds that Shanghai's population distribution pattern is featured by both continuity and variety.In detail,although Shanghai is still dominated by a single-centered expansion pattern,a multi-centered spatial pattern is gradually formed with a narrowing gap in population density between the central city and the suburbs.As the suburbanization of the migrant population is faster than that of the registered population and migrants re-gather in the central city as a result of its service industry development,there is a relatively smaller migrant population in the area between the Inner Ring Road and the Outer Ring Road.Consequently,the population in the new towns that the city planning strategy has focused on is not increasing at the expected speed,thus more attention should be paid to a reasonable central citycentered,multi-leveled,towns-grouped,and compact urban spatial structure.

ON SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL CHANGES OF PRESENT URBAN POPULATION IN CHINA

Since 1949, great changes have taken place in the amount and distribution of China’s urban population. From the analysis on the change in total urban population, it can be learnt that urbanization progress can be controlled mainly by social-economic development and government policy through influencing the migratory growth of urban population and the number of organic cities. In the period 1949-1990, the states of megalopolises had gone up; medium-sized cities had decreased. It is estimated that the total urban population of China will still increase at a rapid speed in the coming 10 years; there will not be great changes in grade system of urban scale; and urban population may shows a tendency to move to coastal area.

Simulation Analysis on Spatial Pattern of Urban Population in Shenyang City,China in Late 20th Century

The spatial distribution of urban population can reflect significantly urban functions and development status. Shenyang, as a typical old industrial city in China, has experienced considerable changes in spatial distribution of population in the process of urban transformation, resulting in the change of urban spatial structure. Based on the sub-district data of Chinese national population censuses in 1982, 1990 and 2000, this study simulates the evolution pattern of spatial distribution of urban population in Shenyang City. Using statistical method and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), we found that the population distribution, on the whole, has presented a balanced and decentralized trend since the 1980s, which characterizes with Chinese suburbanization. Furthermore, based on the investigation of the pattern of population distribution, it is concluded that the negative exponential model fitted the distribution best, and population concentration in the inner suburb kept increasing gradually, meanwhile, the spatial structure of population distribution has presented a polycentric feature since the 1980s. The parameters of the model show that population in the urban core concentrate significantly all the time. The increase of population in the inner suburb influences the population distribution pattern more and more importantly, but the concentration intensity of population cores in inner suburb is still low.

Dynamic Assessment of Spatiotemporal Population Distribution Based on Mobile Phone Data: A Case Study in Xining City,China

High-resolution,dynamic assessments of the spatiotemporal distributions of populations are critical for urban planning and disaster management.Mobile phone big data have real-time collection,wide coverage,and high resolution advantages and can thus be used to characterize human activities and population distributions at fne spatiotemporal scales.Based on six days of mobile phone user-location signal(MPLS)data,we assessed the dynamic spatiotemporal distribution of the population of Xining City,Qinghai Province,China.The results show that strong temporal regularity exists in the daily activities of local residents.The spatiotemporal distribution of the local population showed a signifcant downtown-suburban attenuation pattern.Factors such as land use types,holidays,and seasons signifcantly afect the spatiotemporal patterns of the local population.By combining other spatiotemporal trajectory data,high-resolution and dynamic real-time population distribution evaluations based on mobile phone location signals could be better developed and improved for use in urban management and disaster assessment research.

Underground space use of urban built-up areas in the central city of Nanjing:Insight based on a dynamic population distribution

With the expansion of cities and the emergence of various urban problems,urban underground space has been developed as a solution.In China’s urban transition context,there is a need for the development of underground space in urban built-up areas.In this casestudy of the central city of Nanjing,we used spatial analysis and statistical methods to characterize the underground space use of urban built-up areas from a dynamic spatiotemporal perspective.We first analyzed the relationship between the population distribution and the underground space use of the central city of Nanjing based on a Baidu heat map,which can reflect the real-time population distribution,and then,we explored the spatiotemporal characteristics and spatial structure of the underground space use in urban built-up areas.The analysis results provide a reference for planning to improve and optimize the layout of underground space in the central city of Nanjing and,more generally,for the stock-type planning of underground space in urban built-up areas.

Suburbanization and Subcentering of Population in Beijing Metropolitan Area:A Nonparametric Analysis

This study focuses on the suburbanization and subcentering of population and examines the nature of spatial restructuring in terms of the population distribution in the Beijing metropolitan area.Instead of the classic density function approach,we employ the nonparametric analysis to characterize the spatial pattern of population densities in the Beijing metropolitan area and identify the suburban subcenters.Our findings suggest that the population has spread with rapid urban growth in the Beijing metropolitan area,and the compact urban form has been replaced by a more dispersed polycentric spatial distribution.However,compared with the decentralization of western cities,the spatial extent of the decentralization of population in the Beijing metropolitan area is quite limited.The rapid growth of population in the near suburbs has expedited the sprawl of the central city,with a larger central agglomeration of population dominating the metropolitan area.In this sense,the spatial pattern of the Beijing metropolitan area is still characterized by the continuous compactness.However,our findings do provide the evidence that the city has been turning to a polycentric structure.We find significant population subcenters have emerged in the suburbs of Beijing since the 1980s.But the polycentricity emerged in the Beijing metropolitan area is very different by nature from that observed in Western cities.The subcenters emerged are adherent to the development scheme planned for the city,so it can be referred to as the so called 'planned polycentricity'.

基于栅格数据的辽中南城市群人居环境自然适宜性测评

以辽中南城市群为研究对象,基于1km×1km栅格数据,建立了基于地形起伏度、植被、水文、温湿指数的人居环境自然适宜性综合评价模型,对人居环境自然适宜性进行了综合评价与合理分区。研究结果表明:①辽中南城市群人居环境自然适宜性受地形条件限制较小,受水文、植被、气候条件限制较大。②辽中南城市群人居环境自然适宜性指数范围为19.03~84.15,在空间上总体呈现出西高东低的态势。③中度适宜地区分布最广,高度适宜地区与不适宜地区面积最小。④辽中南城市群64.48%的人口分布在中高度适宜地区。

上海市社区型养老设施的空间分布特征与优化策略研究

社区型养老设施与大型居住型养老设施相比具有更好的社会与经济效益,也是我国养老事业未来发展的重点。文章以上海市为例,基于数据可视化平台绘制热力图,分析了全市2649家日间照护机构、为老助餐点、社会养老组织、综合为老服务中心4类社区型设施在城市空间中的分布特征,并探讨了各类型设施在规划设计上的优化策略。研究结果有利于深化对我国城市地区社区型养老设施发展现状的理解,为制定相关设施规划导则提供参考。

北上广深蓉与东京轨道交通覆盖人口的比较分析

为探究不同城市轨道交通服务与人口分布和城市功能布局之间的关系,以北京、上海、广州、深圳、成都以及日本东京为对象,以距离和时间作为圈层划分依据对比分析了6个城市轨道交通覆盖人口的空间特征,研究了其与城市功能布局的耦合关系。进一步从输送能力的角度定量分析6个城市轨道交通运营组织与覆盖人口的关系。研究结果表明:轨道交通覆盖人口呈径向递减趋势;15 km圈层之外,中国5个城市轨道交通覆盖人口占区域内全部人口的比值已经低于10%,而东京仍旧高于20%;中国5个城市的主要功能区集中在城市中心区,东京的主要功能区分布较为分散但依旧拥有较高的轨道交通覆盖率,其对城市空间结构的支撑作用更加显著。6个城市轨道交通的输送能力与覆盖人口从整体上看均呈现正相关性,东京轨道交通的相关性体现为通过更加灵活的交路组织和运力分配实现供给与需求的匹配。

Multi-criteria Satisfaction Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Urban Emergency Shelters Based on High-Precision Population Estimation

This article introduces a framework for the multi-criteria satisfaction assessment of the spatial distribution of urban emergency shelters.A GIS-based analytic hierarchy process approach was utilized to conduct the assessment based on selected criteria layers for daytime and nighttime scenarios,respectively.The layers were generated from high-precision land use data based on highresolution aerial images and census data.Considering the uncertainty in criteria weighting,a spatial sensitivity analysis was undertaken for deriving more accurate results.The feasibility of the framework was tested on a case study in Jing'an District,Shanghai,China.The assessment results show that both at nighttime and during daytime,even if all potentially available shelters are open,the demand in large areas can only be marginally satisfied or not satisfied,especially in the northern,eastern,and central parts of Jing'an District.The quantitative analysis of the satisfaction conditions of the buildings or land parcels and the affected people,especially children and the elderly,shows a low satisfaction level of shelter services in these areas.The satisfaction assessment of emergency shelters can help government decision makers find low satisfaction areas of sheltering services and support further locationallocation optimization of urban emergency shelters.

多维度视角下中国人口城镇化发展模式

在中国进入人口城镇化发展中后期的背景下,透过人口城镇化水平快速提升的表象,从结构层面对人口城镇化发展模式进行多维度探究,有助于清楚识别与理解城镇化发展的内在机制与规律,发现城镇化发展进程中存在的问题并提出合理的应对策略。该研究利用第六次和第七次人口普查分县数据,以地级行政区为基本统计单元,并将数据汇总至省级和区域层面,从城乡人口变动、城镇人口增长来源、城镇人口空间分布三个维度对2010—2020年中国人口城镇化发展模式进行了深入探究。实证结果显示:①中国人口城镇化率的提升是城镇人口和乡村人口变动共同作用的结果,城镇人口增长的贡献度高于乡村人口减少的贡献度。②乡城人口迁移仍是中国城镇人口增长的绝对主力,其次为区划调整增长,最末为自然增长。③城镇人口空间分布趋于分散,县域城镇人口变动对城镇化率的贡献度略高于市辖区城镇人口变动。④东北地区城镇化率的提升主要依赖于乡村人口的减少,城镇人口已出现自然负增长和净迁出的现象,且该地区大多数县域城镇人口流失严重。据此,各级政府应及时审视过往人口城镇化发展的结构特征,在不断促进经济发展和完善公共服务供给的前提下,重点结合区域或城市自身的自然条件特点和城镇人口增减、分布状况,制定更有针对性的人口城镇化发展策略,探索出一条符合自身实际的可持续性人口城镇化发展道路。

“人口-产业”匹配视角下大城市空间结构演化特征与优化策略——以上海市为例

多中心是大城市空间结构优化的重要思路,一般通过积极的人口布局优化政策、产业布局优化政策来实现。基于上海案例,使用人口普查和经济普查数据,探索2010-2020年间在人口、产业布局优化政策导向下上海市常住人口和就业岗位的空间分布变化,从数量匹配、类型匹配两个维度量化认识人口-产业匹配特征,并通过向心通勤变化揭示了人口-产业匹配特征对市域空间结构优化的影响。研究发现,上海的人口布局优化政策、产业布局优化政策均取得一定成效,但在全市层面出现一定程度的人口-产业数量失配和类型失配现象。这导致了要素流动视角下市域空间结构更趋于单中心极化,与“多中心”发展目标相悖。最后提出大城市制定人口布局优化和产业布局优化政策时必须考虑两者协同,人口-产业匹配有助于实现多中心空间结构。

济南市章丘区城乡蚊虫孳生环境及消杀的调查分析

目的分析济南市章丘区城乡蚊虫孳生环境及消杀现状,旨在为城乡环境的改善提供借鉴与指导。方法调查济南市章丘区2019年3月—2023年11月积水处、社区和农户家庭内外环境的蚊虫孳生情况,分析蚊幼虫密度、蚊虫种类,评价蚊虫孳生环境治理效果。结果2019年3月—2023年11月,每年各选取300个调查点,蚊幼虫阳性率分别为70%、42%、18%、6%、4%,蚊虫阳性率分别为42%、30%、12%、4%、2%,孳生蚊虫的积水处和容器数量逐年减少(P<0.05),蚊幼虫阳性率、蚊虫阳性率逐年下降(P<0.05)。2019—2023年济南市章丘区房屋指数(housing index,HI)、容器指数(container index,CI)、布雷图指数(Breitu index,BI)逐年下降(P<0.05)。2019—2023年共捕获1104只蚊虫样本,主要蚊虫种类包括淡色库蚊(43.03%)、白纹伊蚊(26.00%)、三带喙库蚊(11.96%)、中华按蚊(8.97%)。结论济南市章丘区城乡蚊虫孳生治理工作已经取得显著成效,蚊虫孳生情况有所改善,需要重点消杀淡色库蚊、白纹伊蚊、三带喙库蚊、中华按蚊等优势蚊种,为蚊媒疾病的控制奠定基础。

城市基层社区人口属地治理的实践逻辑——基于J市城中村社区双重治理的考察

我国城市治理逐步走向精细化,属地化治理理念已在基层社区得到落实。基于对J市城中村社区典型个案考察,发现常态化时期与紧急性时期存在双重治理模式。流动人口个人信息收集的路径依赖,使户籍地与居住地出现保护层面的城乡错位;流动人口居住空间属性的法律迷思,催生出居委会、村委会与开发商之间责任层面的村居博弈。错位的实质在于人户分离的属地治理模式并未完全转向实时动态的属地治理模式;博弈的实质在于分散流动人口社会服务的供给责任,以回避常态化实践与紧急性动员之间存在的资源配置真空。在双重治理中,户籍制度、产权制度是治理困境的驱动机制,资源局限、服务不足是治理不善的内在逻辑。本研究有助于理解城中村社区人口属地化治理困境的制度根源,并提升和优化基层社会治理。

Urban Systems:Understanding and Predicting the Spatial Distribution of China's Population

With urbanization and population migration,some Chinese cities fall into decline whereas others prosper.Using nighttime light data,we redefine the city based on economic function and evaluate the city size distribution in representative countries.The results provide evidence not only for Zipfs law,but also for a distortion in China s current city size distribution.This study proposes a feasible method to predict urban population distribution based on the role of geographical factors in regional development,following the idea of spatial equilibrium.This prediction suggests that the divergence of city size in China tends to be pronounced,with inter-regional income disparity being narrowed and the city size distribution following Zipfs law.The Chinese government should further relax restrictions on population inflow into large cities and prepare for more migration in the future.

Exploring the differential impacts of urban transit system on the spatial distribution of local and floating population in Beijing

The floating population has become the main driver of urban population excessive growth in China＇s mega cities. Urban transit system （UTS） is a significant factor in population spatial distributions within urban areas, especially rapid and high-capacity transit systems. This paper analyzes the causal effects of the extension of expressways and subways between 2000 and 2010 in the Beijing Metropolitan Area （BMA）, focusing on the group differences between the local residents and the floating population. Due to the endogeneity of transportation improvements and population growth, Instrumental Variable （IV） regression model is applied to avoid this problem. The results show the local residents increased in the inner suburbs but decreased in the city center, while the floating population increased in the majority areas. IV regression results show that the extension of urban transit systems had statistically significant impacts on population growth across the BMA, The results also show that the extension of urban subway system had more effects on the floating population than the local residents across the BMA. It is mainly caused by the rather low fare of urban subway system. This implies that the excessive subsidy on urban subway system could result in ex- cessive floating population growth and residential differentiation, even residential segregation Hence, it is necessary to plan and design reasonable and scientific urban transit systems in order to advance reasonable population size and promote residential integration. Moreover, the regional analysis shows that the effects of urban transportation improvements on the local residents are not statistically significant in the inner suburbs. It implies that urban transportation improvements had limited effects on inducing people to move to suburban areas and controlling center city＇s population in Beijing. Therefore, it should be stressed the differenti- ated effects of urban transportation improvements on population distribution in the process of urban planning and population control.

Urban Expansion of China from the 1970s to 2020 Based on Remote Sensing Technology

Based on Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) technology,urban expansion of 75 cities in China from the 1970s to 2020 was reconstructed by visual-interpretation method,which described the growing process of urban lands and its influences on local land use structures synchronously.By employing annual expansion area per city and urban expansion density,spatial-temporal characteristics and macro patterns of urban expansion were analyzed from the aspects of regional-distributions,administrative-levels and population-sizes comprehensively.Results indicate that:1) urban expansion in China was universal,distinct,persistent,periodic and fluctuating.In the past five decades,urban lands of 75 monitored cities in China expanded dramatically from 3606.26 km2 to 30 521.13 km2.2) Though urban expansion presented significant differences from the aspects of regional distribution,administrative levels,and population sizes,it exhibited a deceleration trend in the 13th Five-Year Plan among all kinds of cities.3) Cultivated lands were the first land resource for urban expansion,and 55.17% of newly-expanded urban lands appeared by encroaching this land use type.China’s urban expansion has caused sustained pressure on cultivated land protection,especially in super megacities,and the contradiction between urban expansion and cultivated land protection will always exist.4) The compactness of urban lands in China increased before 1987 and reduced in the next three decades,which was consistent with the implementation of major policies and the deployment of national strategies,and is expected to become compact with a stopping declining or even rebounding after the 13th Five-Year Plan.

清代贵州区域人口与城镇地理分布

贵州人口城镇化不平衡格局主要受喀斯特地貌环境等自然条件制约,也与省内各区域开发程度差异、城镇数量和密度等经济地理因素密切相关。由清代贵州人口规模和密度的区域差异入手,探讨清代城镇数量、密度以及等级地位的区域分布,分析城镇分布与人口、移民、历史建置、经济开发及民族形势等区域地理要素的内在关系,可加深对贵州人口分布与城镇化格局的演变过程的理解,为今后贵州制定人口发展和城镇化政策提供一定的历史依据作参考。