Selection of High-efficient Safe Pesticides for Controlling Tea Lesser Leafhopper(Empoasca vitis)

[Objective] This study was conducted to select a batch of new high-effi- cient low-toxicity high-selectivity pesticides for the application in tea gardens. [Method] This experiment was designed with 12 treatments including clear water as the CK, in randomized block arrangement, with 4 replications, and each plot had an area of 30 m2. The pesticides were sprayed in the high occurrence period of larvae of tea lesser leafhopper when tea shoots grew vigorously. [Result] In the 11 pesti- cides, 100 g/L bifenthrin EC , 70% imidacloprid WDG and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC were the best pesticides with efficacies above 90%; and in the bio-pesticides, 0.5% azadirachtin SC showed an efficacy over 87.97%. [Conclusions] Among the tested pesticides, 100 g/L bifenthrin EC , 70% imidacloprid WDG and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC could effectively control tea lesser leafhopper during the outbreak of tea lesser leafhopper, and when the occurrence degree of tea lesser leafhopper is below the medium level, environment-friendly 0.5% azadirachtin SC, 0.5% veratrine SC, 0.3% matrine SC and 4.0×10^10 spores/g Beauveria bassiana OD could be selected.

Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluid for the Gaosongshan gold deposit, Lesser Xing’an Range:Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S-Pb isotopes

Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1) Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates (PSQA) occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2) the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW- and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3) the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that (1) rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2) the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO2-bearing H2O-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor (PV),vapor-rich (WV) and liquid-rich (WL) inclusions with a small number of melt-(M) and solid-bearing (S) inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid (PL) inclusions characterized by the H2O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3) the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements (REEs) provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch (99.32 ± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.

Lesser Himalayan sequences in Eastern Himalaya and their deformation:Implications for Paleoproterozoic tectonic activity along the northern margin of India

Substantial part of the northern margin of Indian plate is subducted beneath the Eurasian plate during the Caenozoic Himalayan orogeny, obscuring older tectonic events in the Lesser Himalaya known to host Proterozoic sedimentary successions and granitic bodies. Tectonostratigraphic units of the Proterozoic Lesser Himalayan sequence （LHS） of Eastern Himalaya, namely the Daling Group in Sikkim and the Bomdila Group in Arunachal Pradesh, provide clues to the nature and extent of Proterozoic passive margin sedimentation, their involvement in pre-Himalayan orogeny and implications for supercontinent reconstruction. The Daling Group, consisting of flaggy quartzite, meta-greywacke and metapelite with minor mafic dyke and sill, and the overlying Buxa Formation with stromatolitic carbonate-quartzite- slate, represent shallow marine, passive margin platformal association. Similar lithostratigraphy and broad depositional framework, and available geochronological data from intrusive granites in Eastern Himalaya indicate strikewise continuity of a shallow marine Paleoproterozoic platformal sequence up to Arunachal Pradesh through Bhutan. Multiple fold sets and tectonic foliations in LHS formed during partial or complete closure of the sea/ocean along the northern margin of Paleoproterozoic India. Such deformation fabrics are absent in the upper Palaeozoic-Mesozoic Gondwana formations in the Lesser Himalaya of Darjeeling-Sikkim indicating influence of older orogeny. Kinematic analysis based on microstructure, and garnet composition suggest Paleoproterozoic deformation and metamorphism of LHS to be distinct from those associated with the foreland propagating thrust systems of the Caenozoic Himalayan collisional belt. Two possibilities are argued here： （1） the low greenschist facies domain in the LHS enveloped the amphibolite to granulite facies domains, which were later tectonically severed; （2） the older deformation and metamorphism relate to a Pacific type accretionary orogen which affected the northern margin of greater India. Better understanding of geodynamic evolution of the northern margin of India in the Paleoproterozoic has additional bearing on more refined model of reconstruction of Colllrnhia.

Continental accretion and incremental deformation in the thermochronologic evolution of the Lesser Caucasus

Apatite fission-track analysis and thermochronologic statistical modeling of Precambrian-Oligocenc plutonic and metamorphic rocks from the Lesser Caucasus resolve two discrete cooling episodes.Cooling occurred during incremental crustal shortening due to obduction and continental accretion along the margins of the northern branch of the Neotethys.(1)The thermochronometric record of a Late Cretaceous(Turonian-Maastrichtian)cooling/exhumation event,coeval to widespread ophiolite obduction,is still present only in a relatively small area of the upper plate of the Amasia-Sevan-Akera(ASA)suture zone,i.e.the suture marking the final closure of the northern Neotethys during the Paleogene.Such area has not been affected by significant later exhumation.(2)Rapid cooling/exhumation occurred in the Early-Middle Miocene in both the lower and upper plates of the ASA suture zone,obscuring previous thermochronologic signatures over most of the study area.Miocene contractional reactivation of the ASA suture zone occurred contemporaneously with the main phase of shortening and exhumation along the Bitlis suture zone marking the closure of the southern branch of the Neotethys and the ensuing ArabiaEurasia collision.Miocene collisional stress from the Bitlis suture zone was transmitted northward across the Anatolian hinterland,which was left relatively undeformed,and focused along preexisting structural discontinuities such as the eastern Pontides and the ASA suture zone.

Anatomical Properties of Three Lesser Utilised Ghanaian Hardwood Species

Wood is composed of mostly hollow, elongated, spindle-shaped cells that are arranged parallel to each other along the trunk of a tree. The characteristics of these fibrous cells and their arrangement affect strength properties, appearance, resistance to penetration by water and chemical solutions, resistance to decay and many other properties. The characterisation of wood helps in identifying them. In this work, we studied the anatomical properties of three lesser utilised Ghanaian hardwood species namely Albizia ferruginea (Guill. & Perr.) Benth, Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig and Sterculia rhinopetala K. Schum using the light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Anatomical features studied were fiber length, double fiber wall thickness, fiber proportion, vessel diameter and proportion, rays and axial parenchyma proportions. We observed that the use of SEM in studying the anatomical or ultra-structural aspects of wood gave a clearer understanding of the features and structures found in wood. Anatomical features such as presence of crystals and absence of axial parenchyma in Blighia sapida and the thick wall fibers of Sterculia rhinopetala were better understood.

Preliminary Study on Gray Theory in Forecasting Great Drought in Shaoyang District

By using occurrence years of great drought in Shaoyang district in recent 20 years,the time sequence was established,and by gray disaster prediction theory,the possible great drought years in future in Shaoyang district were predicted. The results showed that one quasi-periodic of great drought occurrence in Shaoyang district is 2 years,the next great drought years are 2010,2012 and 2015. Gray prediction drought theory will provide scientific basis for drought resistance work in Shaoyang district.

Magnetic fabric and geomorphic characteristic of Neotectonic activity along strike direction of North Almora Thrust,Kumaun Lesser Himalaya,India

Structurally,the North Almora Thrust(NAT),is placed in the northern proximity of the Almora Nappe(AN)in the Kumaun Lesser Himalaya.The NAT is characterized by the presence of a zone of mylonitic rocks of basal Saryu Formation(1800±100 Ma)in the hanging wall and the metasedimentaries of Inner Lesser Himalayan rocks as the footwall block.The NAT has been dextrally offset by two estabilished maj or faults i.e.Saryu River Fault(SRF)in Saryu Valley and Dwarahat-Chaukhutia Fault(DCF)in Ramganga valley.In present study,we identified four new faults,based on field study,geomorphic landform and magnetic fabric analysis.These faults are N-S trending Pancheshwar Fault,NE-SW Rameshwer Fault,NNE-SSW trending Kosi Fault,and NNE-SSW trending Gagas Fault(GF).Our results show that the zone is bound by cross cutting relation with NAT and these fault zones are comparatively more active than other regions.Furthermore,we suggest that the steep and NW-SE orientation of magnetic foliation within the NAT zone is a result of NE-SW oriented progressive regional compression.The magnetic foliations represent the unseen internal foliations in the rocks developed due to preferred alignment of magnetic minerals and can be found through the Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility(AMS)study.Variation in the alignment of the field and magnetic foliations are developed due to superimposed brittle deformation along the faults over the pre-existing field foliations.Magnetic foliations represent the impact of last stage deformation and significant to find brittle deformation and finite strain in the rocks of the study area.The lowering of anisotropy(Pj)away from the fault zone represents distribution of strain across the NAT zone.AMS fabric confirms the presence of faults developed across the NAT zone and also explains the deformation pattern along these faults.The geomorphic anomalies and steepness changes across the NAT zone are correlated with active deformation along the NAT and associated transverse faults.

POLYPHASE METAMORPHISM AND INVERTED THERMAL GRADIENT IN THE LESSER HIMALAYA OF CENTRAL NEPAL: CONSTRAINTS FROM WHITE MICA COMPOSITIONS

The Lesser Himalaya in central Nepal consists of greenschist\|facies metasedimentary rocks, which are overthrust by the amphibolite\|facies rocks of the Higher Himalaya along the Upper Main Central Thrust (UMCT). Despite a number of works on metamorphism of the MCT zone and the Higher Himalaya, the low\|grade metamorphic rocks to the south of the MCT zone have not been studied yet.In the present study, an attempt was made to constrain the metamorphic events and thermal structure of the whole Lesser Himalaya by means of white mica (Ms) compositions. About 600Ms grains in 48 metapelitic samples from the Lesser Himalaya were analysed by the EPMA. Compositional zoning in individual Ms grains was checked by means of X\|ray compositional mapping. There exist wide intersample, intrasample and within grain compositional variations in Ms in the samples from the Lesser Himalaya. Sheared Ms phenocrysts in pegmatites and gneisses have compositions very close to that of the ideal muscovite. Detrital Ms show wide variation in phengite content, most of which are poor in phengite content, and are most probably derived from older higher\|grade metamorphic rocks.

SLOPE INSTABILITY HAZARDS IN GRANITES OF THE LESSER HIMALAYAN EXAMPLE OF THE PALUNG GRANITE OF CENTRAL NEPAL

Granites are hard and sound rock at relatively fresh or unweathered condition. Steep rocky slopes are the characteristic features in the area occupied by granites of the Lesser Himalaya including Kathmandu nappe. Almost vertical to sometimes overhanging slopes in granites look stable in dry season, but the steeper slopes in the areas occupied by granitic rocks are metastable to unstable. The instabilities are related to: variation in texture and mineral composition of granite, nature and intensity of weathering (mechanical and chemical), altitude of the area, orientation of natural slope with reference to the predominant joint sets, quality of rock mass, stress release and activity of subsurface water during monsoon. The study is supposed to be an example for the study of the slope instabilities in the other part of the Himalaya occupied by granitic bodies.

Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Palaeomagnetism of Mafic Dykes from Kumaun Lesser Himalaya: Implication on Petrogenesis, Tectonic Setting and Timing of Mafic Magmatism in Northern Part of Indian Lithosphere

Occurrence of mafic dykes in Himalaya has been intriguing and debated since long because of its difficulty to ascent and emplacement through a thickened crust.Mafic dykes in Kumaun Lesser Himalaya(KLH)of central Indian

GEOLOGICAL STUDIES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS IN THE VICINITY OF M.C.T./LESSER HIMALAYAN SHEAR ZONE, PARTS OF SIKKIM HIMALAYAS

The Eastern Sikkim area forming a part of the Lesser Himalaya is located between 27°10′～27°30′N latitudes and 88°25′～88°40′E longitudes (750km 2). The previous workers agreed that a domal structure is present in Sikkim which is constituted by low to high grade metamorphic rocks characterised by inverted metamorphism. The rocks were repeatedly deformed and were metamorphosed at about 550 to 770℃ (550 to 750MPa). Geologically, the oldest rocks of Eastern Sikkim are represented by Darjeeling Formation showing medium to high grade metamorphism. It is followed by low grade Daling Formation which is characterised by tectonic wedges of Lingtse gneiss. The potassic syenite intrusive i.e. the Sikkim igneous formation is youngest rock type of the area. The Darjeeling Formation associated with amphibolite bands consists of kyanite\|sillimanite, staurolite and garnet zones, while the Daling Formation is characterised by low grade chloritoid and chlorite zones. Lingtse Formation is gneissic in which patches of retrograded and sheared garnet schists are present. Intrusions of potassic syenites (Sikkim Formation) occur in the form of oval and concordant bodies. The F 1, F 2 and F 3 folds are well developed in rocks of Eastern Sikkim area.. The F 1 folds are rootless, tightly isoclinal or reclined and highly obliterated in their attitude. The F 2 folds belong to class IC of Ramsay (1967). Their interlimb angles vary from 20～50 degrees. Intersection lineation due to S 0/S 1 and S 2 surfaces is parallel to the F 2 folds axis. Third generation structures are represented by open to moderately tight and kinked folds. Superimposition of F 3 folds on F 2 folds resulted into type II interference pattern of Ramsay (1967). Structural analysis of these folds have revealed that F 2 folds are non\|cylindrical. The kink or F 3 folds were possibly responsible for the formation of a megakink resembling with the domal structure. The repeatedly deformed rocks of Eastern Sikkim area were folded, faulted, sheared/thrusted during the Himalayan orogeny. The Main Central Thrust (M C T) is actually a ductile shear zone and was subjected to imbrication during later phases of F 2 folding.

Two-level reconstruction of isolated fracture of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus

Fractures of the lesser tuberosity of the humerus are typically met in combination with other injuries of the shoulder. Case reports of isolated lesser tuberosity fractures are particularly rare and, consequently,therapeutic protocols have not yet been completely clarified. Conservative as well as surgical treatment has been recommended, while several operative techniques have been applied. We present a case of a 39-yearold man with an isolated lesser tuberosity fracture who was treated surgically in our institution. Due to fracture comminution, a two-level reconstruction technique with headless screws and buttress plate was applied. As far as we know, this method of fixation of this type of fracture has not been previously described in the literature.The patient tolerated the procedure well and excellent results were obtained at the latest follow-up.

METAMORPHISM IN THE LESSER HIMALAYAN CRYSTALLINES AND MAIN CENTRAL THRUST ZONE IN THE ARUN VALLEY AND AMA DRIME RANGE (EASTERN HIMALAYA)

The Arun mega\|antiform, a large N—S structure transversal to the tectonic trend of the E Nepal Himalaya, is a tectonic window offering a complete section of the Himalayan nappe pile, from the Lesser Himalayan zone to the Tethyan Himalaya. At the northern end of the Arun tectonic window (ATW), the Ama Drime—Nyonno Ri range of south Tibet exposes a section of that portion of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone and Lesser Himalayan Crystallines (LHC) which elsewhere in Nepal is concealed below the overlying Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) nappe (Fig. 1). As throughout the Himalaya at the structural level of the MCT, the ATW is characterized by an inverted metamorphic field gradient characterized by a progression from chlorite to sillimanite grade from low to high structural levels of the nappe pile. Metamorphic peak temperatures rise from circa 400℃ in the pelitic and psammitic Precambrian metasediments of the Lesser Himalayan Tumlingtar Unit, to 550～620℃ in the overlying LHC, to over 700℃ in the muscovite\|free Barun Gneiss, the lowermost HHC unit in the Arun valley.

The Snakes of the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara),Indonesia

From the existing literature and data from museum specimens an overview is presented of all currently known terrestrial and semi-aquatic snakes of the Lesser Sunda Islands, in the Wallacean area of Indonesia. In total, twenty-nine species are known to inhabit the area. Of these eight are endemic to the area： Boiga hoeseli, Coelognathus subradiatus, Dendrelaphis inornatus, Stegonotus florensis, Cylindrophis opisthorhodus, Broghammerus timoriensis, Liasis mackloti and Typhlops schmutzi. Insular endemism is only found at the subspecific level, including Liasis mackloti dunni （Wetar）, Liasis mackloti savuensis （Sawu）, Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus brongersmai （Sumba）, Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus elberti （Lombok） and Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus florensis （Flores）. Such endemism may be due to the relatively young geological age of the Lesser Sunda Islands and that the snake fauna is still underestimated. Taxonomy of the genus Cylindrophis, the species Coelognathus subradiatus, Dendrelaphis inornatus, Cryptelytrops insularis, and the five subspecies of Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus need to be reviewed. Ecological studies are urgently required to establish if the species Broghammerus timoriensis and Liasis mackloti savuensis are endangered and which conservation measures should be taken. Telah dilakukan pengamatan ulang dari kepustakaan yang ada, data dari databank Western Australian Museum, maupun koleksi museum. Hasil tersebut dirangkum dalam suam tinjauan mengenai semua jenis ular yang hidup di darat maupun di air-tawar dari daerah Nusa Tenggara sebagai bagian dari daerah Wallacea. Jumlah jenis yang dapat dipastikan berjumlah dua puluh sembilan jenis, dan delapan di antaranya merupakan jenis yang endemik, yaitu Boiga hoeseli, Coelognathus subradiatus, Dendrelaphis inornatus, Stegonotus florensis, Cylindrophis opisthorhodus, Broghammerus timoriensis, Liasis mackloti dan Typhlops schmutzi. Jenis endemic dalam daerah pulau hanya meliputi anak jenis： Liasis mackloti dunni （Wetar）, Liasis mackloti savuensis （Sawu）, RamphotyphIops polygrammicus brongersmai （Sumba）, Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus elberti （Lombok） dan Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus florensis （Flores）. Hal ini diperkirakan merupakan konsekuensi langsung dari sejarah geologi yang relatif singkat namun dapat juga disebabkan karena kekayaan jenis ular kurang dipelajari dengan lebih seksama. Kedudukan sistematik dari Coelognathus subradiatus, Dendrelaphis inornatus, Cylindrophis boulengeri, C. opisthorhodus, dan ke-lima subspecies Ramphotyphlops polygrammicus serta Cryptelytrops insularis perlu ditinjau kembali. Jenis-jenis yang diperkirakan terancam dan perlu perlindungan adalah jenis-jenis piton Broghammerus timoriensis dan Liasis maekloti savuensis. Penelitian ekologi perlu segara dilakukan untuk menentukan apakah jenis-jenis tersebut perlu perlindungan, dan juga tindakan konservasi yang mana bisa diambil.

Temporal Changes in the Lesser Flamingos Population (<i>Phoenicopterus minor</i>) in Relation to Phytoplankton Abundance in Lake Manyara, Tanzania

A study on seasonal variations in the abundance of Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) in relation to phytoplankton abundance in lake Manyara was conducted for a period of fourteen consecutive months (July 2007 to August 2008). The aim was to relate the temporal variability in the phytoplankton species abundance and diversity of the lake to the population size of the Lesser Flamingo. Lesser Flamingo population numbers were obtained from monthly ground surveys whereby the lake was subdivided into defined counting vantage points. Water samples for phytoplankton species composition and biomass analyses were taken to the University of Dar es Salaam for laboratory analysis. The flamingo population estimates ranged from 9319 in August 2007 to 640,850 in August 2008. The Lesser Flamingo populations showed that temporal fluctuations were related to the changes in the abundance and diversity of phytoplankton species. The occurrence of Arthrospira associated with the increase in the abundance of Lesser Flamingo. It was observed that changes in the Lesser Flamingo numbers were influenced by the changes in the abundance and availability of their preferred food. The results indicated that microalgae assemblage positively correlated with ammonium and nitrate which were also related to the abundance of lesser flamingo. The phytoplankton community was dominated by cyanobacteria particularly Arthrosipira fusiformis likely due to the high lake salinity and pH that limited the growth of other microalgae. Correlation analysis showed strong correlation between the Lesser Flamingo abundance with the concentration of nitrate and ammonium and between the number of Lesser Flamingo and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira.

Heavy Metals Distribution and Their Correlation with Clay Size Fraction in Stream Sediments of the Lesser Zab River at Northeastern Iraq

Heavy metals (i.e. Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, V and Ga) distribution and their correlation with clay fraction were investigated. Fifteen samples of stream sediments were collected from the Lesser Zab River (LZR), which represent one of three major tributaries of the Tigris River at north-eastern Iraq. Grain size distributions and textural composition indicate that these sediments are mainly characterized as clayey silt and silty sand. This indicates that the fluctuation in the relative variation of the grain size distribution in the studied sediments is due local contrast in the hydrological conditions, such as stream speed, energy of transportation and geological, geomorphological and climatic characterizations that influenced sediments properties. On the other hand, clay mineral assemblages consist of palygorskite, kaolinite, illite, chlorite and smectite, which in turn reveals that these sediments were derived from rocks of similar mineralogical and chemical composition as it is coincided with other published works. The clay mineral assemblages demonstrate that major phase transformations were not observed except for the palygorskite formation from smectite, since the minerals pair exhibit good negative correlation (-0.598) within the Lesser Zab River (LZR) sediments. To determine interrelation between the heavy metals and the clay fractions in the studied samples, correlation coefficients and factor analysis were performed. Heavy metals provide significant positive correlation with themselves and with Al2O3, Fe2O3 and MnO. In addition, the results of factor analysis extracted two major factors;the first factor loading with the highest percent of variation (60%) from the major (Fe2O3, Al2O3 and MnO in weight %), heavy metals and clay fraction. While the second factor with the (14%) of variance includes Cr and silt fraction, which indicate the affinity of the heavy metals being adsorbed onto solid phase like clay particles. These observations suggest that a common mechanism regulates the heavy metal abundance, and that their concentrations are significantly controlled by fine clay fractions, clay mineral abundance and ferro manganese oxides-hydroxides.

Geochemistry,Fluid Inclusions and Sulfur Isotopes of the Goshgarchay Cu-Au Deposit(Western Azerbaijan)in Lesser Caucasus:Implications for the Origins of Ore-forming Fluids

The Goshgarchay Cu-Au deposit is located in the central part of the northwest flank of the Murovdagh region in the Lesser Caucasus.The Goshgarchay Cu-Au deposit is associated with Middle Jurassic volcanic and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous high-K calc-alkaline intrusive rocks.The Cu-Au mineralization is commonly related to quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration dominantly composed of chalcopyrite,gold,sphalerite,pyrite,bornite,hematite,covellite,chalcocite,malachite,and azurite.The Goshgarchay copper-gold deposit,which is 600 m wide and approximately 1.2 km long,is seen as a faultcontrolled and vein-,stockwork-and disseminated type deposit.The Goshgarchay Cu-Au deposit predominantly comprises Cu(max.64500 ppm)and Au(max.11.3 ppm),while it comprises relatively less amounts Zn(max.437 ppm),Mo(max.47.5 ppm),Pb(max.134 ppm),and Ag(max.21 ppm).The homogenization temperatures and salinities of fluid inclusions in quartz for stage Ⅰ range from 380℃ to 327℃,and 6.9 wt% to 2.6 wt% NaCl eq.,respectively.Thand salinities in quartz for stage Ⅱ range from 304℃ to 253℃,and 7.6 wt% to 3.2 wt% NaCl eq.,respectively.The calculated δ^(34)S_(h2s)values(-1.5‰ to 5.5‰)of sulfides and especially the narrow range of δ^(34)S_(h2s) values of chalcopyrite and bornite(between -0.07‰ and +0.7‰)indicate that the source of the Goshgarchay Cu-Au mineralization is magmatic.Based on the mineralogical,geochemical,fluid inclusion,and sulfur isotopic data,the Goshgarchay Cu-Au deposit represents a late stage peripheral magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization probably underlain by a concealed porphyry deposit.

On the treatment of Tourette's syndrome in children from the perspective of "reconciling Shaoyang"

Tourette's syndrome is a syndrome characterized by involuntary,recurrent and aimless muscle motor twitching or vocal twitching in one or more locations,which seriously affects the learning and life of children and their families.Professor The author believes that the key to the pathogenesis of children with tourette's syndrome is"the disadvantageous of cardinal Shaoyang,viscera imbalance of Yin and Yang",proposed from the"reconciling Shaoyang"to treat the disease,and use of radix bupleuri class formula add and subtract cleaning the Shaoyang heat,harmonize the Yin and Yang of the viscera,and dredge the Qi mechanism,so as to achieve the effect of"equilibrium between Yin and yang,spirit is the treatment".With daily care,the clinical effect is better.

Efficacy of Trichogramma evanescens and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki to Control Lesser Date Moth Batrachedra amydraula Merck

Efficacy of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens and the bio-pesticide bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki （Btk） in reduction of lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula infestations were studied during seasons of 2011 and 2012. The result of 2011 showed that the release of egg parasitoid by rate of 500 and 1,000 parasitoids/palm tree achieved 55.06% and 67.45% reduction in infestation percentage, respectively. Meanwhile high reduction in infestation was achieved by Btk （78.65%） at dose rate of 6 g Btk powder/kg talc powder. The result of 2012 showed that the highest control efficacy （58.78%） was achieved at the first time of the control process, using Btk at dose rate of 6 g/kg talc powder. This result was not different significantly from the release of egg parasitoid by rate of 1,000 parasitoids/palm tree which achieved 53% reduction in infestation percentage. At the second time （after one week from the first application）, the efficacy of Btk at dose rate of 6g/kg talc powder was increased to 78.78%, which differ significantly with the release of egg parasitoid by the same rate of 1,000 parasitoids/palm tree, having 61.79% efficacy. Reapplication of the control method achieved an increase in efficacy of the control agents, such increase was significant for both the release of the parasitoid at rate of 1,000/palm tree and for Btk at a dose of 6 g/kg talc powder.

Application of lesser trochanteric reduction fixator in the treatment of unstable intertrochanteric fractures

BACKGROUND Closed reduction and internal fixation with intramedullary nails has been widely accepted for treating intertrochanteric fractures.AIM To focus on how to avoid displacement of the lesser trochanter in unstable intertrochanteric fractures.METHODS We developed a lesser trochanteric reduction fixator for treating intertrochanteric fractures through fixing the lesser trochanter by combining the loop plate through the fixator after reduction by the reducer.Five patients with intertrochanteric fractures treated with the newly developed lesser trochanteric reduction fixator and loop plate combined with intramedullary nails,and 20 patients with intertrochanteric fractures treated with simple intramedullary nails were selected from December 2020 to March 2021.RESULTS The postoperative Harris hip score was significantly higher in patients treated with the lesser trochanteric reduction fixator than in patients treated without the lesser trochanteric reduction fixator,which indicated that this lesser trochanteric reduction fixator had a positive impact on rehabilitation of the hip joint after surgery and could significantly improve the quality of life of patients.CONCLUSION We fully realize the significance of trochanteric reduction and fixation,namely,reconstruction of structures under pressure,in the treatment of intertrochanteric fractures.As long as the general condition of patients is favorable and they are willing to undergo surgery,fixation of the main fracture end should be performed and the lesser trochanter should be reduced and fixed at the same time.