With the development of information technology,sharing marketing,as an innovative marketing method,plays an important role in promoting the marketing willingness and enthusiasm of employees in the Internet decoration ...With the development of information technology,sharing marketing,as an innovative marketing method,plays an important role in promoting the marketing willingness and enthusiasm of employees in the Internet decoration industry.Based on the data obtained from the ques-tionnaire survey,this paper makes an empirical analysis of the impact of the economic value,social value,perceived ease of use,perceived convenience,enabling conditions and subjective norms of sharing marketing on the marketing willingness of employees in the Internet decoration industry.The results showed that the questionnaire had good internal consistency and construct validity.Through empirical analysis,it can be found that the economic value,social value,perceived ease of use,perceived convenience,enabling conditions and subjective norms of sharing marketing have a significant positive impact on employees'marketing willingness.展开更多
Under the background of the growth of sharing economy,the number of emerging companies increased in the past decade.As emerging companies,the legality and competitions with relevant industries are subject to dispute.T...Under the background of the growth of sharing economy,the number of emerging companies increased in the past decade.As emerging companies,the legality and competitions with relevant industries are subject to dispute.This paper analyzes potential issues and causes of these issues in the operation of these companies from business and enterprise perspectives.The article is taking Uber as an example and accordingly presents the solutions and implementations to existing problems of the future.This paper also extends to the current and future situation of sharing economy for Chinese enterprise.展开更多
The sustainability of a country inevitably depends on proper taxation system. To date, there are many taxes implemented by the ruling authorities of a country. The taxes that are sourced from stock markets or share ma...The sustainability of a country inevitably depends on proper taxation system. To date, there are many taxes implemented by the ruling authorities of a country. The taxes that are sourced from stock markets or share markets are paramount to better govern a country. The capital gain tax (CGT), which is incurred in disposing the shares or stocks owned by an investor or an institution, is one of the taxes implemented in stock markets. Though in the past many attempts have been made to properly streamline the CGT, the methodologies or the approaches used in the implementation of CGT, even in the United States, are not well-grounded from a scientific point of view. Therefore, in this paper, a simplified approach based on the assumption that the CGT is implemented on a yearly basis is proposed. The CGT is calculated for each stock owned by an investor or an institution. The approach is implemented using an open access platform: AMP (Apache-MySQL-PHP). Subsequently, the proposed approach is tested using some hypothetical data. The proposed approach, which is easy-to-use, practical and un-biased, is of use to any country that is willing to progress towards the sustainability. Moreover, the proposed approach with the current technology will enhance the developing nations which have large size of informal economy, on designing and implementing effective tax policies and administrations.展开更多
As a pioneering step in the history of international trade, the China International Import Expo (CIIE) is the world's first ever importthemed national level expo.
Based on the analysis of rice planting and export development in Heilongjiang Province in 2013-2021,this paper comprehensively used three export competitiveness analysis methods,namely,trade competitiveness index,reve...Based on the analysis of rice planting and export development in Heilongjiang Province in 2013-2021,this paper comprehensively used three export competitiveness analysis methods,namely,trade competitiveness index,revealed comparative advantage(RCA)analysis and international market share analysis,to compare the four major rice exporters in the world and the three major rice export provinces and cities in China.Besides,it evaluated the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province from multiple perspectives.It analyzed the reasons for low competitiveness in terms of export product structure,export market structure,production and processing technology,and brand building.Finally,it is recommended to clarify the positioning of rice export quality and take more measures to ensure product quality;improve the level of industrialization of rice production and processing,and extend the rice industry chain;develop diversified rice export markets and improve export flexibility;adhere to the principle of"opening the door and going out",expand the international popularity of high-quality brands,so as to enhance the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province.展开更多
Objective To summarize the main characteristics and development approaches of direct-to-patient(DTP)pharmacies,and to explore its future development trend.Methods Firstly,relevant policies of DTP pharmacies were sorte...Objective To summarize the main characteristics and development approaches of direct-to-patient(DTP)pharmacies,and to explore its future development trend.Methods Firstly,relevant policies of DTP pharmacies were sorted out based on some documents on the government website,and related articles were studied.Secondly,499 DTP pharmacies were investigated.Finally,the current status of the industry was summarized and analyzed.Results and Conclusion Policies on China’s DTP pharmacy have been constantly improved.According to industry standards,the current compliance rate of DTP pharmacies is about 46.09%.In terms of varieties,the market share concentration rate of biological products is higher than that of chemical drugs.The regional distribution of these drugs is mainly concentrated in the central and eastern provinces.However,63.45%of DTP pharmacies have less than 50 product specifications.DTP pharmacies have an average of 7.3 pharmacy technicians and 2.3 licensed pharmacists,which is higher than that of ordinary pharmacies.Due to the policy promotion,DTP pharmacies will be paid more attention by the public and the government,and the market share will become larger than before.Patients shifting from hospitals to drug-to-pharmacies can make them better layout.Besides,pharmaceutical services will become more specialized,and disease division will be more detailed.With the deepening of medical reform and the continuous improvement of national medical security as well as drug procurement and medical insurance payment methods,DTP pharmacies can play an important role in the national basic medical security system.展开更多
Over the past decade, the Chinese government has developed several plans regulations and policy measures related to the development of renewable energy technologies and has implemented a series of pilot projects. Chin...Over the past decade, the Chinese government has developed several plans regulations and policy measures related to the development of renewable energy technologies and has implemented a series of pilot projects. Chinese policymakers have spent several years studying how renewable energy policy models that have been used internationally could be implemented in China. Programs are currently underway to implement pilot renewable portfolio standards, or mandatory market shares (MMS) for renewable energy, in several provinces. This paper examines the primary institutions that are involved in promoting renewable policies in China, the structure of the policies that currently are being drafted, and the status of the complementary, national-level renewable energy law being drafted to provide a legal basis for ongoing local and national-level policies. It then examines the legal requirements for promoting renewable energy legislation under the Chinese law-making system. Finally, it provides recommendations展开更多
There is fierce global competition within the banking industry.Therefore,banks endeavor to grow and strive to increase their market share.We analyzed the effect of developing innovative channels of presenting bank ser...There is fierce global competition within the banking industry.Therefore,banks endeavor to grow and strive to increase their market share.We analyzed the effect of developing innovative channels of presenting bank services on banks’market share.The statistical population of this research was Shahr bank’s central headquarter and its branches in Tehran,Iran.We developed questionnaires for gathering the data.The validity and reliability of the scales were tested by EFA,CFA,experts’opinion,and Cronbach’s alpha.We used linear regression to assess the impact of innovative channels,including internet banking,automatic teller machines(ATMs),mobile banking,telephone banking(TB),and point of sales(POS)on banks’market share.The results indicated that some of these channels,including internet banking,POS,and TB,positively affect a bank’s market share.The effect of two other platforms,including mobile banking and ATM development,on banks’market share was rejected.The findings of this study expand our understanding of how bank managers can improve their market share by developing innovative e-banking channels.展开更多
ZTE Corporation, a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions revealed on April 12, 2010 that Infonetics, a leading market research firm, has recently released a 2G/3G Mobile Infrast...ZTE Corporation, a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions revealed on April 12, 2010 that Infonetics, a leading market research firm, has recently released a 2G/3G Mobile Infrastructure and Subscribers Report on the global wireless communication equipment market in 2009. According to the report, major changes have occurred in the shares of the global wireless communication market.展开更多
IDC's 2010 Global CDMA Market and Prospects research note said that by Q1 2010, ZTE had shipped an accumulated total of over 250,000 base stations, allowing the Chinese company to claim the No. 1 spot in the CDMA mar...IDC's 2010 Global CDMA Market and Prospects research note said that by Q1 2010, ZTE had shipped an accumulated total of over 250,000 base stations, allowing the Chinese company to claim the No. 1 spot in the CDMA market with a global share of 30.3%.展开更多
ZTE Corporation,a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions,announced on July 30,2009 that it has been ranked as the second largest global CDMA network supplier with 25%
The CMC Bearing Co. Ltd. In Yantai,Shandong Province, is a joint venture invested by China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation with a registered capital of RMB61.50 million. It mainly produces conical bal...The CMC Bearing Co. Ltd. In Yantai,Shandong Province, is a joint venture invested by China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation with a registered capital of RMB61.50 million. It mainly produces conical ball bearings, about 90 percent of which are exported to the United States, Korea, Austria,Turkey and Brazil. It is the first enterprise of its kind in China to acquire the certificate of ISO9000 standard. During the past few years, the company,guided by the policy of achieving economic results by management, and taking the world market as its target, has made much headway with growing earnings of foreign exchange from its exports. In 1995, it earned US$813,600 and in 1996, the figure rose to US$5.9336 million. In 1997, from January to August, it earned US$6.032 million,scoring a historical high. So far, its conical ball bearings make up 40 percent of the total exported to the United States from China. To implement the ISO9000 standard and guarantee the high quality of products by way of展开更多
The academic literature has focused more on the competitive performance of retail brands than on their commercial performance per se and its antecedents.Our research study examines the factors that impact commercial p...The academic literature has focused more on the competitive performance of retail brands than on their commercial performance per se and its antecedents.Our research study examines the factors that impact commercial performance by addressing two questions:does the commercial performance of a cosmetic retail brand depend on the country in which it operates(where I am?)or does it depend on the nature of the circuit(who I am?).Finally,our explanatory model of the penetration and market share comprises four factors:the type of store,the geographical area,the percentage of stores owned by the brand,and the time elapsed since the launch of the brand.The choice of these factors is relevant as evidenced by the strong predictive validity and explanatory power of the model.The model reveals a significant effect of the factors and their interactions.展开更多
With the development of China’s economy,the demand for English talents are also gradually increasing.Flexible use of English skills is the basic quality that college students in various vocational colleges should hav...With the development of China’s economy,the demand for English talents are also gradually increasing.Flexible use of English skills is the basic quality that college students in various vocational colleges should have at present,it is also the key to the successful employment of graduates in vocational colleges,and facing the current severe employment form,vocational colleges should take employment as the guide,and deeply explore the problems encountered in English teaching,through the adoption of targeted teaching measures to increase the reform of English teaching,so as to improve the students’English level and practical application ability,which is conducive to the students occupy a strong core competitiveness in the huge employment market.This paper will take the employment as the basic guide,focusing on the reform measures of English teaching in vocational colleges.展开更多
22 August 2012 -- ZTE Corporation, a publicly listed global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, announced its interim results for the six months ended 30 June 2012. Based on both HKFRS and...22 August 2012 -- ZTE Corporation, a publicly listed global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, announced its interim results for the six months ended 30 June 2012. Based on both HKFRS and PRC ASBE, ZTE recorded revenue of RMB 42.64 billion for the period, an increase of 15.2% year-on-year. Pre-tax profit in the period was RMB 656 million, a decrease of 48.5% year-on-year. Basic earnings per share for the period were RMB 0.07. During the reporting period,展开更多
ZTE gained the second largest share of the global optical networking market of any company for the second year in a row. ZTE gained 1.8 share points on 2010. In two years, the company moved from world No. 5 to world N...ZTE gained the second largest share of the global optical networking market of any company for the second year in a row. ZTE gained 1.8 share points on 2010. In two years, the company moved from world No. 5 to world No. 2 in the global optical network market, and its annual revenues now surpass $1.7 billion.展开更多
COVID-19 is a devastating pandemic with widespread negative health,social,and economic consequences.Due to drastic changes in the business environment of tour and travel agencies,firms and marketing managers can now u...COVID-19 is a devastating pandemic with widespread negative health,social,and economic consequences.Due to drastic changes in the business environment of tour and travel agencies,firms and marketing managers can now use search engine optimization to effectively position themselves.The study’s main goal is to evaluate the effect of search engine optimization on the market performance of registered tours and travel agencies in Nairobi County,Kenya.Kenya’s tourism ministry and state government work hard to improve the business climate for tour and travel companies.Despite the overall positive image,international tourist market growth rates in Kenya have been 3.5 percent slower from 2017 to 2019 compared to previous years.This was further aggregated by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2020,when the growth rate of tours and travel agencies fell by 65%.The study’s main goal is to evaluate the effect of search engine optimization on the market performance of registered tours and travel agencies in Nairobi County,Kenya.This study adopted a positivist philosophy.Both descriptive and explanatory research designs were used.A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 324 registered tours and travels agencies picked from and a sample of 179 were used.Data analysis included the development and interpretation of both descriptive and inferential statistics,such as frequencies,mean,percentages,and standard deviation,and was presented using tables and numerical values.The results of regression analysis established that search engine optimization had a positive and significant effect on market performance of the registered tours and travel agencies picked from a sample of 179.The study recommends that agency management ensure that the firm’s website is easily accessible in order to improve agency performance.Using the internet to gain a large market share can assist tours and travel agencies in improving the performance and income of their websites.展开更多
The organic food market has become an important part of food industry. We analyze sales data from Austria for 2014 to 2020 of 124 products from 25 product groups in six categories, each in conventional and organic for...The organic food market has become an important part of food industry. We analyze sales data from Austria for 2014 to 2020 of 124 products from 25 product groups in six categories, each in conventional and organic form. We fitted their market shares by means of a modified Lotka-Volterra model with constant coefficients. When only organic and conventional products were compared, a significant increase in market shares was observed for 15 of 25 organic product groups, indicating a continuing growth of the organic food market. The typical Lotka-Volterra dynamics was a predator-prey dynamics with an organic product (group) predating on conventional products that were in symbiosis.展开更多
文摘With the development of information technology,sharing marketing,as an innovative marketing method,plays an important role in promoting the marketing willingness and enthusiasm of employees in the Internet decoration industry.Based on the data obtained from the ques-tionnaire survey,this paper makes an empirical analysis of the impact of the economic value,social value,perceived ease of use,perceived convenience,enabling conditions and subjective norms of sharing marketing on the marketing willingness of employees in the Internet decoration industry.The results showed that the questionnaire had good internal consistency and construct validity.Through empirical analysis,it can be found that the economic value,social value,perceived ease of use,perceived convenience,enabling conditions and subjective norms of sharing marketing have a significant positive impact on employees'marketing willingness.
文摘Under the background of the growth of sharing economy,the number of emerging companies increased in the past decade.As emerging companies,the legality and competitions with relevant industries are subject to dispute.This paper analyzes potential issues and causes of these issues in the operation of these companies from business and enterprise perspectives.The article is taking Uber as an example and accordingly presents the solutions and implementations to existing problems of the future.This paper also extends to the current and future situation of sharing economy for Chinese enterprise.
文摘The sustainability of a country inevitably depends on proper taxation system. To date, there are many taxes implemented by the ruling authorities of a country. The taxes that are sourced from stock markets or share markets are paramount to better govern a country. The capital gain tax (CGT), which is incurred in disposing the shares or stocks owned by an investor or an institution, is one of the taxes implemented in stock markets. Though in the past many attempts have been made to properly streamline the CGT, the methodologies or the approaches used in the implementation of CGT, even in the United States, are not well-grounded from a scientific point of view. Therefore, in this paper, a simplified approach based on the assumption that the CGT is implemented on a yearly basis is proposed. The CGT is calculated for each stock owned by an investor or an institution. The approach is implemented using an open access platform: AMP (Apache-MySQL-PHP). Subsequently, the proposed approach is tested using some hypothetical data. The proposed approach, which is easy-to-use, practical and un-biased, is of use to any country that is willing to progress towards the sustainability. Moreover, the proposed approach with the current technology will enhance the developing nations which have large size of informal economy, on designing and implementing effective tax policies and administrations.
文摘As a pioneering step in the history of international trade, the China International Import Expo (CIIE) is the world's first ever importthemed national level expo.
基金Social Science Planning Project of Xi an City(JG140)Bidding Project of Buchang Xixian Economic Research Institute(SMZX202113).
文摘Based on the analysis of rice planting and export development in Heilongjiang Province in 2013-2021,this paper comprehensively used three export competitiveness analysis methods,namely,trade competitiveness index,revealed comparative advantage(RCA)analysis and international market share analysis,to compare the four major rice exporters in the world and the three major rice export provinces and cities in China.Besides,it evaluated the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province from multiple perspectives.It analyzed the reasons for low competitiveness in terms of export product structure,export market structure,production and processing technology,and brand building.Finally,it is recommended to clarify the positioning of rice export quality and take more measures to ensure product quality;improve the level of industrialization of rice production and processing,and extend the rice industry chain;develop diversified rice export markets and improve export flexibility;adhere to the principle of"opening the door and going out",expand the international popularity of high-quality brands,so as to enhance the rice export competitiveness of Heilongjiang Province.
文摘Objective To summarize the main characteristics and development approaches of direct-to-patient(DTP)pharmacies,and to explore its future development trend.Methods Firstly,relevant policies of DTP pharmacies were sorted out based on some documents on the government website,and related articles were studied.Secondly,499 DTP pharmacies were investigated.Finally,the current status of the industry was summarized and analyzed.Results and Conclusion Policies on China’s DTP pharmacy have been constantly improved.According to industry standards,the current compliance rate of DTP pharmacies is about 46.09%.In terms of varieties,the market share concentration rate of biological products is higher than that of chemical drugs.The regional distribution of these drugs is mainly concentrated in the central and eastern provinces.However,63.45%of DTP pharmacies have less than 50 product specifications.DTP pharmacies have an average of 7.3 pharmacy technicians and 2.3 licensed pharmacists,which is higher than that of ordinary pharmacies.Due to the policy promotion,DTP pharmacies will be paid more attention by the public and the government,and the market share will become larger than before.Patients shifting from hospitals to drug-to-pharmacies can make them better layout.Besides,pharmaceutical services will become more specialized,and disease division will be more detailed.With the deepening of medical reform and the continuous improvement of national medical security as well as drug procurement and medical insurance payment methods,DTP pharmacies can play an important role in the national basic medical security system.
文摘Over the past decade, the Chinese government has developed several plans regulations and policy measures related to the development of renewable energy technologies and has implemented a series of pilot projects. Chinese policymakers have spent several years studying how renewable energy policy models that have been used internationally could be implemented in China. Programs are currently underway to implement pilot renewable portfolio standards, or mandatory market shares (MMS) for renewable energy, in several provinces. This paper examines the primary institutions that are involved in promoting renewable policies in China, the structure of the policies that currently are being drafted, and the status of the complementary, national-level renewable energy law being drafted to provide a legal basis for ongoing local and national-level policies. It then examines the legal requirements for promoting renewable energy legislation under the Chinese law-making system. Finally, it provides recommendations
文摘There is fierce global competition within the banking industry.Therefore,banks endeavor to grow and strive to increase their market share.We analyzed the effect of developing innovative channels of presenting bank services on banks’market share.The statistical population of this research was Shahr bank’s central headquarter and its branches in Tehran,Iran.We developed questionnaires for gathering the data.The validity and reliability of the scales were tested by EFA,CFA,experts’opinion,and Cronbach’s alpha.We used linear regression to assess the impact of innovative channels,including internet banking,automatic teller machines(ATMs),mobile banking,telephone banking(TB),and point of sales(POS)on banks’market share.The results indicated that some of these channels,including internet banking,POS,and TB,positively affect a bank’s market share.The effect of two other platforms,including mobile banking and ATM development,on banks’market share was rejected.The findings of this study expand our understanding of how bank managers can improve their market share by developing innovative e-banking channels.
文摘ZTE Corporation, a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions revealed on April 12, 2010 that Infonetics, a leading market research firm, has recently released a 2G/3G Mobile Infrastructure and Subscribers Report on the global wireless communication equipment market in 2009. According to the report, major changes have occurred in the shares of the global wireless communication market.
文摘IDC's 2010 Global CDMA Market and Prospects research note said that by Q1 2010, ZTE had shipped an accumulated total of over 250,000 base stations, allowing the Chinese company to claim the No. 1 spot in the CDMA market with a global share of 30.3%.
文摘ZTE Corporation,a leading global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions,announced on July 30,2009 that it has been ranked as the second largest global CDMA network supplier with 25%
文摘The CMC Bearing Co. Ltd. In Yantai,Shandong Province, is a joint venture invested by China National Machinery Import and Export Corporation with a registered capital of RMB61.50 million. It mainly produces conical ball bearings, about 90 percent of which are exported to the United States, Korea, Austria,Turkey and Brazil. It is the first enterprise of its kind in China to acquire the certificate of ISO9000 standard. During the past few years, the company,guided by the policy of achieving economic results by management, and taking the world market as its target, has made much headway with growing earnings of foreign exchange from its exports. In 1995, it earned US$813,600 and in 1996, the figure rose to US$5.9336 million. In 1997, from January to August, it earned US$6.032 million,scoring a historical high. So far, its conical ball bearings make up 40 percent of the total exported to the United States from China. To implement the ISO9000 standard and guarantee the high quality of products by way of
文摘The academic literature has focused more on the competitive performance of retail brands than on their commercial performance per se and its antecedents.Our research study examines the factors that impact commercial performance by addressing two questions:does the commercial performance of a cosmetic retail brand depend on the country in which it operates(where I am?)or does it depend on the nature of the circuit(who I am?).Finally,our explanatory model of the penetration and market share comprises four factors:the type of store,the geographical area,the percentage of stores owned by the brand,and the time elapsed since the launch of the brand.The choice of these factors is relevant as evidenced by the strong predictive validity and explanatory power of the model.The model reveals a significant effect of the factors and their interactions.
文摘With the development of China’s economy,the demand for English talents are also gradually increasing.Flexible use of English skills is the basic quality that college students in various vocational colleges should have at present,it is also the key to the successful employment of graduates in vocational colleges,and facing the current severe employment form,vocational colleges should take employment as the guide,and deeply explore the problems encountered in English teaching,through the adoption of targeted teaching measures to increase the reform of English teaching,so as to improve the students’English level and practical application ability,which is conducive to the students occupy a strong core competitiveness in the huge employment market.This paper will take the employment as the basic guide,focusing on the reform measures of English teaching in vocational colleges.
文摘22 August 2012 -- ZTE Corporation, a publicly listed global provider of telecommunications equipment and network solutions, announced its interim results for the six months ended 30 June 2012. Based on both HKFRS and PRC ASBE, ZTE recorded revenue of RMB 42.64 billion for the period, an increase of 15.2% year-on-year. Pre-tax profit in the period was RMB 656 million, a decrease of 48.5% year-on-year. Basic earnings per share for the period were RMB 0.07. During the reporting period,
文摘ZTE gained the second largest share of the global optical networking market of any company for the second year in a row. ZTE gained 1.8 share points on 2010. In two years, the company moved from world No. 5 to world No. 2 in the global optical network market, and its annual revenues now surpass $1.7 billion.
文摘COVID-19 is a devastating pandemic with widespread negative health,social,and economic consequences.Due to drastic changes in the business environment of tour and travel agencies,firms and marketing managers can now use search engine optimization to effectively position themselves.The study’s main goal is to evaluate the effect of search engine optimization on the market performance of registered tours and travel agencies in Nairobi County,Kenya.Kenya’s tourism ministry and state government work hard to improve the business climate for tour and travel companies.Despite the overall positive image,international tourist market growth rates in Kenya have been 3.5 percent slower from 2017 to 2019 compared to previous years.This was further aggregated by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the year 2020,when the growth rate of tours and travel agencies fell by 65%.The study’s main goal is to evaluate the effect of search engine optimization on the market performance of registered tours and travel agencies in Nairobi County,Kenya.This study adopted a positivist philosophy.Both descriptive and explanatory research designs were used.A self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 324 registered tours and travels agencies picked from and a sample of 179 were used.Data analysis included the development and interpretation of both descriptive and inferential statistics,such as frequencies,mean,percentages,and standard deviation,and was presented using tables and numerical values.The results of regression analysis established that search engine optimization had a positive and significant effect on market performance of the registered tours and travel agencies picked from a sample of 179.The study recommends that agency management ensure that the firm’s website is easily accessible in order to improve agency performance.Using the internet to gain a large market share can assist tours and travel agencies in improving the performance and income of their websites.
文摘The organic food market has become an important part of food industry. We analyze sales data from Austria for 2014 to 2020 of 124 products from 25 product groups in six categories, each in conventional and organic form. We fitted their market shares by means of a modified Lotka-Volterra model with constant coefficients. When only organic and conventional products were compared, a significant increase in market shares was observed for 15 of 25 organic product groups, indicating a continuing growth of the organic food market. The typical Lotka-Volterra dynamics was a predator-prey dynamics with an organic product (group) predating on conventional products that were in symbiosis.